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Of 400 cases of urethritis in male soldiers enrolled in a behavioral intervention project, the etiology of 69% was defined
at study enrollment, as well as the etiology of 72% of 25 repeated episodes involving 21 men during the first 78 days of active
follow-up (5% of the cohort). Chlamydia trachomatis (36%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (34%), and Ureapla...
Similar publications
Urethritis in men has been categorized historically as gonococcal or nongonococcal (NGU). The major pathogens causing NGU
are Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Trichomonas vaginalis may be involved occasionally. In up to one-half of cases, an etiologic organism may not be identified In this review we present
recent advances in the d...
Citations
... In Korean military personnel, T. vaginalis was found as one of the important pathogens, with an incidence of 2.1%, 5.1%, and 5.7% in the 20-24 age group, 25-29 age group, and 40-and-over age group, respectively [37]. However, in an investigation of 400 cases of urethritis in male soldiers in the United States, no case of T. vaginalis infection was confirmed [38]. In a study on women with no gynaecologic complaints, the prevalence of T. vaginalis was 0.94% [39]. ...
Background
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than one million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide. Although STIs may be asymptomatic in many cases, they can cause severe symptoms and can also lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes and both male and female infertility. Asymptomatic carriers seem to play an important role in terms of the distribution of STIs; however, studies revealing the prevalence of STIs in asymptomatic individuals are rare.
Methods
In the current study, 654 leftovers of standard urine samples from healthy, asymptomatic Austrian soldiers were investigated for the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis , and genital mycoplasmas ( Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum , and Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii) by specific PCRs.
Results
We detected T. vaginalis , M. hominis , U. urealyticum , U. parvum , and C. trachomatis in the investigated samples with prevalence of 7.6%, 4%, 2.4%, 5.4%, and 3.2%, respectively; neither M. genitalium nor Ca. Mycoplasma girerdii was found in our sample collection.
Conclusions
Our study introduces data on STIs of a mainly male cohort, which are scarce because most of the available information on sexually transmitted infectious agents arises from fertility clinics (mainly women) or symptomatic patients.
Graphical abstract
... Quando presente, seja isoladamente ou associado à disúria ou prurido uretral, o corrimento uretral é um sinal característico de inflamação na uretra (uretrite). Embora as uretrites possam ser assintomáticas 38 a presença de corrimento uretral purulento ou mucopurulento constitui, na maioria dos casos, a chave para o manejo clínico e/ou sindrômico dessa doença 32,39 . ...
... The presence of U. urealyticum has been reported in 11.7-19% of men with urethritis symptoms or with chronic prostatitis symptoms. 13,28,29 Indeed, a high prevalence of inflammatory (8.1%, 158 patients out of 1954) and non-inflammatory (5.9%, 63 patients out of 1075) chronic prostatitis syndrome related to U. urealyticum infection has been reported. 30 We found that about two-thirds of the patients with U. urealyticum and/or M. hominis infection did not have urogenital symptoms, whereas the remaining had dysuria and testicular discomfort, and/or, at the physical exam, epididymal increased consistency and pain, and enlarged bilateral inguinal lymph nodes. ...
In this study, we investigated the prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infection among 250 unselected infertile men, the presence of urogenital symptoms in infected men and the effects of these microorganisms on the conventional sperm parameters. Urethral samples were obtained using a swab inserted 3-4 cm into the urethral meatus. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis were detected by the kit Mycofast R evolution 3 Elitech Microbiology (Elitech Microbiology, Signes, France). Ureaplasma urealyticum was detected in 15.6% of the cases and Mycoplasma hominis in 3.6%. One patients had a co-infection with both pathogens. About 41% of the infertile patients with mycoplasma infection had urogenital symptoms. A lower number of patients with mycoplasma infection had normal sperm parameters compared with non-infected infertile men, but this frequency showed only a trend compared to non-infected patients (Chi-square=3.61; P=0.057), and a significantly higher percentage of patients with oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia (Chi-square=127.3; P<0.0001), or asthenozoospermia alone (Chi-square=5.74; P<0.05) compared to non-infected infertile patients. In conclusion, this study showed an elevated prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infection in unselected men attending an infertility outpatient clinic and that the presence of these microorganisms is associated with a higher percentage of patients with abnormal sperm parameters.
... Embora as uretrites possam ser assintom?ticas 38 a presen?a de corrimento uretral purulento ou mucopurulento constitui, na maioria dos casos, a chave para o manejo cl?nico e/ou sindr?mico dessa doen?a 32,39 . ...
... Quanto à freqüência das bactérias, nossa casuística foi diferente do estudo de Damasco et al. no Rio de Janeiro, pois enquanto encontramos mais casos de N. gonorrhoeae (39%), aquele encontrou maior número de C. trachomatis (39%) [10]. Todavia tanto os 39% de casos de N. gonorrhoeae como os 22% de C. trachomatis encontradas em nossa população, estão dentro das amplas faixas de prevalências verificadas na literatura, que vão de 9,2% a 34% para N. gonorrhoeae [9,[11][12][13], e de 7,5% a 36% para C. trachomatis [6,[11][12][13][14]. ...
... Quanto à freqüência das bactérias, nossa casuística foi diferente do estudo de Damasco et al. no Rio de Janeiro, pois enquanto encontramos mais casos de N. gonorrhoeae (39%), aquele encontrou maior número de C. trachomatis (39%) [10]. Todavia tanto os 39% de casos de N. gonorrhoeae como os 22% de C. trachomatis encontradas em nossa população, estão dentro das amplas faixas de prevalências verificadas na literatura, que vão de 9,2% a 34% para N. gonorrhoeae [9,[11][12][13], e de 7,5% a 36% para C. trachomatis [6,[11][12][13][14]. ...
Summary Introduction: Few data exist about the etiology of the urethritis in Brazilian literature, as well as the social characteristics of these patients. Materials and methods: A descriptive study of 18 cases of symptomatic urethrits in patients of the male sex, with the Ligase Chain Reaction. Results: The etiologic agent found in 39% of the cases as N. gonorrhoeae, in 22% was found C. trachomatis, and the association of both agents was seem in 5,5% of cases. In 39% of patients there was not isolation of any agent. In relation of race, age and pertaining to school degree, it was observed that 12 (67%) patients wasn't white, 50% were less than 25 years old and 39% had only incomplete fundamental schooling. The utilization of barrier methods was done irregularly in all patients and the beginning of sexual activity was seem before the age of 15 in 78%. The great majority (83%) of patients had already had another STD before. Although 83% of the patients complained of uretral discharge, only 61% of them presented this signal to the physical examination. Conclusion: We verify that the clinical data of the patients are sometimes little specifics for the etiologic diagnosis of the urethritis. Being thus, still that the laboratorial diagnosis is negative, we consider that the management of the urethral discharge should be syndromic to interrupt the transmission chain.
... Horner et al. have demonstrated that acute urethritis is associated with M. genitalium and C. trachomatis infection, but not with U. urealyticum [14]. In a study by McKee et al. which involved 400 American soldiers with the symptoms of urethritis, this microorganism was isolated in 19% [15]. Chandeying et al. performed microbiological examination of urethral swabs collected from 479 students in southern Tailand [16], detecting U. urealyticum in 10.9% and M. hominis in 1.3% of the patients. ...
The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of M. hominis and U. urealyticum infections among men with urethritis and its complications.
Material for analysis were urethral swabs and EPS. Mycoplasma IST 2 kit was applied to diagnose mycoplasmal infections. All patients were additionaly tested for C. trachomatis, C. albicans and T. vaginalis and Gram stain specimens were obtained to identify the presence of PMN.
U. urealyticum was detected in 57/390 (14.6%), and M. hominis in 4/390 (1%) men. Exclusive U. urealyticum infection was found in 45 (11.5%) men, and only 2 patients had exclusive M. hominis infection. U. urealyticum infection the most frequently coexisted with C. trachomatis--5 (8.8%), next with C. albicans--4 (7%) and M. hominis--2 (3.5%) infections. Mycoplasmal infections were the most frequently found in patients aged 30 to 39 (35.1%) diagnosed with epididymitis (29.2%). The most commonly reported symptom was dysuria.
U. urealyticum is the common pathogen among men with urethritis and its complications. The most common symptoms in U urealyticum patients were: dysuria, hypogastric pains and urethrorrhoea, however, clinical symptoms are not frequently observed.
... Analyses of risk factors associated with gonorrheal infection were of limited value, given the small number of infected recruits in this study. Our finding that 60% of men infected with gonorrhea were coinfected with chlamydia and 7.5% of those infected with chlamydia also had gonorrhea is similar to that observed in a population of military males attending an STD clinic at Fort Bragg [15] and reinforces the importance of testing for both infections. ...
Non–health care–seeking male United States Army recruits were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis (n=2245) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (n=884), using a urine ligase chain reaction test to determine prevalence and potential risk factors for infection. The prevalence
of chlamydial infection was 5.3%. Black race, a new sex partner, a history of trichomonas, and the presence of symptoms were
associated with chlamydial infection. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae infection was 0.6%. Only a reported history of or positive test for C. trachomatis was associated with gonorrheal infection. Of those testing positive for chlamydia, 14% reported symptoms versus 40% of those
with gonorrhea. Younger age was not a predictor of either infection, as has been shown for women. A substantial number of
male army recruits are infected with C. trachomatis but few are infected with N. gonorrhoeae. Screening on the basis of symptoms alone would miss the majority of both infections
... This issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases has 4 articles that address STDs in the military [24][25][26][27]. The articles identify problems and potential solutions, and are both important and timely. ...
... Repeatedly infected individuals pose a particular problem in efforts to control STDs in the military. The 400 male soldiers with urethritis who were enrolled in the study of high-risk sexual behavior [24] were also the subject of extensive follow-up and an expanded etiological-agent survey for causes of urethritis [26]. McKee et al. report that etiologic agents of STDs were identified for 70% of these men. ...
... Twenty-five repeated infections occurred in 21 (5.3%) of the 400 men with urethritis [26]. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only a history of STD was predictive of reinfection [26]. ...
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have been traditionallyconsidered a challenge to military leaders [1]. Historically,women were considered the source of STDs for soldiers,sailors,and marines, and prostitution flourished around military set-tlements. In 1632, there were reported to be 15,000 “loosewomen” in camp at the siege of Nuremberg; in 1648, theImperial and Bavarian Armies consisted of 40,000 soldiers and140,000 prostitutes and camp-followers [2]. In 1793, Carotdrove away 3000 women from his troops at Douai, France,and commented that the diseases transmitted by these women“killed ten times as many men as enemy fire” [2].Today, women have assumed a great and important role inthe military. In 1996–1997, »17% of all new recruits to all mil-itary services of the United States were women[3].Interventionsto prevent or control STDs can no longer be aimed only atrelationships between male military personnel and female sexworkers. A complex environment exists in which sexually activeyoung people enter the military and bring their community’sSTDs with them. They have the opportunity to interactsexuallywith others in the military and with civilians near their militaryinstallations, at overseas locations, and in their hometowns.In 1972, Greenberg [2] divided the history of STDs in themilitary into 3 periods. The first, beginning during the Amer-ican Revolution and lasting until 1909, was a time when STDswere deplored but ignored. The second, from 1909 to 1945, wasan era of gain in scientific knowledge and the use of punitive
... Military personnel who had previously tested HIV-seropositive were excluded from consideration in the study, and no new seropositive cases were identified. The study also included an investigation of laboratory STD tests not previously used for routine diagnosis, as described elsewhere [14]. Data collection occurred prior to clinic attendees' assignment to specific interventions. ...
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection risk behavior was evaluated in a cross-sectional survey of 400 male active-duty
US Army personnel who presented at a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic with symptoms of acute urethritis. High-risk
partners were common, and nearly one-quarter of the sample had previously had STDs. Logistic regression models examined correlates
of HIV exposure risk, of inconsistent condom use, and of having partners with increased risk of HIV infection. Frequent partner
turnover, sex “bingeing,” negative attitudes toward condom use, and engaging in sex during military leaves were important
correlates of risk. Individuals with HIV infection risk behavior generally were cognizant of their risk for HIV infection.
Implications for intervention are discussed.
... The prevalence of U. urealyticum in men ranges from varies 10 to 59 percent with urogenital infections (Yu P.2000;Chandeying V., et al. 2000;Keane FE., et al. 2000;Rein MF., et al. 1996;McKee KT., et al. 2000). U. urealyticum is usually susceptible to agents that interfere with protein synthesis, such as tetracyclines and macrolides and is resistant to cell wall active drugs, like beta-lactam-containing agents. ...
: Eighty four men patients with the complaints of urethritis were included. In this research, Mycoplasma IST (BioMérieux sa, France) kit was used for investigation of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the urine samples obtained from patients. By using mycoplasma IST information about the presence or absence of Ureaplasma urealyticum provided. Besides Mycoplasma hominis and their antimicrobial susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents (pristinamycine, doxycycline, josamycin, erythromycine, tetracycline, ofloxacin) were determined. U. urealyticum strains were isolated from 60 (71.43%) patients and M. hominis strain was not isolated from any patient. U. urealyticum isolates were found to be sensitive 100% to tetracycline, 100% to ofloxacin, 95% to doxycycline, 95% to josamycin, 90% to pristinamycin, 88.3% to erythromycin. ÖZET: Üretritis şikayeti ile başvuran 84 erkek hasta, çalışmaya dahil edildi. Bu çalışmada, hastalardan alınan idrar örneklerinde Ureaplasma urealyticum araştırılması için Mycoplasma IST (BioMérieux sa, France) kiti kullanıldı. Mycoplasma IST kiti ile Ureaplasma urealyticum ve Mycoplasma hominis bulunup bulunmadığının yanı sıra saptanan organizmaların antimikrobiyal ajanlara (doksisiklin, josamisin, ofloksasin, eritromisin, tetrasiklin, pristinamisin) duyarlılıkları belirlendi. Üretritis'li hastaların 60'ından (%71.43) U.urealyticum izole edilirken, hiçbir hastada M. hominis izole edilmedi. U.urealyticum izolatlarının %100'ü tetrasikline, %100'ü ofloksasine, %95'i doksisikline, %95'i josamisine, %90'ı pristinamisin ve %88.3'ü eritromisine duyarlı bulundu. Anahtar kelimeler: Ureaplasma urealyticum, antimicrobial duyarlılık, üretritis.
