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Eudendrium glomeratum Picard, 1952, after preserved Mediterranean material, except E (native capsules). (A) Silhouettes of typical colonies (MHNG INVE39473), scale bar 2 cm. (B) Hydranth with characteristic nematocyst buttons (arrow), scale bar 0.5 mm. (C) Young female blastostyle (MHNG INVE32159), scale bar 0.2 mm. (D) Male blastostyle, note nematocysts at base of blastostyle, material from Sardinia, scale bar 0.2 mm. (E) Nematocysts (MHNG INVE39717): intact and discharged microbasic eurytele, two intact macrobasic euryteles in side and frontal view, above discharged macrobasic eurytele, scale bar 10 μm.
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![TABLE 1 . Eudendrium capillaroides new. spec., dimensions in [μm] and...](profile/Peter-Schuchert/publication/229439244/figure/tbl1/AS:668419380740112@1536375007877/Eudendrium-capillaroides-new-spec-dimensions-in-mm-and-proportions-of-nemato_Q320.jpg)
The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 4. - This study reviews all European hydroids belonging to the filiferan family Eudendriidae. Two new species occurring in the northeastern Atlantic are described: Eudendrium. capillaroides new spec. and Eudendrium unispirum new Spec. Eudendrium vaginatum Allman, 1...
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... The development of the gonophores starts concomitantly with the development of the budding of the new hydranth (blastostyle), even before the tentacles develop ( Fig. 16C-E). In some species the hydranth grows to the same size as of a non-reproductive polyp, in others the hydranth development stops and often it gets atrophied again (e. g. Fig. 34E-G). There is considerable variation of this process between the species and to some extent it could also depend on the environment. In some species the gonophores/sporosacs form without a trace of a hydranth, the gono- phores issuing in a tuft from the end of a pedicel. It is thus important to bear in mind that the blastostyles can ...
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... of Hydractinia echinata. Jäderholm considered them to be specialized nematophores. A re-examination of the type specimen confirmed Jäderholm's observation, but the blastostyles must be re-interpreted. Additionally, although only very few hydranths are left, these have nematocyst buttons near the base of hydranth, just like in E. glomeratum (Fig. 3B). The gonophores are actually encapsulated -likely fertilized -eggs or embryos attached to the former pedicel of the blastostyle, as usually found in the final stages of the sequence of the development of the female sporosac (see General Morphology section). As in other Eudendrium species, the blastostyles became reduced once the eggs ...
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... stages of the sequence of the development of the female sporosac (see General Morphology section). As in other Eudendrium species, the blastostyles became reduced once the eggs had been fertilized and what we see are likely only the vestiges of the former blastostyles. As also the blas- tostyles can have nematocyst buttons (e. g. E. glomeratum, Fig. 3C-D), these buttons might be the sole remainder of the former blastostyle. Nevertheless, they could be a constant feature of the species and perhaps allow a distinction from the otherwise almost identical E. glomeratum. There are only a few traits that would allow dis tinction of E. glomeratum from E. cnidoferum. The latter forms a ...
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... ramosum. -Weill, 1934b figs 237. [not Eudendrium ramosum (Linnaeus, 1758)] MATERIAL EXAMINED: MHNG INVE35472; Honduras, Utila, 16.0687°N 86.9555°W, depth 20 m; 11 Feb. 2004; fertile female; DNA extracted, 16S DNA sequence accession number AM991305. -MHNG INVE39470; France, Corsica, Ajaccio; 4 July 1950; male colony. ...
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... Colonies large, stiff, rather stout and coarse, stems and branches polysiphonic, typically with rather elongate stem or primary branches provided with shorter side-branches resembling somewhat a bottle-brush (Fig. 21A). Stem and thicker branches often covered by a smooth layer of coalesced stolonal tubes forming a dense-meshed, bark-like covering (Fig. 23). Perisarc of branches brown, thick, with smooth stretches and some annulated or corrugated stretches. Hydranths large, 16-22 tentacles, on body a broad band densely beset with large euryteles, these may be missing or inconspicuous in some colonies; basal groove marked, near base of body, filmy perisarc originating in basal groove ...
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... gonophores not known. Nematocysts: microbasic euryteles of two different size classes (Fig. 30), size ratio of length of larger and smaller eurytele 1.3, ratio of width of larger and smaller eurytele 1.4, larger capsule thus somewhat thicker. Smaller capsule abundant on tenta- cles, also on hydranth body and coenosarc. Larger capsules (complementary nemato- cysts) scattered in a band above the perisarc grove and also in coenosarc ...
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... resembles very closely E. capillare, the only difference being their cnidomes. The cnidome of E. capillaroides comprises heteronemes of two slightly different size classes, the ratio of their lengths being 1.3. The larger capsule is somewhat thicker, the width ratio of the two types being 1.4. Although the dimensions intergrade somewhat (table 1, Fig. 30), it is rather easy to see in a microscopic squash preparation that there are actually two different populations of capsules. The cnidome makes it immediately distinguishable from the otherwise similar E. merulum which has much larger complimentary euryteles (see key to species). 16S sequence data confirmed that E. capillare, E. ...
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... microbasic euryteles and large microbasic eury- teles, in dense ring on hydranth body primarily along groove and on hypostome, shaft in undischarged capsule thick, forming a small, complete coil near junction to capsule wall (Figs 31E, 32A-D), coil diameter about 1/10 of capsule length; discharged shaft distinctly longer than capsule (s>1.5, Fig. 32E), thick, distal half much swollen, barbed even along narrow part, tread thick. DISTRIBUTION: An Arctic to northern boreal species, with reliable records from the Shetland Islands (Allman, 1864; this study), Norway (this study), Jan Mayen (Jäderholm, 1909), Iceland (Schuchert, 2001 as E. annulatum; this study), Western Greenland (this ...
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... (Fig. 21C), these were rare and rather small, unlike in typical E. vaginatum where they extend up to the middle of the body of fully grown hydranths (Fig. 31B). The perisarc of Eudendrium annulatum, despite its name, is not annulated throughout. Both E. annulatum and E. vaginatum form a bark-like covering of the stem base. In the former species (Fig. 23) it is rather regular and sheet-like, while in the latter it is more irregular and convolu- ted. Moreover, Norman has also found Eudendrium vaginatum at Shetland and he kept it distinct from his E. annulatum (see Norman, 1869). Norman's specimen (BMNH 1912.12.21.99) was re-examined for this study and it is evidently E. vaginatum (the ...
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... unispirum new spec. Fig. 33 TYPE MATERIAL: Syntypes, BMNH 1948.9.8.82; several stems of one colony, originally identified as Eudendrium album; England, Plymouth; collected 1898 by E. T. Browne; growing on Tubularia indivisa; male colony. OTHER MATERIAL: BELUM Md621; Northern Ireland, Down, Strangford Lough, W of Colin Rock, 54°25.54' N 005°36.33' W, depth 24m, 7 ...
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... fact, except for the complementary capsules, both species are identical. The undischarged complementary capsules of E. unispirum present a shaft that has only 1-1.5 coils, this in contrast to E. album which has four or five coils (Figs 6 and 33C). Also the lengths of the discharged shafts are significantly different. ...
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... of E. unispirum is quite reliably distinguishable. Applying currently used diagnoses (e. g. Bouillon et al., 2006), the shaft/capsule length ratio of <2.5 qualifies the complimentary capsules of E. unispirum as microbasic, while the one of E. album is macrobasic. A similar eurytele with one coil in the undischarged capsule is found in E.vaginatum (Fig. 32). However here the coil is very small and the species is otherwise rather easily separable from E. unispirum (see key on page ...
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... figs 28-34. -Marques et al., 2000b: 201. -Schuchert, 2001 fig. 16A-F. -Peña Cantero & García Carrascosa, 2002: 27, fig. 4a-b. -Puce et al., 2005: 202, figs 1b & 2c. Corymbogonium capillare. -Allman, 1861: 171. ? Eudendrium humile var. corymbifera Allman, 1863. Eudendrium tenellum Allman, 1877: 8, pl. 4 figs 3-4. - Kramp, 1914: 99. -Fraser, 1937 8 fig. 3. -Yamada, 1954: 17, fig. 15. -Calder, 1972: 226, pl. 2 fig. 8. -Hirohito, 1988: 88, fig. 31d-h. -Schuchert, 2001: 33. Eudendrium hyalinum Bonnevie, 1898b: 7. -Bonnevie, 1899: 50. -Naumov, 1969: 263, synonym. Eudendrium tenue A. Agassiz, 1865: 160, fig. 250. -Bedot, 1914: 79, synonym. Eudendrium parvum Warren, 1908 fig. 1, pl. 45 figs ...
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... Contrary to most other authors (Millard, 1975, South Africa;Watson, 1985, Australia;Calder, 1988, Bermuda;Marques et al., 2000a Mediterranean), I occasionally found two types of nematocysts in this species. Besides the abundant, almond-shaped microbasic eurytele, there is a differently shaped haploneme (isorhiza, see Fig. 34J). It occurred in much lower and rather variable numbers. In some samples it was absent or very rare (Mediterranean), in others it was rare to quite frequent (NE Atlantic). Also Marinopoulos (1982) observed isorhizas in this species, although his schematic drawing ( fig. 1.3) shows a different shape. The colonies which had them in ...
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Citations
... Scale bar: 0.5 mm. 生息できる可能性が高い． 近 縁 種 で あ る Podocoryna carnea や Podocoryna loyola Haddad, Bettim & Miglietta, 2014 のポリプは腹 足類や甲殻類が生息する貝殻上や港湾地域や河口 域の人工物に付着していることが報告されている(Schuchert, 2008;Haddad et al., 2014) ．本研究では成 熟したクラゲをムシロガイと一緒に飼育することで (www.enago.jp"www.enago.jp) に厚く御礼申し上げ ...
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... The specimens were kept in formalin for collection purpose, while small subsamples were placed in ethanol for further genetic barcoding studies. To reach family and generic levels of identifications, monographs have been used (Millard 1975;Calder 1988Calder , 1991Calder , 1997Hirohito 1988Hirohito , 1995Bouillon et al. 2006) as well as taxonomic revisions of groups such as Capitata (Petersen 1990;Schuchert 2006) and Filifera (Schuchert 2004(Schuchert , 2007(Schuchert , 2008a(Schuchert , 2008b(Schuchert , 2009, of families such as Halopterididae (Schuchert 1997), Hebellidae (Boero et al. 1997), and of genera such as Filellum (Marques et al., 2011), Halisiphonia (Marques et al., 2006), Hybocodon (Rodriguez et al., 2012), this list being non exhaustive. However, the generic level was reached without confidence for specimens of the family Campanulinidae (5 species reported in this study), a family well known to give such problems, those with no reproductive structures being attributed to the genus Campanulina, following the recommendation of Bouillon et al. (2006). ...
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... Широко распространенный гидроид Clava multicornis (Forsskål, 1775) известен как раздельнополый вид (Weissman, 1883;Harm, 1902;Goette, 1907;Schuchert, 2008). В период полового размножения в основании гастрального отдела гидрантов формируются гонофоры -прикрепленные редуцированные медузы. ...
... МАТЕРИАЛ. Clava multicornis -широко распространенный в Северо-восточной Атлантике бореальный вид колониальных гидроидов, обитающий обычно на водорослях рода Fucus в зоне нижней литорали (Schuchert, 2008). В Белом море в районе ББС МГУ этот массовый вид формирует столониальные колонии преимущественно на водорослях рода Ascophyllum в зоне нижней литорали (Naumov, 1960). ...
... Среди представителей Hydrozoa случаи гермафродитизма были отмечены у представителей родов Turritopsis, Eleutheria, Cladonema, Tubularia, Myriothela, а также у видов Aglaophenia helleri, Sertularella polyzonias, Plumularia pinnata, Diphasia fallax, Eudendrium simplex, Hydractinea humilis (Podocoryna humilis (Schuchert, 2021)), Distichopora violacea, Monocoryne gigantea, Laomedea conferta (Laomedea calceolifera (Schuchert, 2021)), Clava squamata (C. multicornis (Schuchert, 2008)), Clava leptostyla (C. multicornis (Schuchert, 2008)), Hydractinia echinata (Hargitt, 1906;Föyn, 1927;Hauenschild, 1954;Müller, 1964). ...
... µm) (Calder et al. 2021). While specimens from this collection have been assigned here to E. merulum, DNA analyses are needed to sort out the taxonomy of this and related species (Schuchert 2008). ...
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replacement name for Plumularia polymorpha var. sibogae Billard, 1913, an invalid junior primary homonym of P.
sibogae Billard, 1911. Based largely on evidence from earlier molecular phylogenies, the genus Disertasia Neppi, 1917
is resurrected to accommodate species including Dynamena crisioides Lamouroux, 1824, Sertularia disticha Bosc, 1802,
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var. robusta Allman, 1874a, and has been replaced here by the binomen Sla. quasiplana Trebilcock, 1928, originally
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gibbosa, H. longibrachia, A. postdentata Billard, 1913, A. suensonii Jäderholm, 1896, A. whiteleggei Bale, 1888, and
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... Many of them were founded on sterile specimens or on unreliable characters, and are now considered species inquirendae. Characters accorded particular taxonomic importance include the structure of the gonophores, particularly those of the female, the extent of retrogression of reproductive hydranths, and more recently the complement, distribution, shape, and size of nematocysts (Picard 1951;Watson 1985;Calder 1988Calder , 2010Marques, Mergner et al. 2000;Marques, Peña Cantero et al. 2000;Puce et al. 2005;Bouillon et al. 2006;Schuchert 2008b). Also perceived to be helpful in the identification of certain species is the presence or absence of buttons or a continuous band of nematocysts around the gastric column of the hydranth, the presence or absence of nematophores, the prominence of the perisarc groove on the hydranth, and the orientation of nematocysts on the tentacles, whether tending to be parallel or oblique to the tentacular axis (Schuchert 2008b). ...
... Characters accorded particular taxonomic importance include the structure of the gonophores, particularly those of the female, the extent of retrogression of reproductive hydranths, and more recently the complement, distribution, shape, and size of nematocysts (Picard 1951;Watson 1985;Calder 1988Calder , 2010Marques, Mergner et al. 2000;Marques, Peña Cantero et al. 2000;Puce et al. 2005;Bouillon et al. 2006;Schuchert 2008b). Also perceived to be helpful in the identification of certain species is the presence or absence of buttons or a continuous band of nematocysts around the gastric column of the hydranth, the presence or absence of nematophores, the prominence of the perisarc groove on the hydranth, and the orientation of nematocysts on the tentacles, whether tending to be parallel or oblique to the tentacular axis (Schuchert 2008b). ...
... However, all of these species differ from E. bleakneyi in one or more morphological characters. For example, a prominent nematocyst belt, such as that encircling the base of the hydranth in E. bleakneyi, is lacking in all except E. nambuccense and possibly E. antarcticum (Millard 1975;Watson 1985Watson , 2003Hirohito 1988;Marques, Mergner et al. 2000;Schuchert 2008b). Moreover, unlike in E. bleakneyi, colonies of E. armatum, E. corrugatum, E. deciduum, and E. terranovae are relatively large and polysiphonic (Millard 1975;Watson 1985;Schuchert 2008b). ...
Two new species of hydroids, Eudendrium bleakneyi and Halecium praeparvum, are described from the Bay of Fundy. Fourteen others, Tubularia acadiae Petersen, 1990, Coryne pusilla Gaertner, 1774, Sarsia lovenii (M. Sars, 1846), Zanclea implexa (Alder, 1856), Corydendrium dispar Kramp, 1935, Rhizogeton fusiformis L. Agassiz, 1862, Bougainvillia muscus (Allman, 1863), Rhizorhagium roseum M. Sars, in G.O. Sars, 1874, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus Buss & Yund, 1989, Eudendrium vaginatum Allman, 1863, Tiaropsis multicirrata (M. Sars, 1835), Obelia bidentata S.F. Clark, 1875, Halecium marsupiale Bergh, 1887, and Sertularella gigantea Hincks, 1874, are reported, with collection data, for the first time from the bay. All but Coryne pusilla, Rhizorhagium roseum, Eudendrium vaginatum, and Sertularella gigantea are also new to Atlantic Canada, while Zanclea implexa, Corydendrium dispar, and Halecium marsupiale are reported for the first time in the western North Atlantic. Two of those species, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus and Obelia bidentata, are disjunct in distribution, with core populations occurring in warmer waters to the south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Both were discovered in Minas Basin, a hydrographically distinct embayment where surface water temperatures are much warmer during summer than in the perpetually cold lower Bay of Fundy. Rhizorhagium roseum and the subfamily Rhizorhagiinae are transferred from family Bougainvilliidae Lütken, 1850 to Pandeidae Haeckel, 1879. An annotated checklist of hydroids from the Fundy region, based on previously published reports and on new records of species, is added as an appendix. Included in the checklist are 43 species of anthoathecates and 75 species of leptothecates, referable to 30 families and 56 genera. Families with the most species were Sertulariidae (23), Haleciidae (13), Eudendriidae (11), and Obeliidae (10). Biogeographically, the aggregate hydroid fauna of the bay conforms with that occurring in other parts of the Western Atlantic Boreal Region. Halecium permodicum is proposed as a replacement name for Halecium minor Fraser, 1935, an invalid junior homonym of H. minor Pictet, 1893.
... E. carneum is a conspicuous species with large polysiphonic colonies, up to 105 mm high. A main characteristic of this species is its abundance in harbours and marinas (Fig. 10.1) (Schuchert 2008; Megina et al. 2013) and it is one of the most frequently recorded hydroid species in fouling communities (Millard 1959; Karlson and Osman 2012). The type locality of this species was Virginia (USA, Atlantic Ocean). ...
... The type locality of this species was Virginia (USA, Atlantic Ocean). Today, it is a cosmopolitan species (Marques et al. 2000; Schuchert 2008) listed as invasive in several seas like the Mediterranean (Zenetos et al. 2010; Occhipinti-Ambrogi et al. 2011). This species is present in all oceans and seas around the world: [e.g. ...
The study of the diversity and composition of marine communities is the first step in understanding the development of marine ecosystems. While some cnidarian populations are in decline, others invade new regions and habitats. The pressure of the human actions on the marine ecosystems has increased in the past decades. The artificial structures in marine environments, shipping, aquaculture, global warming and interoceanic canals have contributed to the dispersion, establishment and invasion of many places by alien species around the world, in some cases, with major ecological and socio-economic impacts. Some cnidarian species may serve as examples of the truly widespread reach of invasive species. Benthic phase of hydroids and anthozoans are common components of harbours and fouling communities and, probably, they have been transported on ship hulls. Ephyrae and hydromedusae are also frequently found in ballast water. Additionally, the global climatic change allows cnidarian of tropical affinity to extend their range into the temperate zones. The biological invasions and range extensions may cause local native biodiversity and economic losses. Only recently have these biological invasions attracted the attention of the scientific community. Though invasive alien cnidarians are recognized now as a global threat to biodiversity, and monitoring their presence and impacts is considered a prerequisite for marine environmental management and sustainable development, it seldom takes place even in the coastal regions most vulnerable to introductions
... Specifically, maintenance of developmental regulatory pathways underlying medusae ontogeny in reduced forms could add support to arguments for medusae re-evolving in the Hydrozoa. The hydrozoan family Hydractiniidae provides an excellent system for identifying key components in medusa development and truncation, as the entire spectrum of gonophore development is exhibited within this group (Schuchert 2008). The hydractiniid species H. symbiolongicarpus and P. carnea exhibit either ends of this developmental spectrum, possessing a sporosac ( fig. ...
Hydrozoans are known for their complex life cycles, which can alternate between an asexually reproducing polyp stage and a sexually reproducing medusa stage. Most hydrozoan species however, lack a free-living medusa stage and instead display a developmentally truncated form, called a medusoid or sporosac, which generally remains attached to the polyp. While evolutionary transitions in medusa truncation and loss have been investigated phylogenetically, little is known about the genes involved in the development and loss of this life cycle stage. Here we present a new workflow for evaluating differential expression (DE) between two species using short read Illumina RNA-seq data. Through interspecific DE analyses between two hydractiniid hydrozoans, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus and Podocoryna carnea, we identified genes potentially involved in the developmental, functional, and morphological differences between the fully developed medusa of P. carnea and reduced sporosac of H symbiolongicarpus. A total of 10,909 putative orthologs of H. symbiolongicarpus and P. carnea were identified from de novo assemblies of short read Illumina data. Differential expression analysis revealed 938 of these are differentially expressed between P. carnea developing and adult medusa when compared to H. symbiolongicarpus sporosacs, the vast majority of which have not been previously characterized in cnidarians. In addition, several genes with no corresponding ortholog in H. symbiolongicarpus were expressed in developing medusa of P. carnea. Results presented here show interspecific differential expression analyses of RNA-seq data to be a sensitive and reliable method for identifying genes and gene pathways potentially involved in morphological and life cycle differences between species.
Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution 2015. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.
... Species also found in Berlengas–western Portugal (Moura, unpublished; see above). Mediterranean.—Western and eastern Mediterranean: Gibraltar (Marques et al. 2000b); Spain (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); France (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); Italy (Boero & Fresi 1986; Marques et al. 2000a, b; Schuchert 2008; Puce et al. 2009); Greece ( Schuchert 2008). Elsewhere.—E. ...
... Species also found in Berlengas–western Portugal (Moura, unpublished; see above). Mediterranean.—Western and eastern Mediterranean: Gibraltar (Marques et al. 2000b); Spain (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); France (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); Italy (Boero & Fresi 1986; Marques et al. 2000a, b; Schuchert 2008; Puce et al. 2009); Greece ( Schuchert 2008). Elsewhere.—E. ...
... Species also found in Berlengas–western Portugal (Moura, unpublished; see above). Mediterranean.—Western and eastern Mediterranean: Gibraltar (Marques et al. 2000b); Spain (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); France (Marinopoulos 1992; Schuchert 2008); Italy (Boero & Fresi 1986; Marques et al. 2000a, b; Schuchert 2008; Puce et al. 2009); Greece ( Schuchert 2008). Elsewhere.—E. ...
Twenty-seven species of hydroids were collected from the peaks (35–42 meters depth) of the Gorringe Bank (NE Atlantic) during the oceanographic campaign 'LusoExpedição Olympus 2008'. Twenty-one of these species are new for the Gor-ringe Bank that now has published records for a total of 37 hydroid species. Lafoeina tenuis, Sertularella ellisii and Clytia hemisphaerica were the most abundant hydroid species collected. Results revealed spatial differences in the composition of species assemblages along the summits of the Gorringe, as only 14 of the species sampled were found both in the Or-monde and Gettysburg seamounts. The large density of algae at the peaks of the seamounts sustain a considerable hydro-zoan diversity (23 species), but visibly inhibits the establishment of hydroids to the rocky substrates (only 2 species found). All the known hydrozoan species from the peaks of the Gorringe were exclusively collected during summer, thus sampling in other seasons may reveal further hydrozoan diversity due to seasonal patterns of growth of algae and hydroids. Nevertheless, the reasonably high levels of hydrozoan biodiversity demonstrated only from a small portion the summits of the Gorringe, corroborate its seamounts as 'biodiversity hotspots'. In agreement with previous investigations with shallow water molluscs and sponges, the shallow-water hydroid fauna of the Gorringe revealed greater biogeographical affinities with the Mediterranean and mainland Portugal. This is the first report of Eudendrium armatum outside of the Mediterranean.
