Figure 2 - uploaded by Mahendran Botlagunta
Content may be subject to copyright.
Evaluating medicinal importance of Cyperus scariosus rhizomes methanolic extract: a) Antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid (left top panel) and plant extract (right top panel); b) Anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac (left bottom panel) and plant extract (right bottom panel).
Source publication
Cyperus scariosus (R.Br) belongs to the family Cyperaceae and it has a diverse medicinal importance. To identify human cyclooxegenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors from C. scariosus, the rhizome powder was exhaustively extracted with various solvents based on the increasing polarity. Based on the presence and absence of secondary metabolites, we have select...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... number of plants, even though identified, their medicinal values are still with local people and tribal populations [19]. Many herbal preparations are being prescribed as anti-inflammatory and analgesic in the traditional literature [20]. The search for new anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents from the huge array of medicinal plant resources is intensifying [21]. Several drugs has been discovered to inhibit or delay the inflammation of rheumatoid or osteo- arthritis by targeting anti-inflammatory protein COX-2. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved selective COX-2 inhibitors namely nimesulide, etodolac, and meloxicam showed potent anti-inflammatory compounds in preclinical models. All three compounds selectively bind Ser-530 amino acid residue, which is depicted by crystallographic and molecular docking studies [22]. Very recently second generation drugs have also been developed to target COX-2, considering minimal effects on gastrointestinal or renal problems. However, they could not able to overcome the combined side effects associated with digestive and urinary tract infections [23]. Therefore, plant metabolites are increasingly paying attention over synthetic derivatives against inflammation to reduce side effects. In our continuing efforts, we have identified selective COX-2 inhibitors from C. scariosus. Several phytochemical constituents are abundant in the rhizoid methanolic extract, which include alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids and phenol derivatives. It should be noted that phenol components are of importance and interest in pharmacy due to their relationship with antioxidant activity [24]. On the other hand, the rhizomes of C. scariosus demonstrate effective inhibition of BSA denaturation. Denaturation of tissue proteins is one of the well- documented causes of inflammatory and arthritic diseases [25]. The increments in absorbance of test samples with respect to control indicated stabilization of protein that is inhibition of heat-induced protein (BSA) denaturation by plant extract. It suggests that this plant is the reservoir of potentially useful chemical compounds, which serve as drugs, provide newer leads and clues for modern drug design. Molecular docking approaches are generally used in modern drug design process to understand the protein ligand interactions [26]. The three- dimensional structure of the protein-ligand composite could be served as a considerable source of understanding the proteins that interact with one another and perform biological functions [27]. Hence, knowledge of protein and ligand interactions with the specific drugs may provide a significant insight into the binding interactions and relativeness of the drug [28]. To identify the bioactive compounds present in the C. scariosus we have retrieved COX-2 protein co-ordinates from 1PXX and 2AW1. Respective ligands such as diclofenac and valdecoxib were separated from COX-2 and self-docking results were performed to identify the active site amino acid residues. Results showed that diclofenac forms a hydrogen bond interaction with Ser-530 and Tyr-385, whereas, valdecoxib forms a hydrogen bond interaction with Thr-199 and Thr-200. It supports previously published anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac and valdecoxib toward human COX-2 [29, 30]. The hybrid chemgauss4 score for the diclofenac and valdecoxib is - 10.6 and -7.73 Kcal/mol respectively. The docking scores against selected natural compounds showed higher binding affinity towards COX-2, which is evident from the hybrid chemgauss4 score for N-methyl-1-adamantaneacetamide (−11.786 Kcal/mol), 1,5-diphenyl-2H-1,2,4-triazoline (−10.909 Kcal/mol) and benzene-1,2-diol,4-(4-bromo-3-chloro) (−7.806 Kcal/mol) are significantly equal to the diclofenac and valdecoxib. All selected compounds including Diclofenac show molecular weight below 450, hydrogen bond donor (<5) and acceptor (<10), log P ≤ 5, and rotatable bonds ≤ 5 of Lipinski's rule of five [31] Polar surface area (PSA) has shown to inversely correlate with lipid penetration ability [32] Compounds that are completely absorbed by humans tend to have PSA ≤60Å2, while compounds with PSA >140 Å2 are <10% absorbed. The selected compounds show PSA values in the range of 25-65, suggests that these compounds likely to support the drug-likeness proposed by Lipinski [33] Qualitative human oral absorption showed the score between three and two and is higher than FDA approved anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac and valdecoxib. All the compounds satisfy the values of partition coefficient of octanol/gas (QPlogPoct) (−2.0-6.5), brain/blood (QPlogBB) (−3.0-1.2) predicted to be blood brain and gut blood barrier. Collectively our results suggest that natural compounds of C. scariosus have anti-inflammatory activity and they can be further considered for in vivo experimental study in context to normal and disease ...
Context 2
... total antioxidant capacity of the CSRME was calculated based on the reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) by the extract and subsequent formation of a green phosphate/Mo (V) complex at acid pH, which was measured spectrophotometrically at 695 nm. Our results showed that the antioxidant activity of CSRME increases in a dose dependent manner at a concentration of 50 µg/ml-5 mg/ml. However, the concentration above 2 mg/ml does not shown any marginal difference as compared to 5 mg/ml of CSRME. The antioxidant activity of CSRME at 100 μg/ml is similar to ascorbic acid at 50 μg/ml concentration. It suggests that the CSRME contain strong antioxidant activity and attributed due to the presence of phenolic compounds (Figure ...
Context 3
... effect of CSRME was evaluated by measuring percent inhibition of bovine serum albumin denaturation (BSA). Our results confirm that CSRME inhibits the denaturation of BSA in a dose-dependent manner throughout the concentration range of 50-5000 µg/ml. The per cent inhibition of BSA denaturation is enhanced with an increase in the concentration of the plant extract. Diclofenac sodium tablet (50-5000 µg/ml) was used as reference drug which also demonstrate concentration dependent inhibition of protein denaturation. However, at higher concentration, the effect of diclofenac sodium was found to be less as compared with CSRME (Figure ...
Similar publications
Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is an underutilized tuber of family Cyperaceae which produces rhizomes from the base of the tuber that is somewhat spherical. The three varieties of yellow, brown and black tiger nut are grown in Nigeria. Proximate and amino acid compositions of raw and cooked black variety of Cyperus esculentus were investigated u...
Members of the family Cyperaceae such as Cyperus alopecuroides, Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus scariosus and Cyperus rotundus possess significant amount of studies about their antioxidant activities and other properties. Nevertheless, the plant Cyperus digitatus belonging to the genus Cyperus lacks of studied about any kind of intrinsic activity. Dif...
Citations
... Other indications are present in less than 8% of the citations (Fig. 1). Several scientific studies using different species of Cyperaceae have confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of the species through in vitro and in vivo experiments (Chaulya et al., 2012;Kakarla et al., 2014;Rabelo et al., 2014;Owoyele et al., 2015;Sukjamnong and Santiyanont, 2015;Dong et al., 2016;Upadhyay and Jain, 2017;Kim et al., 2020;Rocha et al., 2020;Udefa et al., 2020). According to Bezerra et al. (2022b), only 10 species of Cyperaceae are used for the treatment of inflammation in the traditional medicine of some countries and 13 species have been targeted in in vivo and in vitro studies for the bioprospecting of anti-inflammatory agents. ...
Introduction: Species of Cyperaceae occur in all regions of Brazil and have been used in folk medicine in the country, as well as in other parts of the world. In this perspective, the present study aimed to review, for the first time, the folk medicinal use of Cyperaceae species in Brazil, making distinction between species with and without experimental data available in the literature. Methods: Data were obtained from different databases. In the initial search, a total number of 604 publications were retrieved and those that did not meet the search criteria were excluded. A total of 159 articles were selected and used in this review. Results: According to the analyzed documents, a total of twenty-seven species of Cyperaceae have reports of folk medicinal use in fifteen states of the country. Of these, 44% have been scientifically investigated for chemical constituents and/or biological activities. Sesquiterpenes were the main constituents isolated from different species. The species are used to treat different health problems, especially inflammation, and the roots are the most frequently used parts. Conclusions: Cyperus rotundus is the species with the highest number of medicinal indications and pharmacological and phytochemical studies. Despite the wide spectrum of use of Cyperaceae species, scientific evidence to validate the indications mentioned by traditional communities is lacking for most of them.
... Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disease with a significant global economic burden. About 700 million people are estimated to be affected by 2045 (IDF, 2019). Diabetes is a progressive and demanding disease associated with short and long-term consequences that impact patients' quality of life (Lin et al., 2017), with Type-2 diabetes (T2D) accounting for 90-95% of these diabetic cases (Gheibi et al., 2017). ...
... Lipinski's rule implies that an orally active drug may not violate more than one of the following outlined criteria: 1) less than 5 hydrogen bond donors; 2) Not more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors; 3) A molecular mass less than 500 Daltons and 4) an octanolwater partition coefficient log P not greater than 5. From the result obtained, all 7 outstanding compounds exhibited oral drugability properties. However, N-Methyl-1-adamantaneacetamide, an amide alkaloid that has been identified in different vascular plants (Chalannavar et al., 2015;Chellappandian et al., 2021;Kakarla et al., 2014), checked all the boxes as a druggable compound. Our study predicted that it has a high GI absorption and conformed with the Lipinski rule of five which predicts it to be soluble, permeable and orally bioavailable (Pollastri, 2010), and a likely successful drug candidate. ...
... This predicts its dual activity as an antidiabetic and antiinflammatory agent. This is in concert with previous reports of its anti-inflammatory effect (Kakarla et al., 2014). Antidiabetic agents with anti-inflammatory effects have been shown to produce improved outcomes in T2D patients (Scheen et al., 2015). ...
Nymphaea lotus is used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. However, the mode of action and the likely bioactive phytochemicals involved are not yet fully explored. GC-MS analysis was employed to identify the inherent compounds in N. lotus leaves. To gain an insight into the antidiabetic mode of action of this plant, the identified phytochemicals were subjected to computational studies against four molecular targets of diabetes, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, glycogen synthase kinase 3, NADPH oxidase (NOX), sodium-glucose co-transporter-2, and one target of inflammation, cyclooxygenase-2. Compounds with notable binding affinity were subjected to druggability test. Results from molecular docking showed that seven of the compounds investigated exhibited druggability properties and had outstanding binding affinity values for these targets relative to values obtained for the respective standards of each of the targets. Analysis of the MD trajectories from a 100 ns atomistic run shows that the integrities of the complex systems were more stable and preserved throughout the simulation than the unbound protein. These results indicated that the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of these compounds might be via the inhibition of these targets, laying the foundation for further studies, such as in vitro and in vivo studies to fully validate the anti-diabetic agents from this plant.
Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
... (Ali and Ahmed, 2020), for example, are popularly indicated for anti-inflammatory purposes. For some Cyperus species, notably C. rotundus, the anti-inflammatory potential has been demonstrated through in vivo and in vitro studies (Dang et al., 2011;Tsoyi et al., 2011;Kumar et al., 2012;Jung et al., 2013;Kakarla et al., 2014;Mohammed et al., 2014;Rocha et al., 2020). ...
... Furthermore, these authors found, for the first time, that the extract from this species can suppress the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key mediator in several inflammatory diseases. Kakarla et al. (2014) found that the methanol extract of C. scariosus rhizomes inhibited the denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 50À5000 mg/mL. According to Elshamy et al. (2017), the ethanol extract and the methanol fraction of the aerial parts of C. laevigatus L. decreased NO accumulation in LPS-activated macrophages. ...
Species of the family Cyperaceae are used in traditional medicine in several countries for the treatment of some illnesses. The indications of some representatives for the treatment of inflammation have been experimentally evaluated, suggesting that Cyperaceae has chemical compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. The present work aimed to carry out a systematic review of the traditional uses, anti-inflammatory potential, toxicity, and chemical compounds isolated from species of this family. Scientific articles were obtained through searches in the Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO, and Scopus databases. Only works published in the last 31 years (1991-2022) were eligible. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 82 articles were used in this review. Ten species of Cyperaceae are traditionally used to treat inflammation in different countries. In vitro and in vivo assays with the essential oil, extracts and its fractions exhibited potent anti-inflammatory action. Relevant preclinical toxicity was not found for different formulations. A total of 50 compounds belonging to the classes of sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, benzenoids, phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids, diterpenoids, triterpenes, and norterpenoids presented anti-inflammatory potential. Cyperus rotundus stood out for the high amount of information on its traditional use, anti-inflammatory potential, and phytochemical studies. Bioprospecting other species indicated in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation is essential to validate or refute the suggested ethnopharmacological information.
... According to these authors, three flavone glycosides may have accounted for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities observed. According to the above reports as well as those of other authors and ours, polar extracts from different species of Cyperaceae have marked anti-inflammatory activity (Kakarla et al., 2014;Sukjamnong and Santiyanont, 2015;Rocha et al., 2020). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Rhynchospora nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler (Cyperaceae), popularly known as “capim-estrela”, is a native species widely distributed in Brazil. The whole plant has been used in local traditional medicine in the form of teas or syrups to treat inflammation, flu, nasal congestion, fever, swelling, and venereal disease. This is the first study to investigate the pharmacological properties of this species. Aim of the study: The present study aimed to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antinociceptive potential of the lyophilized hydroalcoholic extract of R. nervosa in heterogenic Swiss mice. In addition to pharmacological studies, the total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined.
Material and methods
The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated through carrageenan-induced paw edema and peritonitis models. For the antinociceptive assay, the number of acetic acid-induced writhing responses in the animals was counted. Antipyretic activity was tested by yeast-induced pyrexia in mice and evaluated for 4 h. Nitric oxide (NO) concentration and leukocyte migration in the peritoneal fluid were quantified. The acute toxicity of the extract was also calculated. Quantitative analyses of total phenols and flavonoids in the extract were performed by spectrophotometric methods.
Results
In short, the lyophilized hydroalcoholic extract of R. nervosa showed low acute toxicity in the preclinical tests (LD50 = 3807 mg/kg). A significant anti-inflammatory effect was observed, with an average reduction of carrageenan-induced paw edema of 96.37%. Comparatively, indomethacin inhibited the development of the carrageenin paw edema by 97.52%. In the peritonitis test, a significant reduction in NO levels was recorded. A reduction in the number of white cells, notably monocytes, was also observed, confirming the anti-inflammatory effect. Writhing was reduced by 86.53%, which indicates antinociceptive activity. As for antipyretic activity, no positive effects of the extract were observed. The lyophilized hydroalcoholic extract of R. nervosa presented a high content of phenolic compounds (322.47 μg GAE/mg) and total flavonoids (440.50 μg QE/mg).
Conclusion
The lyophilized hydroalcoholic extract of R. nervosa showed significant in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity in mice. These preliminary findings support the indication of the use of this species in folk medicine in Brazil for the treatment of inflammation.
... Cyperus scariosus rhizomes methanolic extract (CSRME) of the plant exhibited anti-oxidant and antiinflammatory activities (Kakarla et al., 2014). ...
Nisyän can be defined as a special case of memory loss which
is distinct from ordinary forgetting. It is somehow close to
amnesia having similar signs and symptoms mentioned in the
classical literature of Unani Medicine. It is quite frequently
mentioned as a symptom of several neurodegenerative
disorders. It occurs due to the disturbance in Quwwat Ùäfiza
(faculty of memory), Quwwat-i-Fikr (power of thinking) and
Quwwat-i-Takhayyul (power of imagination).
... In addition, several volatile compounds with reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities have also been identified using the GCMS equipment in present study. These compounds, namely phenol, 2,6bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), 2-hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]-, methyl palmitate, methyl 3-(3,5di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, gibberellin A3, N-methyl-1-adamantaneacetamide and shikimic acid, are thought to synergistically contribute to the attenuation of APAP-induced liver intoxication [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. ...
... • Anti-inflammatory [36] N-Methyl-1-adamantaneacetamide • Anti-inflammatory [37] Shikimic acid • Anti-inflammatory [38] • Antioxidant [39] a Pharmacological activity/activitiesonly reports related to the antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory activities of the respective compounds was cited stress has been greatly acknowledged [40]. As described earlier, parenchymal cells are the main site where oxidative stress took place, which if not attenuated can lead to liver injury. ...
Background:
The present study investigated the potential of methanolic extract of Dicranopteris linearis (MEDL) leaves to attenuate liver intoxication induced by acetaminophen (APAP) in rats.
Methods:
A group of mice (n = 5) treated orally with a single dose (5000 mg/kg) of MEDL was first subjected to the acute toxicity study using the OECD 420 model. In the hepatoprotective study, six groups of rats (n = 6) were used and each received as follows: Group 1 (normal control; pretreated with 10% DMSO (extract's vehicle) followed by treatment with 10% DMSO (hepatotoxin's vehicle) (10% DMSO +10% DMSO)), Group 2 (hepatotoxic control; 10% DMSO +3 g/kg APAP (hepatotoxin)), Group 3 (positive control; 200 mg/kg silymarin +3 g/kg APAP), Group 4 (50 mg/kg MEDL +3 g/kg APAP), Group 5 (250 mg/kg MEDL +3 g/kg APAP) or Group 6 (500 mg/kg MEDL +3 g/kg APAP). The test solutions pre-treatment were made orally once daily for 7 consecutive days, and 1 h after the last test solutions administration (on Day 7th), the rats were treated with vehicle or APAP. Blood were collected from those treated rats for biochemical analyses, which were then euthanized to collect their liver for endogenous antioxidant enzymes determination and histopathological examination. The extract was also subjected to in vitro anti-inflammatory investigation and, HPLC and GCMS analyses.
Results:
Pre-treatment of rats (Group 2) with 10% DMSO failed to attenuate the toxic effect of APAP on the liver as seen under the microscopic examination. This observation was supported by the significant (p < 0.05) increased in the level of serum liver enzymes of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and significant (p < 0.05) decreased in the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in comparison to Group 1. Pre-treatment with MEDL, at all doses, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the level of ALT and AST while the levels of CAT and SOD was significantly (p < 0.05) restored to their normal value. Histopathological studies showed remarkable improvement in the liver cells architecture with increase in dose of the extract. MEDL also demonstrated a low to none inhibitory activity against the respective LOX- and NO-mediated inflammatory activity. The HPLC and GCMS analyses of MEDL demonstrated the presence of several non-volatile (such as rutin, gallic acid etc.) and volatile (such as methyl palmitate, shikimic acid etc.) bioactive compounds.
Conclusion:
MEDL exerts hepatoprotective activity against APAP-induced intoxication possibly via its ability to partly activate the endogenous antioxidant system and presence of various volatile and non-volatile bioactive compounds that might act synergistically to enhance the hepatoprotective effect.
... To identify binding affinities of compounds identified in CSRME and CRRME towards anti-inflammatory protein COX-2 we performed molecular docking studies as per the method described in earlier studies. 12 The three dimensional protein structures along with the crystallized ligand, AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) were obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB) PDB ID: 1PXX and 2AW1. Hydrogen atoms were added, water molecules were removed from the cavity to prepare biologically active and stable receptor. ...
Background: Cyperus scariosus R.Br and Cyperus rotundus L are well known Indian medicinal plants in ayurveda and herbal industry. These two species are often treated as synonymous to each other, although they grow in different agro climatic conditions. Objective: In the present study, we made an attempt on comparative biochemical studies among these two species by using various spectroscopic, analytical and in silico molecular docking studies. Materials and Methods: Rhizome methanolic extracts of both the species were subjected to GC-MS and elemental analysis to identify the presence of phytochemical constituents and trace elements respectively. Following confirmation, the identified compounds were subjected to molecular docking analysis using anti-inflammatory protein COX-2 as the target receptor. Further these extracts were encapsulated into biodegradable chitosan nanoparticles and they were characterised using SEM and FT-IR analysis. Finally, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of these extract loaded nanoparticles were evaluated using in vitro assays. Results: Compounds present in both plant extracts form strong hydrogen bond interactions with COX-2. SEM analysis of C. scariosus showed chitosan nanoparticles are spherical in shape. Whereas C. rotundus forms aggregates, although they are well-dispersed in water following lyophilisation. FT-IR analysis showed that both plant extracts have different compounds, which is evident from the wavelength difference and their shift pattern as compared to blank nanoparticles. In spite of the differences, both of the drug encapsulated plant extracts showed good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: C. scariosus and C. rotundus are different, but similar with some of the phytochemical constituents and pharmaceutical values.
... To identify binding affinities of compounds identified in CSRME and CRRME towards anti-inflammatory protein COX-2 we performed molecular docking studies as per the method described in earlier studies. 12 The three dimensional protein structures along with the crystallized ligand, AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) were obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB) PDB ID: 1PXX and 2AW1. Hydrogen atoms were added, water molecules were removed from the cavity to prepare biologically active and stable receptor. ...
Background: Cyperus scariosus R.Br and Cyperus rotundus L are well known Indian
medicinal plants in ayurveda and herbal industry. These two species are often treated
as synonymous to each other, although they grow in different agro climatic conditions.
Objective: In the present study, we made an attempt on comparative biochemical studies
among these two species by using various spectroscopic, analytical and in silico molecular
docking studies. Materials and Methods: Rhizome methanolic extracts of both the species
were subjected to GC-MS and elemental analysis to identify the presence of phytochemical
constituents and trace elements respectively. Following confirmation, the
identified compounds were subjected to molecular docking analysis using anti-inflammatory
protein COX-2 as the target receptor. Further these extracts were encapsulated
into biodegradable chitosan nanoparticles and they were characterised using SEM and
FT-IR analysis. Finally, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of these extract
loaded nanoparticles were evaluated using in vitro assays. Results: Compounds present
in both plant extracts form strong hydrogen bond interactions with COX-2. SEM analysis
of C. scariosus showed chitosan nanoparticles are spherical in shape. Whereas C. rotundus
forms aggregates, although they are well-dispersed in water following lyophilisation.
FT-IR analysis showed that both plant extracts have different compounds, which is
evident from the wavelength difference and their shift pattern as compared to blank
nanoparticles. In spite of the differences, both of the drug encapsulated plant extracts
showed good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: C. scariosus
and C. rotundus are different, but similar with some of the phytochemical constituents
and pharmaceutical values.
... [5] Along these lines, CS has an antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. [6] Although these two species are grown in different soil conditions, CS R. Br often treated as synonymous of CR. [7] Recently, few reports have also been appeared in the literature [8,9] where the compounds isolated from CR and its activities were reported in the name of CS. Therefore, it is desired to have proper identification and accurate analytical tools to ensure the quality and efficacy of the herb. ...
Background:
Cyperus scariosus (CS) R.Br and Cyperus rotundus (CR) L. belongs to Cyperaceae family which is well-reputed in the traditional systems of medicine. Although they grow in different agro-climatic conditions, they are often considered to be synonymous with each other.
Objective:
The present study was aimed to systematically classify both the species CS and CR through their morphological features and chemical profiling using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and thin layer chromatography patterns of the rhizome extracts.
Materials and methods:
A method (LC-MS analysis) has been developed on Agilent LC-MSD Trap SL mass spectrometer equipped with Waters HR C18 column (3.9 mm × 300 mm, 6 μm) using isocratic elution with acetonitrile and water (70:30% v/v ratio). GC-MS analysis was performed on a Shimadzu GC-MS-QP 2010 equipped with DB-5 capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm).
Results:
Chemoprofiling of CS and CR using LC-MS and GC-MS suggested that these two are different based on their deferential spectral pattern, however, some of the common peaks were found in both the species. In addition, we also performed the preliminary phytochemical investigation of hexane and chloroform extracts of these species, which led to the isolation of stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and lupeol as major constituents in CS.
Conclusion:
In summary, we have developed optimal chromatographic conditions (LC-MS and GC-MS) and morphological profiles to classify both the species, that is, CS and CR. Collectively, our analytical results coupled with the morphological data clearly suggested that CS and CR are morphologically different.
Summary:
The huge demand for herbal medicine has put pressure on the supply of natural resources which ultimately results in use of substandard materials or substitution and adulteration. The medicinal plants, Cyperus rotundus L and Cyperus scariosus R.Br which belongs to cyperaceae family and extensively used in the traditional systems of medicine. Although these two species are grown in different soil conditions, Cyperus scariosus R.Br often treated as synonymous of Cyperus rotundus. Thus, the present study was undertaken to classify these two species systematically using the modern analytical techniques as a powerful tools. Further, we also carried out the preliminary phytochemical investigation of hexane and chloroform extracts of cyperus scariosus rhizomes, which resulted in the isolation of three compounds namely Sitosterol, Stigmasterol and Lupeol.
Triazines are heterocyclic compounds with a variety of biological activities that have been increasingly studied in recent years due to their versatile structure (three isoforms) and the different derivatives that can be synthesized from them to ensure functional motifs. This systematic review provides the evidence in the literature of the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of triazine derivatives from 2008 to June 2018. Four bibliographical databases were consulted (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Scopus), and a total of 48 studies were included in this paper based on our eligibility criteria. Although 35.17% of evaluated triazines were demonstrated to be promising anti-inflammatory agents, further studies need to be conducted to explore their pharmacological profiles in the medical research of drug discovery to control the risk factors and pathophysiology of several chronic inflammation-based diseases.
