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Estimated dothideomycete phylogeny. Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus of 56 000 MCMCMC trees based on combined SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. Branches with posterior probabilities $ 0.95 and maximum parsimony bootstrap $ 70% are indicated with bold black lines. Bold gray lines represent branches with only one of the values above the threshold.
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Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, causal agent of the Douglas-fir foliar disease Swiss needle cast, is the only known pathogenic species of the genus. Current classifications place Phaeocryptopus in the Venturiaceae (Pleosporales), typified by the apple-scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis. All core members of this family have hyphomycetous anamorphs. We sou...
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... were selected by Gblocks. The combined dataset consisted of 1739 characters. Of these 1246 were constant, 122 were variable but parsimony uninformative and 371 were parsimony informative, yielding 32 equally parsimo- nious trees (1618 steps, CI 5 0.43, RI 5 0.78, RC 5 0.34). Results of the parsimony analysis were similar to the Bayesian analysis (FIG. 1). The mean log- likelihood of 56 000 trees from the two runs after stationarity was achieved was -11 ...
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... do not have data from the type species of Metacapnodium or Xenomeris Sydow, we found in the SSU+LSU analysis that Sthughesia juniperi occurred in a sister relationship with Trimmatostoma abietis, a dematiaceous, hyphomyce- tous anamorph of uncertain affiliation, and separate from Xenomeris raetica (E. Mü ll.) Petr. on a node with moderate support (FIG. 1). The placement of Sthugh- esia in the LSU/SSU analysis appears to support Barr's (1987a) opinion that X. raetica and St. juniperi are not congeneric, as well as her placement of the genus in Capnodiales. The two species also grouped together in the ITS analysis, however with no support. Stomiopeltis sp. of Micropeltidaceae with ...
Citations
... The sequences of E.G.S. 17-061 generated in Lawrence et al. (2013) is incorrect, as the strain formed a well-supported clade with A. triticimacu lans CBS 578.94 (Fig. 2). Presently the only reliable sequences of A. morbosa are EF114718 (SSU) and EF114694 (LSU) (Winton et al. 2007), and the LSU phylogram indicates that A. morbosa belongs to Venturiaceae, Venturiales (Shen et al. 2020;Fig. 3). ...
The current list of Chinese quarantine pests includes 130 fungal species. However, recent changes in the taxonomy of fungi following the one fungus = one name initiative and the implementation of DNA phylogeny in taxonomic revisions, resulted in many changes of these species names, necessitating an update of the current list. In addition, many quarantine fungi lack modern morphological descriptions and authentic DNA sequences, posing significant challenges for the development of diagnostic protocols. The aim of the present study was to review the taxonomy and names of the 33 Chinese quarantine fungi in Dothideomycetes , and provide reliable DNA barcodes to facilitate rapid identification. Of these, 23 names were updated according to the single name nomenclature system, including one new combination, namely Cophinforma tumefaciens comb. nov. (syn. Sphaeropsis tumefaciens ). On the basis of phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons, a new genus Xenosphaeropsis is introduced to accommodate the monotypic species Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens comb. nov. (syn. Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens ), the causal agent of a post-harvest disease of pears. Furthermore, four lectotypes ( Ascochyta petroselini , Mycosphaerella ligulicola , Physalospora laricina , Sphaeria lingam ), three epitypes ( Ascochyta petroselini , Phoma lycopersici , Sphaeria lingam ), and two neotypes ( Ascochyta pinodella , Deuterophoma tracheiphila ) are designated to stabilise the use of these names. A further four reference strains are introduced for Cophinforma tumefaciens , Helminthosporium solani , Mycocentrospora acerina , and Septoria linicola . In addition, to assist future studies on these important pathogens, we sequenced and assembled whole genomes for 17 species, including Alternaria triticina , Boeremia foveata , B. lycopersici , Cladosporium cucumerinum , Didymella glomerata , Didymella pinodella , Diplodia mutila , Helminthosporium solani , Mycocentrospora acerina , Neofusicoccum laricinum , Parastagonospora pseudonodorum , Plenodomus libanotidis , Plenodomus lingam , Plenodomus tracheiphilus , Septoria petroselini , Stagonosporopsis chrysanthemi , and Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens .
... Douglas-fir is an important commercial conifer species in forest plantations for timber and also most commonly used for Christmas trees in western North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand [3,4]. However, fungal pathogens, such as Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii, the causative agent of Swiss needle cast, have become a serious problem in Douglas-fir populations of western North America, where it has negatively affected the growth and production of this native conifer [2,[4][5][6][7][8]. Plant-associated fungi often produce mycotoxins, or secrete effector proteins to suppress the immunity and defense mechanisms of their host [9][10][11], but the chemical interactions within fungal microbiome, ranging from mutualistic to pathogenic, are still elusive. ...
We report the first secondary metabolite, 8,8′-bijuglone, obtained from pure cultures of the slow growing Douglas fir- (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) foliage-associated fungus Zasmidium pseudotsugae. The quinone was characterized using extensive LC/MS and NMR-based spectroscopic methods. 8,8′-Bijuglone exhibited moderate antibiotic activity against Gram-positive pathogens and weak cytotoxic activity in the NCI-60 cell line panel and in our in-house human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cell line. An analysis of the fungal genome sequence to assess its metabolic potential was implemented using the bioinformatic tool antiSMASH. In total, 36 putative biosynthetic gene clusters were found with a majority encoding for polyketides (17), followed by non-ribosomal peptides (14), terpenes (2), ribosomal peptides (1), and compounds with mixed biosynthetic origin (2). This study demonstrates that foliage associated fungi of conifers produce antimicrobial metabolites and suggests this guild of fungi may present a rich source of novel molecules.
... Metacoleroa was assigned to Venturiaceae based on superficial ascomata and ascospores with a median or submedian septum (Zhang et al. 2011). The identification of isolate "medipc" from Linnaea borealis in Oregon, USA (Winton et al. 2007) Notes: Pseudoparodiella is a monotypic genus, based on P. vernoniae (Stevens 1927). Pseudoparodiella was assigned to Venturiaceae due to its small-sized ascomata produced on leaves of dicotyledons, rare pseudoparaphyses, obclavate asci, and 1-septate, olivaceous brown ascospores (Zhang et al. 2011). ...
Members of Venturiales (Dothideomycetes) are widely distributed, and comprise saprobes, as well as plant, human and animal pathogens. In spite of their economic importance, the general lack of cultures and DNA data has resulted in taxa being poorly resolved. In the present study five loci, ITS, LSU rDNA, tef1, tub2 and rpb2 are used for analysing 115 venturialean taxa representing 30 genera in three families in the current classification of Venturiales. Based on the multigene phylogenetic analysis, morphological and ecological characteristics, one new family, Cylindrosympodiaceae, and eight new genera are described, namely Bellamyces, Fagicola, Fraxinicola, Neofusicladium, Parafusicladium, Fuscohilum, Pinaceicola and Sterila. In addition, 12 species are described as new to science, and 41 new combinations are proposed. The taxonomic status of 153 species have been re-evaluated with 20 species excluded from Venturiales. Based on this revision of Venturiales, morphological characteristics such as conidial arrangement (solitary or in chains) or conidiogenesis (blastic-solitary, sympodial or annellidic), proved to be significant at generic level. Venturia as currently defined represents a generic complex. Furthermore, plant pathogens appear more terminal in phylogenetic analyses within Venturiaceae and Sympoventuriaceae, suggesting that the ancestral state of Venturiales is most likely saprobic.
... The disease is marked by chlorosis and low needle retention caused by reduced gas exchange due to the occlusion of stomata by erumpent ascomata (pseudothecia) (Manter et al. 2000). The endophytic Mycosphaerellaceae species from spruce and Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii are most closely related to Pallidocercospora and Pseudocercospora species reported as endophytes or associated with leaf spots from diverse hosts such as Acacia mangium, Calophyllum longifolium, Eucalyptus species, and Ventilago denticulata (McMullin et al. 2017a; Winton et al. 2007). Despite being relatively common, comprising 11% of total Picea mariana endophytes in Quebec (Stefani and Bérubé 2006), this species is probably undescribed. ...
This chapter describes the ecology of foliar endophytes of the Acadian Forest that dominates Canada’s Maritime Provinces extending into Eastern Quebec and Maine. Recent evidence has illuminated the ‘foraging ascomycete’ life habit of fungi that can be endophytic in conifer needles. These fungi can occupy several eco-niches other than the needles including as saprophytes in aquatic or terrestrial environments or as endophytes of understory species. Structurally diverse secondary antifungal and antiinsectan metabolites appear to mediate the exchange between plant and fungus. The plant provides nutrients and shelter, the fungus increases plant fitness by contributing to tolerance to herbivorous insects or needle pathogens. This work is enabled by the advent of affordable sequencing capability, a dedication to fieldwork and alpha taxonomy, and directed investigations of the metabolites produced by these interesting fungi.
... menziesii) (Rohde, 1973). Species from genus Pseudotsuga are the only hosts in which the pathogen develops its life cycle (Winton et al., 2007). Long term development of P. gaeumannii in the needles leads to stoma occlusion, decrease of assimilation, causes chlorotic colouration and their premature fall (Hansen et al., 2000). ...
This brochure reflects the investigations on health condition of tree and shrub vegetation under
the project ‘Toward better UNderstanding the Ecosystem Services in URBan environments through
assessment and mapping (TUNESinURB)’, financed under the Programme BG03 ‘Biological
diversity and ecosystems’, co-financed by the Financial Mechanism of European Economic Area
(2009-2014) and a contract for free financial support N D-33-82/14.08.2015.
... Интродуцираният от Северна Америка патоген Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii е причинител на заболяването "швейцарско изсипване" на иглиците на дугласката (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (Rohde, 1973).Видовете от род Pseudotsuga са единствените гостоприемници, в които той развива своя жизнен цикъл (Winton et al., 2007). Дългогодишното развитие на P. gaeumannii в иглиците довежда до запушване на устицата, понижаване на асимилацията, причинява хлоротично оцветяване и преждевременното им опадване (Hansen et al., 2000). ...
Брошурата отразява изследванията върху здравословното състояние на дървесната
и храстова растителност по проект „За по-добро разбиране на екосистемните услуги
в градска среда чрез оценка и картиране” (TUNESinURB), финансиран в рамките на
Програма BG03 „Биологично разнообразие и екосистеми“, съфинансирана от Финансовия
механизъм на Европейското икономическо пространство (2009-2014) и договор за
безвъзмездна финансова помощ Д-33-82/14.08.2015 г.
... Hence, it was not possible to presently accept these three doubtful genera (Chaetasbolisia, Dactuliochaeta and Piggotia) in Didymellaceae. Moreover, Platychora was previously assigned to Venturiaceae (Barr 1968), but in a later study by Winton et al. (2007) and Zhang et al. (2012), the generic type Platychora ulmi was shown to cluster in Didymellaceae. This genus and the type species should also be reevaluated based on new collections and epitypification (Zhang et al. 2012). ...
The Didymellaceae was established in 2009 to accommodate Ascochyta, Didymella and Phoma, as well as several related phoma-like genera. The family contains numerous plant pathogenic, saprobic and endophytic species associated with a wide range of hosts. Ascochyta and Phoma are morphologically difficult to distinguish, and species from both genera have in the past been linked to Didymella sexual morphs. The aim of the present study was to clarify the generic delimitation in Didymellaceae by combing multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2, and morphological observations. The resulting phylogenetic tree revealed 17 well-supported monophyletic clades in Didymellaceae, leading to the introduction of nine genera, three species, two nomina nova and 84 combinations. Furthermore, 11 epitypes and seven neotypes were designated to help stabilise the taxonomy and use of names. As a result of these data, Ascochyta, Didymella and Phoma were delineated as three distinct genera, and the generic circumscriptions of Ascochyta, Didymella, Epicoccum and Phoma emended. Furthermore, the genus Microsphaeropsis, which is morphologically distinct from the members of Didymellaceae, grouped basal to the Didymellaceae, for which a new family Microsphaeropsidaceae was introduced.
... However, Hyde et al. (2013) Notes: Zhang et al. (2011) and Hyde et al. (2013) considered Dibotryon to be a synonym of Apiosporina following von Arx and Müller (1975), Barr (1968) and Crous et al. (2007). Furthermore, Winton et al. (2007) Egidi et al. (2014). Molecular analyses of a combined data set of nu LSU, RPB2, ITS, BT2 showed Arthrocatena to belong in Capnodiales incertae sedis (Egidi et al. 2014). ...
Article 59.1, of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code), which addresses the nomenclature of pleomorphic fungi, became effective from 30 July 2011. Since that date, each fungal species can have one nomenclaturally correct name in a particular classification. All other previously used names for this species will be considered as synonyms. The older generic epithet takes priority over the younger name. Any widely used younger names proposed for use, must comply with Art. 57.2 and their usage should be approved by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). In this paper, we list all genera currently accepted by us in Dothideomycetes (belonging to 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and nonpleomorphic genera. In the case of pleomorphic genera, we follow the rulings of the current ICN and propose single generic names for future usage. The taxonomic placements of 1261 genera are listed as an outline. Protected names and suppressed names for 34 pleomorphic genera are listed separately. Notes and justifications are provided for possible proposed names after the list of genera. Notes are also provided on recent advances in our understanding of asexual and sexual morph linkages in Dothideomycetes. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene analyses supported 23 orders and 75 families, while 35 families still lack molecular data.
... Barr (1987a) also classified Phaeocryptopus under Venturiaceae. Rhizosphaera species are generally accepted as asexual states of Phaeocryptopus, however the relationship has never been conclusively established (Winton et al. 2007). Presently P. nudus (Asterina nuda Peck), is considered as the type of Phaeocryptopus as the earliest introduced one. ...
... Presently P. nudus (Asterina nuda Peck), is considered as the type of Phaeocryptopus as the earliest introduced one. Phylogenetic analysis of Winton et al. (2007) and Schoch et al. (2009) showed that Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii clustered in Mycosphaerellaceae, Capnodiales while P. nudus nested in Dothioraceae, Dothideales. In our phylogenetic analysis Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, R. oudemansii and Plowrightia abietis along with Phaeocryptopus nudus clustured in a subclade which might be considered to belong in a single genus Phaeocryptopus or could be two distinct genera. ...
... Barr (1987a) transferred Plowrightia to Dothideaceae, while Hawksworth et al. (1995) and Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) included it in the family Dothioraceae. Recent molecular and phylogenetic studies carried out by Winton et al. (2007) also confirmed the position of Plowrightia in the family Dothioraceae. Based on their phylogenetic analysis, Winton et al. (2007) showed that Plowrightia abietis is similar to Phaeocryptopus nudus and identical to Rhizosphaera oudemansii Maubl. ...
The type specimens or representative specimens of the potentially dothidealean generaBagnisiella,Botryochora, Coccostromella, Columnosphaeria, Delphinella, Dictyodothis, Discosphaerina, Dothidea, Dothiora, Endodothiora, Jaffuela, Mycoporis, Omphalospora, Pachysacca, Plowrightia, accothecium, Stylodothis, SydowiaandYoshinagaiawere examined while, fresh specimens ofAureobasidium pullulans, Dothidea insculpta, Plowrightia ribesiaandSaccothecium sepincolawere made from Italy and Thailand. An introduction and the history ofthese genera, their family placement, morphology, and molecular phylogeny are provided. Morphology plus GenBank dataare used to provide a systematic treatment of Dothideales. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU, SSU and ITS gene regions was carried out and in the resulting phylogenetic tree the taxa cluster in two clades with high bootstrap support. Clade A comprisesDothideaceae, the family type ofDothideales.The familyDothioraceaeis not recognized as a distinct family and is synonymized under Dothideaceae. Neocylindroseptoriais introduced to accommodate Cylindroseptoria pistaciaeas it forms a well-supported distinct clade inDothideaceae. Clade B comprisesAureobasidium, Kabatiella, Pseudoseptoria,
Saccothecium and Selenophoma species and Columnosphaeria fagi, for which we propose a new family,
Aureobasidiaceae. The recently introducedSydowia eucalypti also clustered within Clade B and therefore based on morphology and molecular phylogeny a new genus Pseudosydowiais introduced for Sydowia eucalypti.
... P. brachyphylli is considered to be closely related to the extant Phaeocryptopus . Phaeocryptopus is very likely polyphyletic and either belongs in the Dothideales or Capnodiales (Zhang et al., 2011; Winton et al., 2007). ...
... Both fossils are well preserved and might serve as calibration constraints once their position within the ascomycetes has been clarified. Petropus brachyphylli (Fig. 1d; Van der Ham and Dortangs, 2005) was not used in our calculation because of the uncertain taxonomic placement of the corresponding modern genus Phaeocryptopus, which is likely polyphyletic and either belongs to the Dothideales or Capnodiales (Zhang et al., 2011; Winton et al., 2007). Stigmatomyces succini (Fig. 1k; Rossi et al., 2005) was also not used in our study although the fossil is well dated and confidently assigned to the genus Stigmatomyces (Laboulbeniomycetes). Species of this ectoparasite class display distinct morphologies and their phylogenetic position has long been unclear, but Schoch et al. (2009a) have recently proposed a sister relationship of Laboulbeniomycetes to Sordariomycetes. ...
