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![Estimated breast cancer cases and death in 2019. Figure drawn based on the estimation of American Cancer Society [7].](profile/Jeya-Thulasidas-2/publication/350923093/figure/fig1/AS:1013309130174466@1618603131590/Estimated-breast-cancer-cases-and-death-in-2019-Figure-drawn-based-on-the-estimation-of.png)
Estimated breast cancer cases and death in 2019. Figure drawn based on the estimation of American Cancer Society [7].
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![Figure 4. Difference between male and female breast [24].](profile/Jeya-Thulasidas-2/publication/350923093/figure/fig2/AS:1013309130162176@1618603131637/Difference-between-male-and-female-breast-24_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 5. Possible causative factors for male breast cancer [20].](profile/Jeya-Thulasidas-2/publication/350923093/figure/fig3/AS:1013309130153996@1618603131699/Possible-causative-factors-for-male-breast-cancer-20_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 7. Treatment algorithm for advanced/inoperable male breast [43].](profile/Jeya-Thulasidas-2/publication/350923093/figure/fig5/AS:1013309130145794@1618603131818/Treatment-algorithm-for-advanced-inoperable-male-breast-43_Q320.jpg)
Everybody is born with the mammary gland. Mammary gland development occurs through various stages throughout embryonic, and stays dormant for males. Although it is uncommon, male also gets breast cancer, occasionally. Male breast cancer accounts for approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases, and it is increasing. When compared with other rare dis...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... American Cancer Society estimated that about 268,600 new cases of female breast cancer will be diagnosed and about 41,760 women will die in the United States for 2019. It is expected that 2,670 new cases of invasive male breast cancer will be diagnosed and about 500 men will die in the United States for 2019 as shown in Figure 1 [7]. These figures show a 20% higher mortality rate is for male breast cancer compared to females. ...
Citations
... The incidence of male breast cancer (MBC) is less than 1% of all mammary carcinomas and less than 1.5% of all carcinomas in men. Compared to women, MBC has the following features: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] • It is diagnosed at a later age -the mean age for men is 67 years, and for women -62 years. • It is diagnosed at a more advanced stage; the time between the appearance of the first symptoms and the diagnosis is usually 6 to 10 months. ...
... The risk factors for the development of MBC we discuss are as follows: [2,4,[6][7][8][9] • Advanced age -the risk increases with age. ...
... Other symptoms such as mammary involvement with pain, redness, sloughing, retraction, discharge, and rarely ulceration are sometimes observed. [2,4,6,9] The diagnosis is based on the clinical examination, ultrasound examination, mammography, and biopsy. Mammography has a sensitivity of 92%-100% and a specificity of 90%. ...
We describe a rare case of asynchronous bilateral carcinoma of the mammary glands in a 66-year-old man. The patient was admitted to the Department of Dermatology and Venereology due to exacerbation of chronic eczema. During the examination, a 3×2-cm tumor with retraction of the mammilla was found in the right mammary gland. Mastectomy and regional lymphatic dissection were performed. Histological examination showed invasive ductal carcinoma, ER (+) 70%, PR (−), HER2 (−). Treatment included chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy. Three years later, the patient reported a lump in the left breast. The presence of a tumor formation was confirmed by mammography and ultrasound examination. A radical mastectomy with regional lymphatic dissection was performed. Histological examination showed invasive ductal carcinoma of the mammary gland, ER (3+) 80%, PP (2+) 60%, HER2 (+++), and Ki67 (+) 80%. Treatment with chemotherapy and radiation therapy was carried out. Five years after diagnosis of the second carcinoma, the patient is in a good general condition. Regardless of its rarity, the described case should draw doctors’ attention to this pathology. Assessment of risk factors and periodic breast examination in men would allow early diagnosis, timely treatment, and better prognosis of the disease.
... Nuclear receptors play an essential role in gene expression. This gene mutation leads to the production of an abnormal estrogen receptor, also known as ER+, which results in breast cancer in women (Bakadia et al., 2022;Camarillo et al., 2021;Mane et al., 2021;Wellings and Jensen, 1973). ...
The present study focused on the synthesis, introduction and investigation of the biological effects of sulfonamide-derived products as new azo-sulfonamides (samples 1-6). In this transformation, the amine sulfonamide is first converted to the corresponding diazonium salt, which is then attacked by a nucleophilic carbon of the aromatic ring in the playing medium. All products were obtained with reasonable yields and high purity. The structure of synthesized derivatives was determined using various analytical tools including FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and XRD spectroscopy, and the synthesized products were purified and identified. Biological properties of newly synthesized azo-compounds similar to SSZAD were also investigated. These compounds were tested in terms of biological effectiveness. The results of biochemical assays show that: the products have significant biological properties. MTT toxicity of compounds in breast cancer cells (MCF-7) for compounds 1-6 according to IC50 compare to Vinblastine is Vin>5>4>6>2>3>1. The biochemical results obtained were analyzed by molecular docking interaction studies and showed strong hydrogen bonding with the target receptor. The docking calculation has been invoked to reveal the type of interactions that synthesized compounds can establish with the residues forming the active sites of the target proteins, 1FDW the three higher scores molecules appears to be (6 > 1 > 2), 3FC2 (the three highest binding affinities are in the order of 1 > 3 > 6), and 5GWK (three highest binding affinities are 1 > 3 > 6). The results indicate the effective interaction of all products with the targets. The molecular dynamics simulation has been invoked to study the presence of a stable system of the interacting protein-ligand.
Introduction
Male breast cancer is uncommon and managed on the guidelines of female breast cancer due to tumor rarity. We sought to identify the incidence, clinicopathological features, and survival of all male breast cancer patients managed in our hospital.
Methods
A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, Pakistan, from January 1986 to December 2018. Demographic data, treatment records, and follow-up data of all male breast cancer patients who were treated at AKUH was reviewed.
Results
Thirty-eight out of 42 patients who presented over a period of 32 years were included. The mean age was 63 years. The most common tumor type and subtype were invasive ductal carcinoma (89.5%) and luminal A (73.7%), respectively. The majority (36.8%) of the patients presented at stage III. Among 30 (78.9%) patients who underwent surgery, mastectomy was performed in 30 (78.9%), upfront axillary clearance in 24 (63.2%), axillary sampling in five (15.1%) cases, and sentinel lymph node biopsy in one (2.6%) case. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was given to 10 (26.3%) patients, and adjuvant chemotherapy to eight (21.1%) patients. Adjuvant hormonal treatment was administered to 22 (57.9%) patients, and 13 (34%) patients received adjuvant radiation to the chest wall. The five-year overall survival was 38.2% and the median survival was 36 months. The five-year disease-free survival (DFS) was found to be 33.7%.
Conclusion
Breast cancer in males presents at an advanced stage with poor survival. Multicenter studies are required to accurately identify incidence, prognostic factors, and outcomes in order to have a better understanding of its management.
