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Erythrocyte biconcave shape. (©2006 Pearson Education. From http://www.lamission.edu/lifesciences/lecturenote/AliPhysio1/Blood.pdf, accessed 23 March 2017)
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The ability of red blood cells (RBC) to change their shape under varying conditions is a crucial property allowing these cells to go through capillaries narrower than their own diameter. Ektacytometry is a technique for measuring deformability by exposing a highly diluted blood sample to shear stress and evaluating the resulting elongation in RBC s...
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... a static or an oscillating magnetic field is used and the microbeads displacement is recorded by a CCD camera. The displacement is then computed from the image and the magnitude of rotation and translation is presented as a function of the applied torque ( Figure 11). ...
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... advantage of Osmoscan over Shear scan is that it allows not only to measure the deformability of the cells but also to attribute low deformability to specific cell defaults such as cell membrane or intracellular viscosity (Clark et al., 1983;Johnson and Ravindranath, 1996). Typical osmoscan curves for several RBC disorders are shown in Figure 17. ...
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... system was simplified at a later stage by discarding syringe pump B and valve B (as seen in Figure 42), which also improved pressure stability in the flow cell. Picture of the initial system hydraulic system is shown in Figure 41 and a schematic description of the initial experimental setup with its five states of operation are shown in Figure 42. Table 4 shows the settings of valves and pump direction (push or pull) as they are applied in states 1 to 5. ...
Citations
... One of the great consequences of these vehicles are traffic jams and high emission of CO 2 , CO, NO, etc. which has great negative impact on the ecosystem, causing ozone layer depletion and leading to global warming [1] (Fig. 1). Inhalation of CO beings poses great danger to the health as it forms carboxy-hemoglobin in the body system which is dangerous to brain, heart and the whole body system [2]. According to 2 Technological advancement is the bedrock of development of any nation. ...
Electric vehicle is a sustainable development which is capable of transforming the transport sector. It is a sustainable alternative to internal combustion engine-based vehicle. Its technology is based on utilization of sustainable energy resources which are eco-friendly and replenishes in nature. Wide deployment of electric vehicle is expected to minimize the challenge of fossil fuel depletion and greenhouse emissions are expected to be reduced. However, despite all aforementioned advantages of the electric vehicle, its wide deployment faces some challenges including cost, size and range anxiety. Electric vehicles have limited range which is one of the major factors affecting its market penetration. Researchers highlighted several strategies/methods of extending its driving range. Thus, this work presents a review of different strategies proposed on range extension of the electric vehicle. The strengths and weaknesses of some of the proposed methods are also presented in this work.
