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Estimated marginal means ± SD derived from the mixed linear model for each fixed effect
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1) Background: Differential RPE (dRPE) separates scores for breathlessness (RPE-B), leg muscle exertion (RPE-L) and technical/cognitive exertion (RPE-T). Limited information for dRPE is available in soccer match play, yet these measurements may help inform practitioners training and recovery strategies. This preliminary study investigated the effec...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... teams final league position was 18 of 20. Presented in Table 1 are the dRPE scores for each of the four match contextual variables and their associated sub-levels. ...
Context 2
... novel finding of our work, therefore, was that players reported the match technical demand to be 'very hard'. While exploratory, these initial findings suggest that some players perceive the technical/cognitive elements of the game as hard as their physical perceptions, or in some individual cases (See Table 1), even harder. To date, the only previous collection of this variable was for AFL, where the scores were much higher. ...
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Citations
... Load, in sporting activity, is any physiological, mechanical or mental stressor component that acts on the athlete's locomotor system. 32,33 Systematic training and regular tournaments accumulate load. 34 This load can vary with a certain frequency, intensity and duration. ...
... 9,10,13,20,40 Under this same umbrella, there is our disposal as a tool the use of subjective perception of differential effort, which analytically distinguishes stress into a cardiovascular, muscular or mental component. 6,32 It is claimed that this resource is more sensitive and effectively helps in the process of prescribing loads and recovery strategies. Data collection takes place in the same format mentioned above and then the value is multiplied by the duration of the session or match. ...
Planning the periodization of training loads in harmony with the different periods of the season is a unique role for members of the sports team staff. Therefore, the objective of this study is to describe the distribution of training loads in microcycles and mesocycles in competitive basketball through a narrative review of the literature. In a consultation in three electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct) in Portuguese, English and/or Spanish, a total of 45 primary scientific articles were chosen that addressed the distribution of training loads in basketball and team sports in set with 21 complementary secondary references on the main thematic. It was demonstrated that compulsory load is a basic entity necessary to raise performance levels in the sporting form. Monitoring and numerically controlling the external load imposed can result in favorable responses in the internal load of athletes. In this aspect, some key metrics collaborate effectively, such as: acute-chronic workload ratio, monotony index and strain index. Short-term microcycles make it possible to see the horizontal distribution of loads, built session after session. In contrast, mesocycles group several consecutive microcycles to adjust loads vertically. Invariably, a rational and logical long-term distribution can result in improvements in athletic performance and low injury incidence. However, to achieve these objectives through the systematic periodization of loads, it is necessary to face pedagogical problems that belong to a multidimensional sphere. That is, we are manipulating an extremely complex and imperfect construct, with great dependence on the interpretation made by responsible practitioners.
... These measures have been found to be mode dependent and are correlated between themselves (Mclaren et al., 2016;Young et al., 1982). dRPE values were found to be helpful measures to monitor internal load, aid in the prescription of exercise, enhance precision of measurement, and differentiate between types of load in athletes (Barrett et al., 2018;Mclaren et al., 2016;. It was expected to observe RPE measures increase within this study, as heat is shown to impact the physiologic systems, specifically the cardiovascular and endocrine systems (Brutsaert et al., 2000;Wright et al., 2020). ...
... This is the first study to analyze the frequency of CODs commonly used in COD testing protocols in youth soccer games, including differences by player positions. Differences in physical loading between playing positions have been examined in previous studies (Barrett et al., 2018;Panduro et al., 2021) and the results of this study are similar taking into account lower demands for central defenders and the playing position's specificity in physical demands in general (Bangsbo et al., 2006;Bradley et al., 2009Bradley et al., , 2010. The first component, which explained most of the variation, was based on quantity of all initial variables. ...
... The third component was related to reactive situations while defending, with positive correlations to "without a ball", "fast", "defensive" and "contact". The second PC results are supported by previous research showing that strikers perform most highintensity activity and are most often in contact situations (Bangsbo et al., 2006;Bloomfield et al., 2007;Di Salvo et al., 2007), while fullbacks and wingers are involved more often in high-speed situations than other positions (Bangsbo et al., 2006;Barrett et al., 2018). ...
Change of direction (COD) maneuvers in soccer create tactical advantages, but also expose the player to an increased risk of injury. COD ability is commonly tested with pre-planned drills including cuts greater than 90°. These tests do not take into consideration positional differences players encounter during games. This case-series study used principal component analysis (PCA) to examine situational differences during COD movements between playing positions in youth soccer games. For each of the four teams included (26 females, 27 males), one game was analyzed using video-analysis. Two independent reviewers identified situational patterns and a PCA was used to examine differences between playing positions. Three principal components explained 89% of the variation in the data and were categorized as the total quantity of CODs, attacking/goal-scoring and defensive reacting types of CODs. One-way ANOVA on the individual principal component (PC) scores showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between centre midfielders, goalkeepers, and centrebacks in the quantity of CODs (PC1), and between wingers and fullbacks and centre backs in attacking/goal-scoring CODs (PC2), whereas PC3 was not different between playing positions. Differences between playing positions suggest that training and testing protocols in soccer could be enhanced to better match the individual and playing position-based needs.
... In this identify all the subjective sensations perceived during the exercise (i.e., cardiorespiratory sensations, muscular exertion, joint and skin sensation, perception of effort, fatigue, heat or pain), leading to lowreliability measures in team sports due to the intermittent nature of their physical actions [8,9]. To overcome these constraints, differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE) -which integrate the cardiorespiratory system (RPE breath ), neuromuscular system (RPE leg ) and the cognitive RPE (RPE cog ) [10] -have emerged as a viable alternative for measuring internal loads. ...
... Practitioners involved in elite female football should consider implementing workload monitoring strategies to analyse the weekly starters, and occurred in weeks without competitions (weeks 10,17,20,26,27,31) and weeks with a double match (weeks 12, 14,22,28). The coaching staff should consider these workload spikes to better programme higher compensatory workload increments overall for non-starters during training sessions to avoid a decrease in performance and/or increase injury risk. ...
The aim of this study was to quantify weekly internal workload across the in-season and compare the workload variables between starter and non-starter Spanish female first league (Liga Iberdrola) football players. Twenty-six participants belonging to the same team (age, height, and mass: 25.4 ± 6.1 years, 167.4 ± 4.8 cm and 57.96 ± 6.28 kg, respectively) participated in this study. Training loads (TL) and match loads (ML) were assessed through breath-cardiovascular (RPEbreath), leg-musculature (RPEleg) and cognitive (RPEcog) rating of perceived exertion (RPE0–10) for each training session and match during the in-season phase (35 weeks). Session-RPE (sRPE) was calculated by multiplying each RPE value by session duration (minutes). Total weekly TL (weekly TL+ML), weekly TL, weekly ML, chronic workload, acute:chronic workload ratio, training monotony, and training strain were calculated. Linear mixed models were used to assess differences for each
dependent variable, with playing time (starter vs non-starter players) used as a fixed factor, and athlete, week, and team as random factors. The results showed that total weekly TL (d = 1.23–2.04), weekly ML (d = 4.65–5.31), training monotony (d = 0.48–1.66) and training strain (d = 0.24–1.82) for RPEbreath, RPEleg and RPEcog were higher for starters in comparison with non-starters (p = 0.01). Coaches involved in elite female football should consider implementing differential sRPE monitoring strategies to optimize the weekly load distribution for starters
and non-starters and to introduce compensatory strategies to equalize players’ total weekly load.
... Also, previous studies have reported conflicting results in comparing the external load across player positions throughout the season [6][7][8]. The divergent findings can be attributed to a variety of factors, such as the strategic preferences and game strategies employed by coaches, variations in competitiveness across different leagues, and the utilisation of diverse analytical approaches (including accumulated data, monotony, and/or strain indices) when interpreting the data [18,21]. ...
Background:
Turkish Super League teams need more information about the external load. Considering the specific country and the coaches' philosophies, the purpose of this study was to compare the external match load of a Turkish Super League team considering the different playing positions and in-season periods.
Methodology:
A longitudinal study design was employed by observing 29 official matches of the same team. A total of fifteen players, consisting of five defenders, five midfielders, and five forwards, were analyzed using the Sentio Sports Optical Tracking System. The following outcomes were extracted in each match: total distance (TD), walking [from 0 to 7.2 km/h], jogging [from 7.2 to 14.4 km/h], running [from 14.4 to 20 km/h], high speed running (HSR) [> 20 km/h], metabolic power (MP), maximum deceleration (Decmax) [Dec < -3 m/s2], total deceleration distance (Dectotal), maximum acceleration (Accmax) [Acc > 3 m/s2], and total acceleration distance (Acctotal). Statistical analysis consisted of ANOVA and Bonferroni correction post hoc tests.
Results:
The main results showed that all variables were similar between periods of the season (p > 0.05) except for walking (p = 0.021 witha large effect size), which revealed lower values in the mid-season period. When analyzing periods of the season considering playing positions, there were several significant results for TD, walking, jogging, running, HSR, Dectotal and Acctotal (p < 0.05, with small to large effects). A tendency for higher values was noted in the mid and end-season. Considering the playing positions comparisons, midfielders showed higher values than defenders for TD, MP, Dectotal and Acctotal (p < 0.05 with large effect for all). Midfielders also showed higher values than forwards for TD, jogging, Dectotal and Acctotal (p < 0.05 with a large effect for all).
Conclusions:
The present study emphasizes the significance of analyzing data based on minute, playing position, and season period. Findings reveal that defenders consistently displayed the lowest values in all external load measures during matches compared to other positions throughout the season. Furthermore, midfielders demonstrated a higher activity profile during the initial and middle stages of the season compared to other positions, with a slight tendency to decrease load towards the end of the season.
... The RPE score (RPE global) represents a global rating of perceived exertion for the complete competition bout. In addition, adjusted versions of the RPE scale were used to provide a more detailed quantification of exertion on a physical (RPE physical) and on a mental level (RPE mental) (41,42). Before the start of the study, all participants were familiarized with the CR-10 RPE scale. ...
Objectives
The present study aimed to assess the perception and change of mental and physical fatigue and to examine acute effects of mental recovery strategies in air rifle athletes across simulated competition days with two consecutive competition bouts.
Design
We conducted a randomized counterbalanced crossover study.
Method
22 development air rifle athletes (M age = 17.77 ± 4.0) of a regional squad participate in the study. The Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS), perception of mental fatigue, physical fatigue, concentration and motivation as well as differential Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were used to assess recovery-stress states and fatigue states. During a recovery break, participants underwent two mental recovery strategies (powernap, systematic breathing) or a control condition. Total shooting scores were recorded for both competition bouts.
Results
Study results revealed a significant increase of post ratings for mental ( p < .001) and physical fatigue ( p < .001) for both competition bouts. The correlation coefficient between change in mental and physical fatigue for both competitions revealed a shared variance of 7.9% and 18.6%, respectively. No significant group-based acute effects of the use of mental recovery strategies on shooting performance, and psychological and perceptual measures were found. On an individual level, results illustrated statistical relevant improvements of shooting performance after powernapping or systematic breathing.
Conclusion
Mental and physical fatigue increased and accumulated across a simulated air rifle competition and mental fatigue emerged as a separate construct from physical fatigue. The use of strategies to accelerate mental recovery on an individual level (e.g., powernap, systematic breathing) may be a first step to manage a state of mental fatigue, but further studies on mental recovery strategies in an applied setting are needed.
... A variable commonly used to describe EL is the total PlayerLoad® (TPL) computed from triaxial accelerations. 5 Insights about soccer players' responses to EL during training are crucial in the context of monitoring and adaptation of TL as part of the physical performance maintenance and injury risk prevention. Thus, the relationship between EL and IL has been the subject of extensive research this last decade. ...
... psychological, biomechanical and physiological) and so to be highly sensitive to TL. 28 RPE assessment considered as reliable and practical IL measures can be influenced by playing position. 5 Looking at the players' positions within our tree-based models, if we do not consider previous RPE values, RPE was first explained by high running speed for the players with an offensive role, whereas for players with a defensive position, total distance covered was more important (Fig. 1). One consistent aspect of the physical demands of defensive players is the significant amount of total distance completed during competition, due to the greater area of the playing field typically covered. ...
Objectives
Evaluate the ability of predicting the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) from the external load variables in professional soccer players through a chronological perspective (i.e., past features values are considered additional features) through machine learning models by considering the playing position.
Design
Prospective cohort study.
Methods
Thirty-eight elite soccer players aged 19–27 years were observed during 151 training sessions, 38 matches and 6 preparation matches across a full season. External load variables (58 derived from Global Position System and 30 from accelerometers) and internal load derived from RPE were collected for each player and each session (match and training). Machine learning models (linear regression, K-NN, decision trees, random forest, elastic net regression, XGBoost) were compared and interpreted in order to deepen the relationship between external load variables and RPE according to the player position in a predictive perspective.
Results
Application of the machine learning models on the dataset provided enough predictive power to reduce the RMSE of 60% from dummy predictions. The most accurate models (RMSE ≈ 1.1 for random forest and = 1 for XGBoost) highlighted a memory effect in subsequent RPE values. Indeed, past RPE values over one month were the strongest predicting factors of RPE as compared to various external load indicators. Of note RPE was lower for strikers than the other players during the three first months of the season.
Conclusions
The tree-based machine learning models showed statistically significant predictive ability, indicating valuable information for understanding the training load responses based on RPE changes.
... It has been suggested that highly trained players use only a proportion of their physical potential due to situational variables (e.g., tactics, opponents, weather and players' expectations) (Waldron & Highton, 2014). This may explain why RPE after matches could be influenced by situational variables (Barrett, McLaren, Spears, Ward, & Weston, 2018;Brito, Hertzog, & Nassis, 2016). For instance, Barrett et al. (2018) found positional differences during matches across differential RPE (breathlessness, leg muscle exertion and technical exertion) and higher technical RPE when playing against a higher-ranked opponent. ...
... This may explain why RPE after matches could be influenced by situational variables (Barrett, McLaren, Spears, Ward, & Weston, 2018;Brito, Hertzog, & Nassis, 2016). For instance, Barrett et al. (2018) found positional differences during matches across differential RPE (breathlessness, leg muscle exertion and technical exertion) and higher technical RPE when playing against a higher-ranked opponent. However, limited information is available examining how match-related situational variables interact and influence the RPE in soccer matches. ...
... In fact, the interactive effects of the quality of the opponent and the final scoreline were also significant. However, positional differences were not found, as in a recently research including youth elite players (Sydney et al., 2022), but opposed to findings obtained in adult players (Barrett et al., 2018). Therefore, further research is needed to clarify this finding. ...
The aim of this study was to explore how situational variables affect youth soccer players' perceived exertion (RPE) after official matches. Thirty-five elite youth male players (14.33 ± 0.86 years; 173.49 ± 6.16 cm; 63.44 ± 5.98 kg) who belonged to two different teams of a professional club participated in this study. Data collection was conducted during two seasons (2016-2017, 2017-2018) and included 60 official matches (30 official matches per team). Ten minutes after each match players rated their RPE and using a modified Borg CR-10 scale. A Random Forest Regression was used to quantify the importance of match-related situational variables in RPE. Afterwards, a linear mixed model analysis was applied to identify the variability in RPE among the situational variables. The game-playing time, the player status (starter or substitute) and the player identity were the strongest predictors of RPE. Moreover, the match outcome and the final scoreline showed significant effects on both starter and substitute players but the main effect of the quality of the opponent was only identified in starter players (p < 0.05). These results allow practitioners to know how situational variables interact and modulate RPE after official matches and help them to prescribe and adapt the players' training content and load before and after matches.
... The achievement of top performance in football has been shown to depend on the quality of physical, technical, tactical, psychological, nutritional and social factors (Dragijsky et al., 2017;Barrett et al., 2018;Botek et al., 2014;Clemente et al., 2013;Clemente et al., 2017;Dragula et al., 2017;Maly et al., 2018;Sarmento et al., 2014). Among these factors, physical training is the "engine" that ensures the technical performance of athletes in both training and games, having a key role in the development of their morphological and functional capabilities, the improvement of their motor potential and the acquisition of basic and specific motor skills and abilities (Ciolcă, 2006). ...
The current study aimed to enhance the level of physical fitness of young football players aged 12-14 years and to verify whether the implementation of a specific motor programmes has positive effects on the development level of general motor skills. This scientific research was intended to make a contribution to the development and assessment of the level of physical fitness of athletes by promoting a set of methods and means for the improvement of physical training process. The research methods used were: literature review, pedagogical observation, verification experiment, mathematical and statistical method, graphical method. The experiment was conducted in the gym of the Middle School no. 13 in Bucharest on a sample of 14 athletes aged 12-14 years and lasted 6 months. Throughout this period, a series of operational structures for the development of physical fitness level were implemented in the training programme. The operational structures were allocated 35 minutes per training session. The study used tests for the assessment of speed, aerobic endurance, explosive power of the lower limbs and abdominal muscle strength. After processing the research results, statistically significant differences have been found between the initial test and the final test, which highlights the efficiency of the methodology used in the physical fitness training optimisation programme. Experimental validation of the methods and means used in the training of the experimental group represents a contribution to increasing the efficiency of the instructive-educational process.
... It is calculated by multiplying the training duration, in minutes, by the athlete's Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) for the session using Borg's Category Ratio-10 RPE (Figure 1) scale. sRPE-TL is positively-correlated with internal and external training load variables in men's and women's soccer 10,14,[19][20][21][22] . The subjective aspects of sRPE-TL may provide a global comprehension of how the athlete's body is responding to the acute and chronic training loads 22 . ...
... The authors presented evidence that total distance covered (TD) during matches does not differs between men's and women's collegiate soccer but men have higher high-speed running distance (HSD). Lastly, the calculation of sRPE-TL may also require position-adjusted duration standards due to the positional differences in physical demands during a match 19,24 . For example, in men's professional soccer, central defenders have been observed to have lower TD and lower running time during a match when compared to other positions 25,26 . ...
... Due to the suggested positional differences in physical demands, we investigated whether the team's staff may potentially need to adjust their calculations based on position in order to accurately assess internal training load 19,24,35 . A recent investigation by Ishida et al. 35 , aimed to verify how competition phase and athlete position affect the relationship between internal and external training loads. ...
Introduction: Monitoring Training Load in soccer is used to achieve the best individualized performance outcomes and to prevent injuries. However, there is no clear recommendation for which ‘match duration’ should be used in the calculation of match Session Rating of Perceived Exertion Training Load (sRPE-TL) in NCAA DI women’s soccer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish a duration standard to be used in the calculation of sRPE-TL in collegiate NCAA DI women’s soccer matches. A secondary aim was to investigate whether multiple positions require the use of different durations for the calculation of sRPE-TL. Methods: Seventeen athletes (means ± standard deviations: age 20 ± 1.1 yrs., height 170 ± 6.6 cm, weight 64.6 ± 7.0 kg) participated in this study. Repeated measures correlations were used to determine the relationship between the different sRPE-TL calculations and objective variables (e.g., GPS variables and HR-based variable). Data was analyzed using the rmcorr package in R Studio executing R. Alpha was set a-priori at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The s-RPE-TL using the four ‘minutes played’ durations (‘minutes played only’, ‘warm-up added’, ‘halftime added’, and ‘warm-up and halftime added’) were strongly correlated with TLS (r = .773, .776, .789, .786), total distance (r = .825, .813, .811, .798), number of sprints (r = .716, .717, .712, .711), HSD (r = .608, .615, .609, .612), and mechanical load (r = .738, .738, .734, .732). When separated by positions, the correlations between sRPE-TL and objective data were similar across all four ‘minutes played’ durations. Conclusions: Any of the ‘minutes played’ durations should be used to calculate match sRPE-TL values for the entire team. Multiple positions do not require the use of different durations for the calculation of sRPE-TL which facilitates sRPE-TL comparisons across positions.
