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Eulophia flava (Lindl.) Hook.f. in Thailand has been threatened by agricultural deforestation and city expansion. Efficient seed propagation via tissue culture technique is necessary to enhance the conservation and utilization of this orchid. Thus, the effects of coconut water (CW), benzylaminopurine (BA), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on seed...
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... has been found in India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia [1]. Its inflorescence is erect, 73-170 cm long, and consists of 9-41 yellow flowers per inflorescence ( Figure 1A), and mild fragrant [2,3] which makes it a conspicuous flower in the wild. Eulophia flava has been found in dry deciduous forests, 650-800 m above mean sea level, in the open sun [4]. ...
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... Hook.f. en MS sin suplementos, es suficiente para hacer germinar semillas en un 26,39%, y formaron plántulas en pos protocormo en 11,50% (Vasupen et al., 2023). Es importante el contenido de los nutrientes en el medio de cultivo y del genotipo de la especie; en Cattleya crispa la germinación en MS + 30 g L -1 + 2 g L -1 de Phytagel, produjo la germinación a los 7 ddi, formación de protocormos a los 30 ddi y plantas a los 150 ddi (Vargas et al., 2023); asimismo, diferentes orquídeas, resultaron mejores en medio MS + jugo de piña, variando la germinación entre ocho a doce semanas y con agregado de plátano se diferenciaron órganos axiales a la quinta semana (Chacón-Campana et al., 2017); también en, Dendrobium cunninghamii, en los medios Nor-Stog 1973 y Vacin y Went 1949, cada uno + sacarosa al 2%, se obtuvo una germinación de alrededor del 50% en ambos medios (Diantina et al., 2020); por otro lado, en Paraphalaenopsis labukensis Shim, A. Lamb & CL Chan, la mayor tasa de germinación se dio con el medio Knudson C, seguido de MS, con 98,78% y 92,80, respectivamente y Knudson + 0,5 mg L-1 con 17,25% (Nelson et al., 2023); y en Cremastra appendiculata var. ...
The application of techniques is important for the massive and efficient propagation of orchids, without affecting the natural environment and its conservation.The objective was to evaluate the effects of six culture media: t1, Knudson; t2, MS 75% + NAA (1,0 mgL-1) + GA3 (3,0 mgL-1); t3, MS 75% + 100 mLL-1coconut water; t4, MS 100% + GA3 (3,0 mgL-1); t5, MS 100% + NAA (1,0 mgL-1) + GA3 (5,0 mgL-1); t6, MS 100% + 100 mLL-1coconut water on in vitro seed germination and protocorms formation of the orchid E. catillus. Seeds were obtained from a capsule in stage of physiological maturity from sector Grapanazú, Huancabamba, province of Oxapampa-Pasco, Peru. A randomized complete block design was used. It was found that, at 64 and 71 days, the treatments t1, t3, t4 and t6 had the same seed germination and development of in vitro protocorms, however, all of them were higher than t2 y t5. We concluded that Knudson media, MS 75% and 100% + 100 mLL-1coconut water and MS 100% + GA3 (3,0 mgL-1), enhanced seed germination.
... Plant growth regulators (PGRs) including auxins (mainly indole-3-acetic acid IAA), cytokinins (trans-zeatin, trans-zeatin O-glucoside, N 6 -isopentenyladenine, and dihydrozeatin), gibberellins (GA1 and GA3), and abscisic acid are among most prevalent PGRs in coconut water (Yong et al. 2009;Shekarriz et al. 2014). Various mineral ions including Ca, Fe, Mg, P, and K can be found in coconut water (Vasupen et al. 2022). Additionally, it contains B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, and B9 vitamins (George et al. 2008;Yong et al. 2009). ...
... Hook. f (Vasupen et al. 2022). However, the supplementation of Malmgren medium with coconut water resulted in lower asymbiotic germination rates in Himantoglossum affine (Boiss.) ...
The Orchidaceae family is among the largest and most diverse groups of flowering plants with 10% of all systematically verified angiosperms and 40% of monocotyledon species. The fascinating flower morphology, tiny and particular seeds, specialized pollination systems, and reproduction cycle, as well as the complicated symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi, have made orchids the species of interest for many comprehensive scientific studies. Wild orchids have been declining as a result of the beauty and mysticism they are known for. In recent years, the high demand for hot salep drinks and salep-based ice creams and other food and medicinal products has attracted the attention of collectors to supply tuber material from wild terrestrial and tuberous orchids. Therefore, terrestrial orchids are at the front line of extinction, with a higher number of endangered species compared to other orchid types. Terrestrial orchids have a long-life cycle (2–5 years) to enter the reproductive phase. Seeds, protocorms, juveniles, dormant adults, vegetative adults, and flowering individuals account for the six primary stages of the terrestrial orchid life cycle. All orchids including terrestrial species have tiny and dust-like seeds, which makes the tracing of seed dispersal and monitoring of germination and plantlet growth, rather challenging. Orchids are highly dependent on fungi called mycorrhizae to provide carbon and nutrients for symbiotic germination. This dependence on mycorrhizal fungi is because orchids produce thousands of tiny seeds per capsule, and these seeds generally have either limited or no energy resources for germination and initial growth in their tiny endosperms. The lignified, pectin layers of seed testa can act as a barrier for water uptake, embryo enlargement and, in laboratory conditions, prevent seed germination in terrestrial orchids. One of the strategies to soften and eliminate the strong and impenetrable testa is the treatment with sodium hypocrite (NaOCl) which simultaneously disinfects and scarifies seeds. Terrestrial orchids are growing in natural habitats with low strength of available nutrients, and therefore the reported nitrate sensitivity in asymbiotic seed germination of terrestrial orchids may be part of their adaptive strategy. However, almost all terrestrial orchid species need a symbiosis relationship with mycorrhizal fungi to germinate their seeds, develop the protocorms, and establish plantlets in nature. In cultivation, these events can also be proceeded both symbiotically (in the presence of a fungal symbiont) and asymbiotically (without a fungal symbiont). Asymbiotic germination procedures possess advantages including an easier cultivation process, fast and large scale in vitro plantlet production, and direct investigation of important variables affecting different biological aspects of orchids’ life. Depending on the genus, species, and even sub-species, there are different developmental requirements, in particular, based on the climate origin (tropical and temperate), which necessitate the investigation of technically different germination procedures.KeywordsOrchidaceaeOrganic componentsAsymbiotic GerminationSeed testaIn vitro micropropagationTemperate orchidsConservationMycorrhizae
... Plant growth regulators (PGRs) including auxins (mainly indole-3-acetic acid IAA), cytokinins (trans-zeatin, trans-zeatin O-glucoside, N 6 -isopentenyladenine, and dihydrozeatin), gibberellins (GA1 and GA3), and abscisic acid are among most prevalent PGRs in coconut water (Yong et al. 2009;Shekarriz et al. 2014). Various mineral ions including Ca, Fe, Mg, P, and K can be found in coconut water (Vasupen et al. 2022). Additionally, it contains B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, and B9 vitamins (George et al. 2008;Yong et al. 2009). ...
... Hook. f (Vasupen et al. 2022). However, the supplementation of Malmgren medium with coconut water resulted in lower asymbiotic germination rates in Himantoglossum affine (Boiss.) ...
Orchids are valuable plants in the global floricultural market due to their unique flower structure, attractive flower colors, and long flower life. The most critical technique for obtaining ornamental cultivars of orchids is hybrid breeding. This technique is routine work but usually laborious and time consuming mainly due to the long generation time of orchids. The increasing demand for orchids in the floricultural trade might push breeders to produce more varieties with novel characteristics to ensure their competitiveness. Theoretically, the target traits could be focused on flower characteristics including their colors and morphology, and the ability of disease resistance to viruses or other pathogens. In orchid production, numerous intraspecific, intragenic, and intergenic hybrids have been produced and applied through the most commonly used traditional breeding. Using a range of advanced approaches, such as genetic engineering with the aid of multi-omics technologies and genome editing, orchid breeders might have more opportunities and higher efficiency to achieve their breeding goals in the future. This chapter summarized the past and current approaches and their findings in the field of orchid breeding and discussed their possible applications in the horticultural industry.
