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Friction stir spot welding is an eco-friendly high efficiency solid state welding technique which produces the Welding lap joints of two dissimilar material of aluminum alloy to a commercially used copper alloy. Generally Copper has an excellent electrical and thermal conductivity combined with high ductility and creep resistance which are used in...
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... resistance properties and high ductility used in the fewer-cost conductors in electrical applications [6]. During FSW operation, input parameters such as rotating speed, feed rate, tilt angle, tool pin shape, etc., affect the joint strength. ...
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding technique in which the joint quality was predominantly subjected to heat formation throughout the metal welding process. The weld joint produced from FSW was better than the other fusion welding process. In this research, the base plates AA6101 and C11000 of 5 mm thickness were joined using the hardened oil-hardened nonshrinkable steel(OHNS) tool by the FSW method. The design of experiment (DOE) was used to optimize the input parameters such as tool rotational speed (rpm), feed rate (mm/min), and tool pin offset (mm) on output parameter ultimate tensile strength (UTS). The design of experiment (DOE) was carried out by employing a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, three factors, and three levels for obtaining a quality joint with good strength. The results of nine trial runs from the Taguchi experimental approach were formulated and analyzed using the statistical tool analysis of variance (ANOVA) using MINITAB 19 software. ANOVA analysis was employed to find the contribution of the input parameters toward the output. The optimized input process parameters will help to create effective weld joints. This study revealed that tool pin offset towards softer metal at medium tool rotational speed would create joints with the highest UTS. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was applied to investigate the structural changes in the FSW of Al-Cu joints.Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state welding technique in which the joint quality was predominantly subjected to heat formation throughout the metal welding process. The weld joint produced from FSW was better than the other fusion welding process. In this research, the base plates AA6101 and C11000 of 5 mm thickness were joined using the hardened oil-hardened nonshrinkable steel(OHNS) tool by the FSW method. The design of experiment (DOE) was used to optimize the input parameters such as tool rotational speed (rpm), feed rate (mm/min), and tool pin offset (mm) on output parameter ultimate tensile strength (UTS). The design of experiment (DOE) was carried out by employing a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array, three factors, and three levels for obtaining a quality joint with good strength. The results of nine trial runs from the Taguchi experimental approach were formulated and analyzed using the statistical tool analysis of variance (ANOVA) using MINITAB 19 software. ANOVA analysis was employed to find the contribution of the input parameters toward the output. The optimized input process parameters will help to create effective weld joints. This study revealed that tool pin offset towards softer metal at medium tool rotational speed would create joints with the highest UTS. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was applied to investigate the structural changes in the FSW of Al-Cu joints.
... Therefore, various mathematical and statistical models have been developed in order to reduce the human resources and time consumed during experimentation [22]. Acharya et al. [23] welded dissimilar materials using FSSW and optimised the process parameters using the Taguchi method. Bozkurt and Bilici [24] also used the Taguchi method to optimise the process parameters to weld dissimilar aluminium alloys. ...
Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is one of the most popular fusion joining processes. The process is a solid-state welding process that allows welding of weldable as well as non-weldable materials. As a part of this investigation, weld samples of Al6061-T6 were reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) powder with an average particle size of 45 µm. Initially, a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was developed with three factors, i.e., rotational speed of the tool, pre-dwelling time, and diameter of the hole that was filled with SiC before welding. The effects of the SiC particles and process parameters were investigated as tensile–shear load and micro-hardness. The optimisation of parameters in order to maximise the output responses—i.e., strength and hardness of the welded joints—was performed using a hybrid WASPAS–Taguchi method. The optimised process parameters obtained were a 3.5 mm guiding hole diameter, 1700 rpm tool rotation speed, and 14 s of pre-dwelling time.
... The following steps are used to solve CoCoSo decision problem [16,17]: ...
Resistance spot welding is the most noteworthy joining strategy used in various engineering applications, as automotive, boilers, vessels, etc., that are ordinarily subjected to variable tensile-shear forces because of the inadmissible utilization of the input spot welding factors, which chiefly cause the welded joints disappointment during the service life of the welded get together. In this way, in order to avoid such failures, the welding quality of some materials like aluminum must be improved taking into consideration the performance and weight saving of the welded structure. Thus, the need for optimizing the used welding parameter becomes essential for predicting a good welded joint. Accordingly, this study aims at investigating the influence of the spot welding variables, including the squeeze time, welding time and current on the tensile-shear force of the similar and dissimilar lap joints for aluminum and steel sheets. It was concluded that the use of Taguchi design can improve the welded joints strength through designing the experiments according to the used levels of the input parameters in order to obtain their optimal values that give the optimum tensile-shear force as the response. Experimentation is planned as per Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array. Assumptions of ANOVA are discussed and carefully examined using analysis of residuals. The various recent type of Hybrid Taguchi methods, i.e., CoCoSo, WASPAS and EDAS-based Taguchi methods are applied to investigate the output responses of resistance spot welding operation. The results revealed that the welding time and current are main affecting parameter of tensile-shear strength and nugget diameter. Finally, experimental confirmation was carried out to identify the effectiveness of this proposed method. Minitab 19 offer both mean analysis and S/N ratio base DOF by making suitable orthogonal array.
... Lightweight materials play an essential part in the aircraft and automobile industries as they offer good performance to weight characteristics. Aluminium and Copper have good electrical conductivity and are used in electrical power transmission units in automobiles, air craft structures, domestic electricity transmission etc. [1][2][3][4][5]. The light weight metals were welded by resistance spot welding, laser spot welding and riveting. ...
... Xia-wei et al. [2] studied the mechanical and microstructure properties of Aluminium alloy 1350 and copper butt joint by employing friction stir welding with pin offset system and reported the failure of joints in ductile-brittle diverse fracture way. Acharya et al. [3] conducted friction stir spot welding of Aluminium alloy 6061 with commercial copper and optimized the welding factors using MOORA, COCOSO and Desirability function method and reported pin length as the most influential factor. Al-Roubaiy et al. [4] spot welded 5083-H116 Aluminium alloy with copper using friction stir welding and reported high quality welded joint can be obtained by offset-ting pin towards Aluminium side. ...
... An indigenously designed and developed vertical milling machine into friction stir welding machine having maximum tool rotational speed 1800 was used to fabricate the lap joints. Table 2 represent control parameters & their levels using which trails have been designed [3]. Fig. 2 shows the experimental image of friction stir spot welding. ...
An eco-friendly high efficiency solid state welding technique, Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) produces the welding lap joints of two dissimilar material of aluminum alloy to a commercially used copper alloy. Generally, Copper has an excellent thermal and electrical conductivity combined with creep resistance and high ductility which are used in the current carrying electrical connection and components in the automobile and electrical Industry. A number of experiments have been carried out in this paper which focus on the maximum force required to break workpiece, maximum stress developed and heat affected zone at the welding joint by changing the different parameters such as rotational speed, pin length and tool tilt angle. In this investigation, tests were completed according to Response Surface Methodology based L15 orthogonal array. The optimum welding parameters were determined by using WASPAS (weighted aggregated sum product assessment) coupled Grey Wolf Optimization method which reported pin length as the most significant constraint. Validation of the output responses was done augmenting the mechanical performances of welded joints.
... Saaty's nine-point preference scale was taken for calculation of pairwise comparison matrix as shown in Table 3. Output response weights were calculated by using following equations [9][10][11][12] ...
... The further step is to generate the positive distance from average (PDA) and the negative distance from average (NDA) matrixes conferring to type of criteria, i.e. benefit criteria in this case using Eqs. (10) and (11). Determination of the weighted sum of PDA and NDA for all alternatives was done in next step using Eqs. ...
Poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) has resilient corrosion resistance. At below zero temperature, their quality expands, in this way making them a valuable low-temperature polymer. PMMA has discovered its appropriate utility in aviation application. Mostly micro-drilling operation is used to engineer micro-holes in various materials according to their need. The target of this investigation was to streamline micro-drilling parameters, for example, rotational speed, feed given to tool and point angle on the circularity error, thrust force and machining time in CNC micro-drilling on aerospace material, i.e. PMMA. In this investigation, tests were completed according to Taguchi's method-based L9 orthogonal array. The optimal parameters were determined with the help of a recent MCDM optimization method, i.e. evaluation based on distance from average solution method (EDAS).
... Where, Y is reaction variable, X is vector of predictors, ε is additive stochastic factor. After these arrangements, basis functions is Equation (3): The chief technique of WASPAS method for answering MCDM problems are [21], [22]. ...
Retrofitting of distressed structures is a major
concern worldwide for researchers particularly against torsion.
Determination of torsional strength of retrofitted RC beams “U”
wraps is again a difficult task. The experimental program is taken
up with 30 rectangular beams tested under pure torsion. Torque of
such a “U” wrapped RC beam with other dimension and material
cannot be derived from these experimental results. To compute the
same; analytical method based on softened truss model of Hsu is
employed with modification on material properties. Both
experimental and analytical methods are unable to provide a
single equation to quantify the torsional strength. To overcome
the same, soft computing method MARS and WASPAS method is
employed in the present investigation. The methods are easy and
time saving.
The present research investigation focused on multi-objective optimization of friction stir spot welding process for attaining an optimal combination of process parameters in order to obtain stronger welds. Experiments were designed using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array on process parameters such as, tool pin profile, tool shoulder diameter and shoulder plunge depth. The output quality characteristics measured were tensile-shear strength and micro-hardness. Multi-objective optimization was done using Hybrid Grey Rational Analysis-Taguchi technique. The significance of parameters was determined using Analysis of variance technique. The optimality of results was verified by confirmatory test.
Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is an eco-friendly high efficient welding technique in the field of solid-state welding. Using this technique dissimilar metal lap joints can be done such as aluminum alloy with the copper alloy. Moreover, bibliometric research is an essential method of statistical analysis of publications in a certain research field. This commonly used technique categorizes the information using different variables such as active journals, countries, and authors. In this paper, a systematic review of the research carried out in the area of FSSW process is presented by use of bibliometric research indicators thus recognizing the most influential research in this field. The SCOPUS repository is used to retrieve the research published regarding the FSSW since 1960. The paper is divided into several analysis sections that focus on the most influential years, journals, authors, affiliations, countries, document type, subject area, and keywords that have contributed to the field of FSSW. The aim of this study is to be informative regarding FSSW and use the bibliometric indicators to highlight the vital research conducted in the field of FSSW.
Threats due to terrorism and intensity of blast attacks are increasing across the globe. This not only affects the human lives but also affect structural integrity and its behavior. Majority of undeveloped countries have large numbers of masonry structures which needs research intervention to interpret structural response when subjected to blast load. Moreover, it also demands ways to improve their resistance against such threats. Hence, in the present investigation, a masonry wall under blast loading is numerically investigated using finite element package ABAQUS®, as it is very difficult to carry out such experiments. ConWep function is used to define blast loading in this study. Analysis of masonry wall with varying standoff distance is performed on the basis of its peak displacement and induced strain. Further, effect of application of polyurea on the clay brick masonry wall against blast loading is investigated. From this investigation, it is observed that application of polyurea results in 15% lower peak displacement of masonry wall with all other parameters being same.
The present paper describes the wear behavior of biowaste (orange peel particulate) reinforced epoxy composites with different filler (0, 10, 20, and 30 wt%) loading. The wear analysis was performed according to ASTM G-99 standard by pin-on-disk apparatus at room temperature by varying the filler loading, applied load, and sliding velocities. The optimum wear resistance was obtained for 20 wt% filler loading. Subsequently, the morphology of selected specimen is analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine the wear analysis such as micro-plowing, fiber matrix debonding, fiber pullout, and micro-cracking.
