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Eudendrium vaginatum, all except of E after preserved material, D redrawn from Jäderholm (1909). (A) Colony silhouettes, top colony from Iceland, below one from the Shetland Islands, scale bar 5 mm. (B) Hydranth with the characteristic pseudohydrotheca, scale bar 0.2 mm. (C) Part of branch showing the annulation of the perisarc that is present throughout the colony, scale bar 0.2 mm. (D) Young male gonozooid, in more advanced stages the hydranth is reduced variably, scale bar 0.5 mm. (E) Nematocysts: small undischarged microbasic eurytele, large undischarged and discharged microbasic euryteles; scale bar 10 μm.
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![TABLE 1 . Eudendrium capillaroides new. spec., dimensions in [μm] and...](profile/Peter-Schuchert/publication/229439244/figure/tbl1/AS:668419380740112@1536375007877/Eudendrium-capillaroides-new-spec-dimensions-in-mm-and-proportions-of-nemato_Q320.jpg)
The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 4. - This study reviews all European hydroids belonging to the filiferan family Eudendriidae. Two new species occurring in the northeastern Atlantic are described: Eudendrium. capillaroides new spec. and Eudendrium unispirum new Spec. Eudendrium vaginatum Allman, 1...
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Citations
... Scale bar: 0.5 mm. 生息できる可能性が高い． 近 縁 種 で あ る Podocoryna carnea や Podocoryna loyola Haddad, Bettim & Miglietta, 2014 のポリプは腹 足類や甲殻類が生息する貝殻上や港湾地域や河口 域の人工物に付着していることが報告されている(Schuchert, 2008;Haddad et al., 2014) ．本研究では成 熟したクラゲをムシロガイと一緒に飼育することで (www.enago.jp"www.enago.jp) に厚く御礼申し上げ ...
Twelve individuals of hydrozoan species Podocoryna hayamaensis (Anthoathecata, Hydractiniidae) were collected from Yamagata Prefecture, Northern Japan. This species is found in the Sagami Bay and the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The presence of this species in the Sea of Japan has been reported for the first time in this study, and it sets the northernmost record in Japan for this species. Furthermore, we report the speciesʼ life cycle that are laboratory-reared based on the collected mature specimens.
... The specimens were kept in formalin for collection purpose, while small subsamples were placed in ethanol for further genetic barcoding studies. To reach family and generic levels of identifications, monographs have been used (Millard 1975;Calder 1988Calder , 1991Calder , 1997Hirohito 1988Hirohito , 1995Bouillon et al. 2006) as well as taxonomic revisions of groups such as Capitata (Petersen 1990;Schuchert 2006) and Filifera (Schuchert 2004(Schuchert , 2007(Schuchert , 2008a(Schuchert , 2008b(Schuchert , 2009, of families such as Halopterididae (Schuchert 1997), Hebellidae (Boero et al. 1997), and of genera such as Filellum (Marques et al., 2011), Halisiphonia (Marques et al., 2006), Hybocodon (Rodriguez et al., 2012), this list being non exhaustive. However, the generic level was reached without confidence for specimens of the family Campanulinidae (5 species reported in this study), a family well known to give such problems, those with no reproductive structures being attributed to the genus Campanulina, following the recommendation of Bouillon et al. (2006). ...
This study explored the unknown biodiversity of mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) in Reunion Island, located in the Southwestern Indian Ocean. MCEs are still largely unexplored whereas they are assumed to shelter a rich and unique biodiversity. As they might likely serve as a source for recolonization after disturbances in shallower reefs, their study is urgently needed. This work focused on an understudied large group of structural and functional ecological importance in reef benthic communities, the hydroids. Performing only 8 deep dives with closed-circuit rebreathers, we recorded 74 species between 65 and 93 m among which 11 species and 3 genera are likely new to science. Furthermore, the explorations made in contrasted geographical zones around the island suggest particular eco-physiological traits for some species: specialized vs. widely tolerant. This preliminary report only shows the tip of the iceberg and opens an avenue for exploration and understanding of such extraordinary biodiversity at such depths.
... Широко распространенный гидроид Clava multicornis (Forsskål, 1775) известен как раздельнополый вид (Weissman, 1883;Harm, 1902;Goette, 1907;Schuchert, 2008). В период полового размножения в основании гастрального отдела гидрантов формируются гонофоры -прикрепленные редуцированные медузы. ...
... МАТЕРИАЛ. Clava multicornis -широко распространенный в Северо-восточной Атлантике бореальный вид колониальных гидроидов, обитающий обычно на водорослях рода Fucus в зоне нижней литорали (Schuchert, 2008). В Белом море в районе ББС МГУ этот массовый вид формирует столониальные колонии преимущественно на водорослях рода Ascophyllum в зоне нижней литорали (Naumov, 1960). ...
... Среди представителей Hydrozoa случаи гермафродитизма были отмечены у представителей родов Turritopsis, Eleutheria, Cladonema, Tubularia, Myriothela, а также у видов Aglaophenia helleri, Sertularella polyzonias, Plumularia pinnata, Diphasia fallax, Eudendrium simplex, Hydractinea humilis (Podocoryna humilis (Schuchert, 2021)), Distichopora violacea, Monocoryne gigantea, Laomedea conferta (Laomedea calceolifera (Schuchert, 2021)), Clava squamata (C. multicornis (Schuchert, 2008)), Clava leptostyla (C. multicornis (Schuchert, 2008)), Hydractinia echinata (Hargitt, 1906;Föyn, 1927;Hauenschild, 1954;Müller, 1964). ...
... µm) (Calder et al. 2021). While specimens from this collection have been assigned here to E. merulum, DNA analyses are needed to sort out the taxonomy of this and related species (Schuchert 2008). ...
... Hydroids of E. merulum may be restricted to the Pacific Ocean. Schuchert (2008) found that hydroids identified as this species from the eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and Black Sea all represented distinct genetic lineages, and that they likely differ from the Australian population. ...
... Australia (Watson 1985); Yemen (Marques et al. 2000). As noted above, records of the species from the eastern Atlantic and adjacent seas are likely erroneous (Schuchert 2008). ...
Forty-two species of hydroids, excluding stylasterids, are reported in the present collection from the Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands. Of these, four are anthoathecates and 38 are leptothecates. Among the latter, Sertularella affinicostata
and Monotheca gibbosa are described as new species. The binomen Halopteris longibrachia is proposed as a new
replacement name for Plumularia polymorpha var. sibogae Billard, 1913, an invalid junior primary homonym of P.
sibogae Billard, 1911. Based largely on evidence from earlier molecular phylogenies, the genus Disertasia Neppi, 1917
is resurrected to accommodate species including Dynamena crisioides Lamouroux, 1824, Sertularia disticha Bosc, 1802,
and Sia. moluccana Pictet, 1893. Sertularella robusta Coughtrey, 1876 is an invalid junior primary homonym of Sla. gayi
var. robusta Allman, 1874a, and has been replaced here by the binomen Sla. quasiplana Trebilcock, 1928, originally
described as Sla. robusta var. quasiplana Trebilcock, 1928. Clytia hummelincki (Leloup, 1935) is referred to the synonymy
of its senior subjective synonym, C. brevithecata (Thornely, 1900). Following Reversal of Precedence provisions in
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to preserve prevailing usage of binomena, the familiar names Sia.
disticha Bosc, 1802 (also known as Dynamena disticha) and Lytocarpia phyteuma (Stechow, 1919b) are designated
nomena protecta and assigned precedence over their virtually unknown senior synonyms Hydra quinternana Bosc, 1797
and Aglaophenia clavicula Whitelegge, 1899, respectively, names now reduced to the status of nomena oblita. Twenty
species are reported for the first time from Hawaii [Eudendrium merulum Watson, 1985, Phialellidae (undetermined),
Hebella sp., Hebellopsis scandens (Bale, 1888), H. sibogae Billard, 1942, Clytia brevithecata, C. linearis (Thornely,
1900), C. cf. noliformis (McCrady, 1859), Halecium sp., Sla. affinicostata, Sla. angulosa Bale, 1894, Pasya heterodonta
(Jarvis, 1922), Tridentata orthogonalis (Gibbons & Ryland, 1989), Pycnotheca producta (Bale, 1881), Monotheca
gibbosa, H. longibrachia, A. postdentata Billard, 1913, A. suensonii Jäderholm, 1896, A. whiteleggei Bale, 1888, and
L. flexuosa (Lamouroux, 1816)]. Sertularia orthogonalis, reported for only the third time worldwide, is assigned to
the genus Tridentata Stechow, 1920. Hydroids of the NOWRAMP 2002 collection consisted largely of presumptive
widespread species, with over 75% of them having been reported elsewhere in the tropical Indo-west Pacific region.
... It was first described in the North Sea and it is reported to be nearly cosmopolitan. Reliable records based on nematocyst information belong to NE Atlantic, Greenland, the Mediterranean, Bermudas, southern Africa, and Japan [74]; however, a wider distribution can be also attributed to the NW Atlantic, including the Gulf of Mexico, and New Zealand [75]. Although E. capillare was already documented in Macaronesia, namely along the Canary Islands [61]; this study provides a new record for Madeira, suggesting maritime transport as the primary introduction vector [76]. ...
Globally, there is growing concern regarding the effects of the increasing anthropogenic pressures in marine communities. Artificial structures such as marinas and aquaculture facilities serve as invasion hotspots; hence, monitoring fouling communities on these structures can be valuable for detecting new invasions. In the current study, 24 settlement PVC plates were deployed for three months to compare the recruitment ability of these two artificial environments along the south coast of the offshore island of Madeira (NE Atlantic). The results showed higher variations in the species richness between regions (SW vs. SE) than between artificial habitats (sea-cages vs. marinas), although the community composition differed. Cnidaria and Bryozoa were the most representative groups in the aquaculture systems, while Bryozoa and Chordata were in the marinas. A sum of 18 NIS was recorded for the study, accounting for between 21.88% and 54.84% of the total number of species in the aquaculture facilities and marinas, respectively. The higher NIS percentage from the marinas was even more explicit in the SE coast, where Cradoscrupocellaria bertholletii, Parasmittina alba, and Botrylloides niger distinctly dominated fouling populations. The results suggest that at least some particular NIS previously reported in the studied marinas successfully colonized sea-cages. Future assessments need to address the potential role of aquaculture facilities as drivers for the secondary spread of NIS. Additionally, two new records are considered for Madeira: Eudendrium capillare and Ericthonius punctatus.
... In the Northeast Atlantic, the shelf benthic hydroid fauna has been widely studied and there are numerous studies dealing with hydroids from European waters (e.g. Cornelius 1995a, b;Schuchert 2004Schuchert , 2006Schuchert , 2007Schuchert , 2008aSchuchert , 2008bSchuchert , 2010Bouillon et al. 2004). However, few studies have dealt with deep-water hydroids generally because they included a few samples from bathyal depths, while the majority of samples came from shelf bottoms (Broch 1913;Schuchert 2000Schuchert , 2001Ansín Agís et al. 2001). ...
The deep-sea benthic hydroid fauna remains poorly known, in part because of less frequent sampling than the shelf fauna, in part owing to the immense study area, and partly also because available samples have been little studied by experts. In order to correct this, deep-sea benthic hydroid material from the modern Discovery Collections has been studied. Samples come from localities in the North-East Atlantic including the Porcupine Seabight, Porcupine Abyssal Plain, Rockall Trough, Rockall Bank, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Sixteen species belonging to 12 families and 16 genera were found. Leptothecata are clearly dominant, being represented by 14 species; the remaining species belong to Anthoathecata. Lafoeidae and Tiarannidae are the most diverse families with three species each; the remaining families being represented by a single species. The low species diversity is remarkable at the generic level, with each genus being represented by a single species. Hydroid occurrence is low: twelve species were found in ≤ 9% of stations; Amphinema biscayana has the highest occurrence (27% of stations). Fifteen species were recorded in the Porcupine Seabight, two in the Rockall Trough, one at Rockall Bank, one on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, and two at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The known bathymetric range for a third of the species is extended; the increase is particularly noteworthy in Amphinema biscayana, Acryptolaria crassicaulis, Clytia gigantea and Schizotricha profunda. Two distinct bathymetric groups are recognized: strictly deep-sea inhabitants and eurybathic species. Most species are globally distributed, some are widely distributed in the Atlantic, and others are limited to the North Atlantic or the Northeast Atlantic.
... Many of them were founded on sterile specimens or on unreliable characters, and are now considered species inquirendae. Characters accorded particular taxonomic importance include the structure of the gonophores, particularly those of the female, the extent of retrogression of reproductive hydranths, and more recently the complement, distribution, shape, and size of nematocysts (Picard 1951;Watson 1985;Calder 1988Calder , 2010Marques, Mergner et al. 2000;Marques, Peña Cantero et al. 2000;Puce et al. 2005;Bouillon et al. 2006;Schuchert 2008b). Also perceived to be helpful in the identification of certain species is the presence or absence of buttons or a continuous band of nematocysts around the gastric column of the hydranth, the presence or absence of nematophores, the prominence of the perisarc groove on the hydranth, and the orientation of nematocysts on the tentacles, whether tending to be parallel or oblique to the tentacular axis (Schuchert 2008b). ...
... Characters accorded particular taxonomic importance include the structure of the gonophores, particularly those of the female, the extent of retrogression of reproductive hydranths, and more recently the complement, distribution, shape, and size of nematocysts (Picard 1951;Watson 1985;Calder 1988Calder , 2010Marques, Mergner et al. 2000;Marques, Peña Cantero et al. 2000;Puce et al. 2005;Bouillon et al. 2006;Schuchert 2008b). Also perceived to be helpful in the identification of certain species is the presence or absence of buttons or a continuous band of nematocysts around the gastric column of the hydranth, the presence or absence of nematophores, the prominence of the perisarc groove on the hydranth, and the orientation of nematocysts on the tentacles, whether tending to be parallel or oblique to the tentacular axis (Schuchert 2008b). ...
... However, all of these species differ from E. bleakneyi in one or more morphological characters. For example, a prominent nematocyst belt, such as that encircling the base of the hydranth in E. bleakneyi, is lacking in all except E. nambuccense and possibly E. antarcticum (Millard 1975;Watson 1985Watson , 2003Hirohito 1988;Marques, Mergner et al. 2000;Schuchert 2008b). Moreover, unlike in E. bleakneyi, colonies of E. armatum, E. corrugatum, E. deciduum, and E. terranovae are relatively large and polysiphonic (Millard 1975;Watson 1985;Schuchert 2008b). ...
Two new species of hydroids, Eudendrium bleakneyi and Halecium praeparvum, are described from the Bay of Fundy. Fourteen others, Tubularia acadiae Petersen, 1990, Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774, Sarsia lovenii (M. Sars, 1846), Zanclea implexa (Alder, 1856), Corydendrium dispar Kramp, 1935, Rhizogeton fusiformis L. Agassiz, 1862, Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863), Rhizorhagium roseum M. Sars, in G.O. Sars, 1874, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus Buss & Yund, 1989, Eudendrium vaginatum Allman, 1863, Tiaropsis multicirrata (M. Sars, 1835), Obelia bidentata S.F. Clark, 1875, Halecium marsupiale Bergh, 1887, and Sertularella gigantea Hincks, 1874, are reported, with collection data, for the first time from the bay. All but Coryne pusilla, Rhizorhagium roseum, Eudendrium vaginatum, and Sertularella gigantea are also new to Atlantic Canada, while Zanclea implexa, Corydendrium dispar, and Halecium marsupiale are reported for the first time in the western North Atlantic. Two of those species, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus and Obelia bidentata, are disjunct in distribution, with core populations occurring in warmer waters to the south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Both were discovered in Minas Basin, a hydrographically distinct embayment where surface water temperatures are much warmer during summer than in the perpetually cold lower Bay of Fundy. Rhizorhagium roseum and the subfamily Rhizorhagiinae are transferred from family Bougainvilliidae Lütken, 1850 to Pandeidae Haeckel, 1879. An annotated checklist of hydroids from the Fundy region, based on previously published reports and on new records of species, is added as an appendix. Included in the checklist are 43 species of anthoathecates and 75 species of leptothecates, referable to 30 families and 56 genera. Families with the most species were Sertulariidae (23), Haleciidae (13), Eudendriidae (11), and Obeliidae (10). Biogeographically, the aggregate hydroid fauna of the bay conforms with that occurring in other parts of the Western Atlantic Boreal Region. Halecium permodicum is proposed as a replacement name for Halecium minor Fraser, 1935, an invalid junior homonym of H. minor Pictet, 1893.
... E. carneum is a conspicuous species with large polysiphonic colonies, up to 105 mm high. A main characteristic of this species is its abundance in harbours and marinas (Fig. 10.1) (Schuchert 2008; Megina et al. 2013) and it is one of the most frequently recorded hydroid species in fouling communities (Millard 1959; Karlson and Osman 2012). The type locality of this species was Virginia (USA, Atlantic Ocean). ...
... The type locality of this species was Virginia (USA, Atlantic Ocean). Today, it is a cosmopolitan species (Marques et al. 2000; Schuchert 2008) listed as invasive in several seas like the Mediterranean (Zenetos et al. 2010; Occhipinti-Ambrogi et al. 2011). This species is present in all oceans and seas around the world: [e.g. ...
The study of the diversity and composition of marine communities is the first step in understanding the development of marine ecosystems. While some cnidarian populations are in decline, others invade new regions and habitats. The pressure of the human actions on the marine ecosystems has increased in the past decades. The artificial structures in marine environments, shipping, aquaculture, global warming and interoceanic canals have contributed to the dispersion, establishment and invasion of many places by alien species around the world, in some cases, with major ecological and socio-economic impacts. Some cnidarian species may serve as examples of the truly widespread reach of invasive species. Benthic phase of hydroids and anthozoans are common components of harbours and fouling communities and, probably, they have been transported on ship hulls. Ephyrae and hydromedusae are also frequently found in ballast water. Additionally, the global climatic change allows cnidarian of tropical affinity to extend their range into the temperate zones. The biological invasions and range extensions may cause local native biodiversity and economic losses. Only recently have these biological invasions attracted the attention of the scientific community. Though invasive alien cnidarians are recognized now as a global threat to biodiversity, and monitoring their presence and impacts is considered a prerequisite for marine environmental management and sustainable development, it seldom takes place even in the coastal regions most vulnerable to introductions
... Specifically, maintenance of developmental regulatory pathways underlying medusae ontogeny in reduced forms could add support to arguments for medusae re-evolving in the Hydrozoa. The hydrozoan family Hydractiniidae provides an excellent system for identifying key components in medusa development and truncation, as the entire spectrum of gonophore development is exhibited within this group (Schuchert 2008). The hydractiniid species H. symbiolongicarpus and P. carnea exhibit either ends of this developmental spectrum, possessing a sporosac ( fig. ...
Hydrozoans are known for their complex life cycles, which can alternate between an asexually reproducing polyp stage and a sexually reproducing medusa stage. Most hydrozoan species however, lack a free-living medusa stage and instead display a developmentally truncated form, called a medusoid or sporosac, which generally remains attached to the polyp. While evolutionary transitions in medusa truncation and loss have been investigated phylogenetically, little is known about the genes involved in the development and loss of this life cycle stage. Here we present a new workflow for evaluating differential expression (DE) between two species using short read Illumina RNA-seq data. Through interspecific DE analyses between two hydractiniid hydrozoans, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus and Podocoryna carnea, we identified genes potentially involved in the developmental, functional, and morphological differences between the fully developed medusa of P. carnea and reduced sporosac of H symbiolongicarpus. A total of 10,909 putative orthologs of H. symbiolongicarpus and P. carnea were identified from de novo assemblies of short read Illumina data. Differential expression analysis revealed 938 of these are differentially expressed between P. carnea developing and adult medusa when compared to H. symbiolongicarpus sporosacs, the vast majority of which have not been previously characterized in cnidarians. In addition, several genes with no corresponding ortholog in H. symbiolongicarpus were expressed in developing medusa of P. carnea. Results presented here show interspecific differential expression analyses of RNA-seq data to be a sensitive and reliable method for identifying genes and gene pathways potentially involved in morphological and life cycle differences between species.
Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2015. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.
... Species also found in Berlengas–western Portugal (Moura, unpublished; see above). Mediterranean.—Western and eastern Mediterranean: Gibraltar (Marques et al. 2000b); Spain (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); France (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); Italy (Boero & Fresi 1986; Marques et al. 2000a, b; Schuchert 2008; Puce et al. 2009); Greece ( Schuchert 2008). Elsewhere.—E. ...
... Species also found in Berlengas–western Portugal (Moura, unpublished; see above). Mediterranean.—Western and eastern Mediterranean: Gibraltar (Marques et al. 2000b); Spain (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); France (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); Italy (Boero & Fresi 1986; Marques et al. 2000a, b; Schuchert 2008; Puce et al. 2009); Greece ( Schuchert 2008). Elsewhere.—E. ...
... Species also found in Berlengas–western Portugal (Moura, unpublished; see above). Mediterranean.—Western and eastern Mediterranean: Gibraltar (Marques et al. 2000b); Spain (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); France (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); Italy (Boero & Fresi 1986; Marques et al. 2000a, b; Schuchert 2008; Puce et al. 2009); Greece ( Schuchert 2008). Elsewhere.—E. ...
Twenty-seven species of hydroids were collected from the peaks (35–42 meters depth) of the Gorringe Bank (NE Atlantic) during the oceanographic campaign 'LusoExpedição Olympus 2008'. Twenty-one of these species are new for the Gor-ringe Bank that now has published records for a total of 37 hydroid species. Lafoeina tenuis, Sertularella ellisii and Clytia hemisphaerica were the most abundant hydroid species collected. Results revealed spatial differences in the composition of species assemblages along the summits of the Gorringe, as only 14 of the species sampled were found both in the Or-monde and Gettysburg seamounts. The large density of algae at the peaks of the seamounts sustain a considerable hydro-zoan diversity (23 species), but visibly inhibits the establishment of hydroids to the rocky substrates (only 2 species found). All the known hydrozoan species from the peaks of the Gorringe were exclusively collected during summer, thus sampling in other seasons may reveal further hydrozoan diversity due to seasonal patterns of growth of algae and hydroids. Nevertheless, the reasonably high levels of hydrozoan biodiversity demonstrated only from a small portion the summits of the Gorringe, corroborate its seamounts as 'biodiversity hotspots'. In agreement with previous investigations with shallow water molluscs and sponges, the shallow-water hydroid fauna of the Gorringe revealed greater biogeographical affinities with the Mediterranean and mainland Portugal. This is the first report of Eudendrium armatum outside of the Mediterranean.
