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European Marpissa and North American Metacyrba. Each scale bar = 1.0 mm. Photos (1-2) by Bernhard Jacobi, used with permission.
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The origin of every major group or clade of North American salticid spiders can be explained by its origin
in, and subsequent introduction from, either the Neotropical or Palaearctic regions. Although the more ancient
salticid fauna represented by Eocene fossils from the Baltic Amber of Europe (~45Ma) was probably present in
North America, we have...
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... Previous authors have suggested that Habronattus represents a transcontinental dispersal from Eurasia (Bodner and Maddison, 2012;Hill and Edwards, 2013). Here we corroborate this Eurasian origin, and we show that in fact, the colonization is older than the genus Habronattus and happened around 5 Mya in the MRCA of the America-Pacific clade (Fig. 5). ...
... In this study, P. adumbratus is newly recorded for Mexico, as well as from a new ecoregion, namely, Baja California's Central Desert ecoregion, as defined by Gonzalez-Abraham et al. [1]. Perhaps this distribution could be explained by Hill and Edwards' [39] hypothesis on the dispersal routes of Phidippus species since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM;~20 Ka), whereby P. adumbratus may have migrated from the southern part of the BCP northwards, reaching California as the climate changed and warmed. ...
... As for historical biogeographical implications, the fact that the northern part of the BCP was found to harbor a great diversity of Phidippus suggests that it could be an ancestral area for at least some taxa. Additionally, several taxa may have dispersed to the BCP, as proposed by Hill and Edwards [39]; however, this hypothesis only considers a fraction of the diversity present in the BCP. Given the fact that the species found in the BCP belong to different species groups as defined by Edwards [7], species richness as well as phylogenetic diversity [41] for Phidippus is likely to be high for this area. ...
Because of its heterogeneity in ecoregions and its varied topography, the Mexican peninsula of Baja California (BCP) is an area of high diversity for many taxa, including spiders. However, a paucity of studies means that the diversity of BCP’s spiders is generally poorly known. The North American jumping spider genus Phidippus comprises over 60 species, of which approximately 45% are found in Mexico. Among those, 6 have been recorded to date from the BCP but adding up the species recorded in nearby states, up to 20 more can be expected. As part of a larger study on the evolution and biogeography of the North American genus Phidippus, the aim here was to explore the diversity of the genus in the BCP using an integrative taxonomic approach and to present new distributional records. Until now, at least ten species have been collected from the BCP, one of which is a new record for Mexico, three new records for the BCP, and at least one undescribed species.
... Currently, no other species of Paraphidippus FO Pickard-Cambridge, 1901 are known to specialize on specific plant structures. However, the microhabitat and substrate preferences of the other fifteen species of Paraphidippus remain poorly documented, and several of the Mexican species are represented by specimens of unclear origins (Richman et al. 2011;Hill & Edwards 2013). Paraphidippus aurantius (Lucas, 1833), which is the only species in the genus that is widely distributed in North America (Hill & Edwards 2013), has been reported on trees and shrubs in riparian areas (Richman et al. 2019), silverleaf oak (Quercus hypoleucoides; GBIF.org 2019b), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa; Mooney & Haloin 2006), suggesting a lack of specialization for specific plant structures. ...
... However, the microhabitat and substrate preferences of the other fifteen species of Paraphidippus remain poorly documented, and several of the Mexican species are represented by specimens of unclear origins (Richman et al. 2011;Hill & Edwards 2013). Paraphidippus aurantius (Lucas, 1833), which is the only species in the genus that is widely distributed in North America (Hill & Edwards 2013), has been reported on trees and shrubs in riparian areas (Richman et al. 2019), silverleaf oak (Quercus hypoleucoides; GBIF.org 2019b), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa; Mooney & Haloin 2006), suggesting a lack of specialization for specific plant structures. Paraphidippus fartilis (Peckham & Peckham, 1888), which occurs in the United States and Mexico (Richman et al. 2011), has been documented on tree leaves (Banks 1909) and on white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa; Navarro-Rodríguez et al. 2016). ...
Paraphidippus basalis (Banks, 1904) is a large jumping spider that occurs in the sky islands of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. To date, P. basalis has only been incidentally reported on rosette-forming plants in the family Asparagaceae (yucca, agave, and sotol), even though the sky islands support a rich and diverse vegetation
community. This apparent specialization is unusual because jumping spiders do not typically have strong associations with the plants on which they live. However, given that the ecology of P. basalis has yet to be studied, the microhabitat preferences of P. basalis remain unclear. We investigated microhabitat choice in P. basalis in the Patagonia Mountains of southeastern Arizona, to determine whether these spiders were specifically associated with rosette-forming plants. We surveyed 160 plots for jumping spiders, 80 with rosette-forming plants and 80 without. P. basalis was found only in rosette-forming plants, whereas other species of jumping spiders showed no preference for rosette or control plots. Larger rosette plants were more likely to contain P. basalis. This study provides an unusual example of host plant structural specificity in
a jumping spider.
... Marpissina comprises 110 species in 9 genera, including the genus Maevia Koch 1846, and shows an almost exclusively New World distribution (Maddison, 2015). Maevia was first placed in the subfamily Marpissinae with four other genera: Paramaevia Koch 1846, Menemerus Simon 1868, Marpissa C.L. Koch 1846, and Metacyrba PickardCambridge 1901 (Barnes, 1958). Later, Paramaevia was moved back to Maevia (Edwards, 1977;Richman, Edwards & Cutler, 2005;Edwards & Hill, 2008). ...
... sp. shows close affinities with Maevia inclemensWalckenaer, 1837, Maevia poultoni Peckham and Peckham, 1901, Maevia expensa Barnes, 1955, Maevia hobbsae Barnes, 1955, Maevia intermedia Barnes, 1955, and Maevia michelsoni Barnes, 1955; such as the lateral margins of the carapace rounded with the widest point behind de PLE, the PME halfway between PLE and ALE, the carapace height at least 60–70% if its greatest width, the ocular quadrangle occupying nearly 40 percent of total carapace length, the first pair of legs not markedly heavier than the others, and the abdomen almost as wide as it is long (Barnes, 1955;Barnes, 1958;Hill, 1979;Logunov, 1999;Logunov & Cutler, 1999;Edwards, 2005). As well as the general form of the epigyne that best matches M. poultoni (Barnes, 1955), suggesting that living forms closest to M. poultoni might possibly have a shared ancestral homology with the fossil M. eureka nov. ...
... somewhat resembles living forms of the genera Freya, Frigga, Fuentes and Paramarpissa but is easily distinguished by having a single copulatory opening, instead of the two copulatory openings as presented in both Freya and Frigga (Edwards, 2015); and it clearly differs from Fuentes and Paramarpissa by having the abdomen almost as wide as long, the first pair of legs not markedly heavy, and different spination on tibia I (Logunov & Cutler, 1999;Ruiz & Brescovit, 2006). M. poultoni was considered the type species of the subgenus ParamaeviaBarnes (1955)andBarnes (1958), but further discussions placed Paramaevia as synonymous of Maevia (Edwards, 1977;Richman, Edwards & Cutler, 2005;Edwards & Hill, 2008). According to the literature, the genus Maevia was initially separated in two groups: the subgenera Maevia and Paramaevia, based on differences present in male palp (embolus) and female epigynum (copulatory opening) (Barnes, 1955;Barnes, 1958). ...
A new fossil species of salticid spider (Araneae: Salticidae) is described based on an amber-embedded specimen. The specimen was collected from lignite-sandstone early-mid Miocene sediments near the town of Totolapa in Chiapas, southwestern Mexico. The diagnosis and description is supported by key characters that best match the genus Maevia Koch, 1846. Thus, this new fossil species has been named Maevia eureka nov. sp. This fossil shows closer affinities in epygine traits with extant specimens grouped around the species Maevia poultoni Peckham & Peckham, 1901. This represents the first known fossil species within Maevia and the southernmost record of the genus in North America that shows Nearctic relationships.
... The Dendryphantini Menge is the most diverse tribe of jumping spiders of the New World with some groups secondarily distributed in the Old World, with about 72 genera and more than 740 species, most found in tropical regions and possibly originated in South America in Middle Miocene (Bodner & Maddison, 2012;Hill & Edwards, 2013;Maddison, 2015;WSC, 2016). The group includes four subtribes, of which the less diverse Synagelina F.O. Pickard-Cambridge includes the Neotropical and rare ant-like genus Descanso Peckham & Peckham, 1892(Maddison, 2015. ...
An ant-like jumping spider species of the genus Descanso Peckham & Peckham, 1892 is reported for the first time from Colombia. D. peregrinus Chickering, 1946 was found in a disturbed low and dry Andean forest in the Cundinamarca department. A complementary description is given for both sexes of the species, and a distributional map is included, with both new and previously published records.
... Jumping spiders (Salticidae) constitute a relatively young family, which has rapidly radiated (Bodner and Maddison 2012;Hill and Edwards 2013). This is the largest family of spiders, with 5838 described species (WSC 2015). ...
The female of Balmaceda nigrosecta Mello-Leitão, 1945 is described and illustrated for the first time. In addition, this paper further illustrates the male, and provides the first known observations on the natural history of this species, including habitat, cohabitation, and prey capturedata.
... The more distantly related Plexippinae also are almost entirely Old World in origin, except for a few Holarctic taxa. Representatives of both of the latter groups probably migrated to the New World via the Bering Land Bridge (Hill & Edwards 2013), and since they are taxa of temperate climates, relatively late in the Beringia connection. Maddison & Hedin (2003) suggested that the Aelurillinae might be derived from within the Freyinae, or at least be its sister group, but subsequently Maddison et al. (2008) proposed the West African Bacelarella group as immediate sister to the freyines, with both together sister to the aelurillines. ...
Freyinae, new subfamily, is described for a group of genera of Neotropical jumping spiders that can be distinguished from other non-ant mimic salticoid Neotropical salticids by having the following three morphological features: a slightly more elongate carapace, a distinctive prolateral tibial macrosetae arrangement (medially placed subdistal and subproximal macrosetae, with a subdorsal medial macroseta in some males), and an unusual dorsoventrally thick tegulum basal division (although one or two of these features are sometimes lost). It includes 20 genera previously considered valid, of which 19 are retained: Akela Peckham & Peckham, 1896, Aphirape C.L. Koch, 1850, Asaracus C.L. Koch, 1846, Capidava Simon, 1902, Chira Peckham & Peckham, 1896, Edilemma Ruiz & Brescovit, 2006, Eustiromastix Simon, 1902, Freya C.L. Koch, 1850, Frigga C.L. Koch, 1850, Kalcerrytus Galiano, 2000, Nycerella Galiano, 1982, Onofre Ruiz & Brescovit, 2007, Pachomius Peckham & Peckham, 1896, Phiale C.L. Koch, 1846, Rishaschia Makhan, 2006, Sumampattus Galiano, 1983, Trydarssus Galiano, 1995, Tullgrenella Mello-Leitão, 1941, and Wedoquella Galiano, 1984. Romitia Caporiacco, 1947 (and its synonym Uspachus Galiano, 1995) is synonymized with Pachomius, new synonymy. New genera described in the subfamily are: Drizztius, Leptofreya, Megafreya, Philira, Tarkas, Triggella, and Xanthofreya. The following nomenclatorial changes are made: New synonyms: Freya demarcata Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 = Freya (sub Cyrene) albosignata (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901); Freya (sub Cyrene) grisea (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Freya (sub Cyrene) infuscata (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901); Freya (sub Cyrene) emarginata (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) and Nycerella (sub Heraclea) sanguinea paradoxa (Peckham & Peckham, 1896) = Nycerella (sub Heraclea) sanguinea (Peckham & Peckham, 1896); Pachomius (sub Phiale) maculosus (Chickering, 1946) = Phiale (sub Cyrene) bilobata (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901); Phiale (sub Cyrene) mediocava (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Freya (sub Cyrene) maculatipes (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901); Phiale (sub Cyrene) simplicicava (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Freya (sub Cyrene) bifurcata (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901). New combinations: Capidava rufithorax Simon, 1902 = Drizztius rufithorax; Freya frontalis Banks, 1929 = Eustiromastix frontalis; Chira (sub Attus) spinipes (Taczanowski, 1872) = Eustiromastix spinipes; Freya (sub Euophrys) ambigua (C.L. Koch, 1846) = Leptofreya ambigua; Freya (sub Cyrene) bifurcata (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Leptofreya bifurcata; Freya (sub Cyrene) laticava (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Leptofreya laticava; Freya (sub Cyrene) longispina (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Leptofreya longispina; Phiale (sub Cyrene) bilobata (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Pachomius bilobatus; Phiale (sub Cyrene) hieroglyphica (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Pachomius hieroglyphicus; Phiale (sub Cyrene) niveoguttata(F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Pachomius niveoguttatus; Romitia (sub Euophrys) albipalpis (Taczanowski, 1878) = Pachomius albipalpis; Romitia (sub Euophrys) andina (Taczanowski, 1878) = Pachomius andinus; Romitia (sub Uspachus) bahiensis (Galiano, 1995) = Pachomius bahiensis; Romitia (sub Uspachus) columbiana (Galiano, 1995) = Pachomius columbianus; Romitia (sub Uspachus) juquiaensis (Galiano, 1995) = Pachomius juquiaensis; Romitia (sub Phiale) ministerialis (C.L. Koch, 1846) = Pachomius ministerialis; Romitia (sub Uspachus) misionensis (Galiano, 1995) = Pachomius misionensis; Romitia nigra Caporiacco, 1947 = Pachomius nigrus; Romitia (sub Uspachus) patellaris (Galiano, 1995) = Pachomius patellaris; Chira (sub Diagondas) micans (Simon, 1902) = Philira micans; Chira superba Caporiacco, 1947 = Philira superba; Freya (sub Cyrene) maculatipes (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Tarkas maculatipes; Freya (sub Cyrene) bifida (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Triggella bifida; Freya infuscata (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Triggella infuscata; Freya (sub Cyrene) minuta (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Triggella minuta; Freya (sub Cyrene) albosignata (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Xanthofreya albosignata; Freya arraijanica Chickering, 1946 = Xanthofreya arraijanica; Phiale (sub Cyrene) bicuspidata (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) = Xanthofreya bicuspidata; Freya chionopogon Simon, 1902 = Xanthofreya chionopogon; Freya (sub Heraclea) rustica (Peckham & Peckham, 1896) = Xanthofreya rustica. Combinations restored: Phiale (sub Pachomius) flavescens (Peckham & Peckham, 1896) = Pachomius flavescens; Phiale (sub Pachomius) similis (Peckham & Peckham, 1896) = Pachomius similis. Invalid name: Freya dyali Roewer 1951 is an invalid replacement name for Euophrys trifasciata "Dyal 1935", which was a redescription of Euophrys trifasciata C.L. Koch, 1846, not a homonym. New species: Drizztius geminensis. First female descriptions and transfers of mismatched females: First descriptions for Asaracus megacephalus C.L. Koch, 1846, Capidava biuncata Simon, 1902, and Phiale formosa (Banks, 1909); the true female of Eustiromastix spinipes is described, and its mismatched female is identified as the female of Eustiromastix falcatus Galiano, 1981; the mismatched female of Freya (sub Cyrene) prominens (F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901) is identified as the female of Xanthofreya rustica; the misidentified female of X. rustica is identified as the female of Leptofreya bifurcata. Lectotypes: designated for Cyrene bifida F.O.P.-Cambridge, 1901 and Cyrene formosa Banks, 1909. New synapomorphy: a constricted proximal end of the cymbium of the male palp is an apparent new synapomorphy for Salticoida.
... Su distribución es principalmente tropical, tanto en el viejo mundo como en el continente americano. Es un grupo bien establecido y monofilético cuya filogenia, tiempos de divergencia, biogeografía y taxonomía han sido temas recientemente abordados (Maddison & Hedin, 2003;Bodner & Maddison, 2012;Zhang & Maddison, 2012a, b, c, d, 2013Hill & Edwards, 2013;Maddison et al., 2014). ...
New jumping spider species and records from Colombia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae) Abstract: Three new jumping spiders from Colombia, of the genera Ilargus Simon, 1901 and Maeota Simon, 1901 are described and illustrated. Ilargus florezi sp. n. is described from the Andean department of Huila, Maeota betancuri sp. n. from the Andean department of Cundinamarca and Maeota glauca sp. n. from the eastern department of Meta. Additionally, Chapoda gitae Zhang & Maddison, 2012, Corythalia spiralis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1901), Ilargus foliosus Zhang & Maddison, 2012, Ilargus galianoae Zhang & Maddison, 2012 and Sidusa mandibularis (Peckham & Peckham, 1896), are recorded for the first time from Colombia.
... La subfamilia Euophryinae es uno de los grupos más diversos de arañas saltarinas en el mundo y el Neotrópico, con cerca de 85 géneros y 900 especies descritas, de distribución principalmente Pantropical, y a la vez uno de los pocos grupos de la familia Salticidae Blackwall, 1841 con su filogenia molecular, tiempos de divergencia y biogeografía recientemente analizados (Maddison & Hedin, 2003;Bodner & Maddison, 2012;Zhang & Maddison, 2012a, b, c, d;Hill & Edwards, 2013;Zhang & Maddison, 2013;Maddison et al., 2014). Con cerca de 38 géneros y 260 especies descritas para el Nuevo Mundo, incluye actualmente al género tropical Maeota Simon, 1901, con cuatro especies distribuidas en zonas bajas desde Panamá hasta Brasil (Prószyński, 2013;World Spider Catalog, 2014). ...
... La subfamilia Euophryinae es uno de los grupos más diversos de arañas saltarinas en el mundo y el Neotrópico, con cerca de 85 géneros y 900 especies descritas, de distribución principalmente Pantropical, y a la vez uno de los pocos grupos de la familia Salticidae Blackwall, 1841 con su filogenia molecular, tiempos de divergencia y biogeografía recientemente analizados (Maddison & Hedin, 2003;Bodner & Maddison, 2012;Zhang & Maddison, 2012a, b, c, d;Hill & Edwards, 2013;Zhang & Maddison, 2013;Maddison et al., 2014). Con cerca de 38 géneros y 260 especies descritas para el Nuevo Mundo, incluye actualmente al género tropical Maeota Simon, 1901, con cuatro especies distribuidas en zonas bajas desde Panamá hasta Brasil (Prószyński, 2013;World Spider Catalog, 2014). ...
Maeota ibargueni: new species of jumping spider from Colombia (Araneae: Salticidae) and first description of a female for the genus. Maeota ibargueni sp. n. (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae) is described from a mountain-woodland ecosystem within the Santuario de Flora y Fauna Otún Quimbaya in the Andean state of Risaralda, Colombia, being also the first record of the genus for the country. It mainly differs from other species of the genus by the combined presence in males of a tuft of hairs on the anterior prosoma and a short, blunt and wide RTA. Moreover, a female of the genus is described for the first time. The altitudinal range for the group is here extended to 1800 masl.
