Table 3 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Objective:
We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review of the global childhood population prevalence of impetigo and the broader condition pyoderma.
Methods:
PubMed was systematically searched for impetigo or pyoderma studies published between January 1 1970 and September 30 2014. Two independent reviewers extracted data from each relevant a...
Similar publications
BACKGROUND: Crotalaria retusa L. belongs to the Fabaceae family and is found in tropical and
subtropical regions of the globe. In Ayurveda, its roots are used against hemoptysis. The roots of
C. retusa are used in folklore medicine in many countries for the treatment of numerous diseases. Roots
are used against fever, cough, dyspepsia, cardiac d...
Scabies is a dermatological disease found worldwide. Mainly in tropical regions, it is also the cause of significant morbidity and mortality due to its association with potentially severe secondary bacterial infections. Current treatment strategies for scabies do not consider the role of opportunistic bacteria, and here we investigate whether curre...
Scabies is known to be a public health problem in many settings but the majority of recent data is from rural settings in the Pacific. There is a need for high quality data from sub-Saharan Africa and peri-Urban settings to inform scale up of scabies control efforts. There have been anecdotal reports of scabies being a public health problem in Libe...
Background
Scabies is often endemic in tribal communities and difficult to control. We assessed the efficacy of a community-based intervention using mass screening and treatment with oral ivermectin in controlling scabies.
Methods/ Findings
In this cluster randomised controlled trial, 12 villages were randomly selected from a cluster of 42 tribal...
The SToP trial is an (open-cohort) stepped wedge cluster randomised trial (SWCRT) that aims to evaluate a skin health programme comprising three intervention components (1) seeing skin infections; (2) treating skin infections; and (3) preventing skin infections. Four community clusters in the remote Kimberley region of Western Australia will partic...
Citations
... Padrão A-C (classe I)causando faringite; Padrão D (classe I)causando impetigo; e Padrão E (classe II)causando faringite e impetigo. Esses dados estão em debate, pois em populações de áreas com maior carga de DCR, incluindo australianos nativos, neozelandeses e fijianos, o impetigo do GAS é mais frequente do que a faringite 11,50,51 . Os possíveis motivos atribuídos correspondem à diversidade de espécies de GAS entre as regiões tropicais e temperadas; à coinfecção por cepas que causam impetigo e faringite; e à preparação por cepa de impetigo para a reação imunológica com faringite. ...
Quase um século após a febre reumática (FR) e a doença cardíaca reumática (DRC) terem sido erradicadas do mundo desenvolvido, a doença continua endêmica em muitos países em desenvolvimento, causando graves impactos sanitários e socioeconômicos. No entanto, ao longo das últimas duas décadas, tem havido um ressurgimento do interesse em FR/CDR. Esses avanços incluem a compreensão da predisposição genética para DCR, o desenvolvimento de vacinas contra Streptococcus do grupo A (GAS) e melhores estratégias de diagnóstico para faringite por GAS. Embora a compreensão da patogênese da doença tenha avançado nos últimos anos, isto não levou a melhorias dramáticas nas abordagens diagnósticas, que ainda dependem de características clínicas utilizando os critérios de Jones, ou nas práticas de tratamento, que precisam de aprimoramento, apesar das descobertas mais recentes.
... Impetigo is a common bacterial skin infection that affects millions of people around the world, particularly children. In a previous systematic review [9], 162 million children globally were estimated to be affected by impetigo and those in resource-poor regions were most affected. A prevalence of 7% was reported among children in Africa compared to 29.7% and 15.5% in Oceania and Latin America respectively. ...
... A prevalence of 7% was reported among children in Africa compared to 29.7% and 15.5% in Oceania and Latin America respectively. Impetigo is primarily caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes, and is highly contagious, making it a significant public health concern [9][10][11]. ...
Introduction
Skin diseases such as impetigo pose a significant public health challenge in low resource settings. Despite this, there is a dearth of epidemiological data on the prevalence of this condition in Ghana.
Methods
We conducted a cross sectional study in three settings in Ghana: community members in East Mamprusi district in the North East region, a secondary school in Sekyere East district, and inmates of the Kumasi central prisons both in the Ashanti region. Following a period of training, we performed a standardised skin examination on each participant to assess for scabies and impetigo. We calculated the prevalence of each skin condition and investigated determinants of impetigo.
Results/ findings
Of the 1327 participants [males 64.1% and median age 22 (16–29) years], 746 (56.2%) had scabies and 186 (14%) had impetigo which was usually very mild or mild in severity. Most participants with impetigo also had scabies (161/186, 86.6%). Having an itch [RR 6.05 (95% CI 2.53–14.47)], presence of scabies burrows [RR 1.99 (95% CI 1.54–2.59)], clinical scabies [RR 3.15 (2.11–4.72)] or being in preschool [RR 4.56 (1.78–11.67)] increased the risk for impetigo. A combination of the presence of clinical scabies, age, sex and itch most accurately predicted the odds of having impetigo.
Conclusions
There is substantial burden of impetigo and scabies in Ghana. There is a need to institute measures to improve detection and control of these common dermatoses as part of Universal Health Coverage package to reduce the scourge of the diseases in this setting.
... Superficial S. pyogenes infections (pharyngitis and impetigo), while relatively benign, are considered a prerequisite for the development of autoimmune nonsuppurative sequelae, including acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) [6,7]; the latter represents the most severe post-streptococcal sequela and is a major driver of mortality [8][9][10]. ...
Superficial infections with Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A), pharyngitis and impetigo can induce acute rheumatic fever, an autoimmune sequela manifesting mostly with arthritis and rheumatic carditis. Valvular heart damage can persist or advance following repeated episodes of acute rheumatic fever, causing rheumatic heart disease. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease disproportionately affect children and young adults in developing countries and disadvantaged communities in developed countries. People living with rheumatic heart disease are at risk of experiencing potentially fatal complications such as heart failure, bacterial endocarditis or stroke. Transthoracic echocardiography plays a central role in diagnosing both rheumatic carditis and rheumatic heart disease. Despite the obvious medical need, no licensed Strep A vaccines are currently available, as their clinical development process faces several challenges, including concerns for cardiac safety. However, the development of Strep A vaccines has been recently relaunched by many vaccine developers. In this context, a reliable and consistent safety evaluation of Strep A vaccine candidates, including the use of transthoracic echocardiography for detecting cardiac adverse events, could greatly contribute to developing a safe and efficacious product in the near future. Here, we propose a framework for the consistent use of transthoracic echocardiography to proactively detect cardiac safety events in clinical trials of Strep A vaccine candidates.
... GAS continue to cause significant health burdens worldwide. Superficial infections such as pharyngitis and impetigo affect hundreds of millions people each year, while more severe conditions cause more than 500,000 deaths per annum [68][69][70]. The greatest burden is attributed to rheumatic heart disease (RHD), which often develops after acute rheumatic fever (ARF), with a global prevalence of approximately 15 million [69,71]. ...
The Gram-positive human pathogen Group A Streptococcus (GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) employs an arsenal of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenesis. The pilus is an important factor that enables the pathogen to adhere to and colonize host tissues. Emerging research in pilus function shows that pili’s involvement in establishing infection extends beyond host adhesion. The diversity of GAS pilus types reflect the varying characteristics identified in different pili. With the development of new experimental systems and animal models, a wider range of biological functions have been explored. This brief review summarizes recent reports of new functions in different GAS pilus types and the methodologies that contributed to the findings. The established importance of the pilus in GAS pathogenesis makes this surface structure a promising vaccine target. This article also reviews recent advancements in pilus-based vaccine strategies and discusses certain aspects that should be considered in vaccine development according to the newly defined properties of pili.
... The global burden of this condition affects approximately 1.6 billion children, with a median prevalence rate of 12.3%. In India alone, over 10 million school -aged children are affected, representing an incidence rate of 5.96 % (3,4). This infection manifests in two primary forms: Nonbullous Impetigo (NBI) and bullous Impetigo. ...
... Following secondary skin infections, some patients may develop complications such as acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and acute rheumatic fever (ARF), which are associated with chronic renal impairment and chronic rheumatic heart disease, respectively (Carapetis et al. 2005;Steer et al. 2009;Cox et al. 2021). Although GAS pharyngitis was traditionally thought to be the only source of ARF, GAS impetigo has been reported to have a role in ARF (Bowen et al. 2015;Romani et al. 2015a). ...
Scabies is an itchy skin disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei . During their lifespan, the female mites invade the stratum corneum and create tunnels, in which they reside, move, feed, deposit fecal pellets, and lay eggs. Recently, scabies was included in the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030. This review attempts to summarize our knowledge about the mite’s biology and the disease pathogenesis, pathological changes, and complications. Generally, the host–parasite interaction in scabies is highly complex and involves different mechanisms, some of which are yet largely unknown. Elucidation of the nature of such interaction as well as the underlying mechanisms could allow a better understanding of the mite’s biology and the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic options for scabies control programs. Moreover, identification of the molecular basis of such interaction could unveil novel targets for acaricidal agents and vaccines.
... Urinary tract infections (UTI) and skin & soft tissue infections (SSTI) occur regularly in both the community and hospital settings, and are associated with frequent antibiotic use [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] . In remote northern Australia, the selective pressure created by frequent infections and antibiotic use is further complicated by limited diagnostic capacity and under-resourced antimicrobial stewardship activities 15 . ...
... Patients with UTIs and patients with SSTIs both had a median of two infection episodes (interquartile ranges: 2-3 and 1-3 respectively), however the median duration of a UTI was longer (16 [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] days) than the duration of an SSTI (6 [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] days) ( Table 1, Fig. 1). Patients with a UTI were mostly female (10% male, 90% female) and a median of 43 years old. ...
... Patients with UTIs and patients with SSTIs both had a median of two infection episodes (interquartile ranges: 2-3 and 1-3 respectively), however the median duration of a UTI was longer (16 [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] days) than the duration of an SSTI (6 [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] days) ( Table 1, Fig. 1). Patients with a UTI were mostly female (10% male, 90% female) and a median of 43 years old. ...
In northern Australia, a region with limited access to healthcare and a substantial population living remotely, antibiotic resistance adds to the complexity of treating infections. Focussing on Escherichia coli urinary tract infections (UTIs) and Staphylococcus aureus skin & soft tissue infections (SSTIs) captured by a northern Australian antibiotic resistance surveillance system, we used logistic regression to investigate predictors of a subsequent resistant isolate during the same infection episode. We also investigated predictors of recurrent infection. Our analysis included 98,651 E. coli isolates and 121,755 S. aureus isolates from 70,851 patients between January 2007 and June 2020. Following an initially susceptible E. coli UTI, subsequent recovery of a cefazolin (8%) or ampicillin (13%) -resistant isolate during the same infection episode was more common than a ceftriaxone-resistant isolate (2%). For an initially susceptible S. aureus SSTI, subsequent recovery of a methicillin-resistant isolate (8%) was more common than a trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolate (2%). For UTIs and SSTIs, prior infection with a resistant pathogen was a strong predictor of both recurrent infection and resistance in future infection episodes. This multi-centre study demonstrates an association between antibiotic resistance and an increased likelihood of recurrent infection. Particularly in remote areas, a patient’s past antibiograms should guide current treatment choices since recurrent infection will most likely be at least as resistant as previous infection episodes. Using population-level surveillance data in this way can also help clinicians decide if they should switch antibiotics for patients with ongoing symptoms, while waiting for diagnostic results.
... Although impetigo is the most common skin infection in children two to five years of age, its incidence demonstrates a decline with increasing age [6,11]. Collectively, from a global epidemiological standpoint, Bowen et al. reported an impetigo infection rate of 4.9% for adults and 12.3% for children, with an estimated prevalence of 162 million affected children worldwide [12]. Impetigo is classified as either bullous or non-bullous, with the latter comprising 70% of cases [6]. ...
Impetigo is a pediatric skin infection characterized by the presence of pathognomonic "honey-crusted" lesions caused by either Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. The diagnosis of impetigo is largely based on clinical judgment, confirmatory skin cultures, and Gram staining. Surgical site infections following patellar surgery are a relatively uncommon occurrence, with the most common causative organisms being Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other gram-negative bacilli. Surgical site infections have a range of risk factors that largely depend on patient characteristics and surgical logistics. We report the first documented case in the literature of a surgical impetigo infection with diagnostic skin lesions following open reduction and internal fixation of a patellar fracture in a 24-year-old female.
... Skin infections are one example of this, where the highest burden in the world is well documented in remoteliving Aboriginal children [2]. The most significant of these are bacterial skin infections (BSI) with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) causing impetigo, cellulitis and abscesses; and scabies [2,3] At any time, almost half of all Aboriginal children in remote Australia will have impetigo and up to one-third will have scabies [4,5]. These often painful Ricciardo et al. ...
... For BSI and scabies, we found a significantly lower prevalence in this urban-living cohort (5% and 1%, respectively) compared to the median prevalence reported for remoteliving Aboriginal children (44.5% and 35%, respectively) [4,5]. S. aureus was the only species cultured from BSI swab specimens in our pilot, while in the remote setting impetigo is mainly driven by S. pyogenes, with S. aureus playing a secondary role [45]. ...
Background
Indigenous children in colonised nations experience high rates of health disparities linked to historical trauma resulting from displacement and dispossession, as well as ongoing systemic racism. Skin infections and their complications are one such health inequity, with the highest global burden described in remote-living Australian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (hereafter respectfully referred to as Aboriginal) children. Yet despite increasing urbanisation, little is known about the skin infection burden for urban-living Aboriginal children. More knowledge is needed to inform service provision, treatment guidelines and community-wide healthy skin strategies. In this pilot study, we aimed to test the feasibility and design of larger multi-site observational studies, provide initial descriptions of skin disease frequency and generate preliminary hypotheses of association.
Methods
This project has been co-designed with local (Noongar) Elders to provide an Australian-first description of skin health and disease in urban-living Aboriginal children. In collaboration with an urban Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (Derbarl Yerrigan Health Service), we conducted a week-long cross-sectional observational cohort study of Aboriginal children (0–18 years) recruited from the waiting room. Participants completed a questionnaire, skin examination, clinical photos, and swabs and received appropriate treatment. We assessed the feasibility and impact of the pilot study.
Results
From 4 to 8 October 2021, we recruited 84 Aboriginal children of whom 80 (95%) were urban-living. With a trusted Aboriginal Health Practitioner leading recruitment, most parents (or caregivers) who were approached consented to participate. Among urban-living children, over half (45/80, 56%) of parents described a current concern with their child’s skin, hair and/or nails; and one-third (26/80, 33%) reported current itchy skin. Using a research-service model, 27% (21/79) of examined urban-living participants received opportunistic same-day treatment and 18% (14/79) were referred for later review.
Conclusions
This co-designed pilot study to understand skin health in urban-living Aboriginal children was feasible and acceptable, with high study participation and subsequent engagement in clinical care observed. Co-design and the strong involvement of Aboriginal people to lead and deliver the project was crucial. The successful pilot has informed larger, multi-site observational studies to more accurately answer questions of disease burden and inform the development of healthy skin messages for urban-living Aboriginal children.
... Following secondary skin infections, some patients may develop complications such as acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) and acute rheumatic fever (ARF), which are associated with chronic renal impairment and chronic rheumatic heart disease, respectively (Carapetis et al., 2005;Steer et al., 2009;Cox et al., 2021). Although GAS pharyngitis was traditionally thought to be the only source of ARF, GAS impetigo has been reported to have a role in ARF (Bowen et al., 2015;Romani et al., 2015 a ). ...
In 2020, scabies was included in the WHO roadmap for neglected tropical diseases. While there are no published data about the global incidence rates of crusted scabies (CS), scabies is known to affect 200-300 million people annually worldwide (Leung et al., 2020). All ages could be affected by scabies. However, children and the elderly in poor areas are more susceptible for scabies and its complications (Feldmeier et al., 2009). Diffusion of mite antigens into the dermis could trigger cellular and humoral immune responses, leading to disturbance of the balance between Th1 and Th2 immune responses (Arlian and Morgan, 2017). Heavy infestation could lead to serious physical deterioration and eventually death of the affected host. Till now, it is not entirely clear the mechanisms by which this disease could affect the general condition of the host (De et al., 2020). For a better understanding of the host–parasite interactions in CS, several parameters were used in this work to evaluate local and systemic changes in both untreated and treated experimental animals, with special emphasis on studying histopathological changes, serum biochemical parameters, oxidant/antioxidant balance, and immune parameters. Understanding changes in these parameters could allow establishment of complementary indicators during diagnosis and treatment of scabies, especially in resource-poor countries, to decrease the incidence of erroneous diagnosis and treatment failure (Nwufoh et al., 2019). Till now, ivermectin (IVM) is the only available oral drug used in scabies treatment in humans. However, multiple doses are required for treating CS (Bernigaud et al., 2020). Additionally, concerns regarding its efficacy (Mounsey et al., 2017) and safety in certain situations (e.g., young children, during pregnancy or breast feeding) have prompted research efforts to discover new alternatives to be used in the treatment of CS. The present study aimed to evaluate the local and systemic changes that may accompany CS in both treated and untreated experimental animals, with evaluation of fluralaner (FLR) as a new scabicidal agent.
