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Beenken, L., Kruse, J., Schmidt, A. & Braun, U. 2022: Epidemic spread of Erysiphe corylacearum in Europe-first records from Germany. Schlechtendalia 39: 112-118. Erysiphe corylacearum, an Asian Corylus powdery mildew, has been introduced in Europe in recent years. Recently, the occurrence of E. corylacearum has also been confirmed for Germany. Phyl...
Citations
... After Turkey, it further spread on hazelnut from the Middle East i.e. Iran [8] to East Europe (Ukraine [9], Romania [10]), Central Europe (Austria [11], Hungary [12], Germany [13], Slovenia [14], Switzerland [15]), and Southern Europe (Italy [16] and Spain [17]). Regarding Italy, it was reported for the first time in the Piedmont region in 2020 [16,18]. ...
Erysiphe corylacearum has recently been reported in northern Italy (Piedmont) and other European countries as the causal agent of a new emerging powdery mildew on hazelnut. This disease is much more dangerous than the common hazelnut powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia guttata as it significantly reduces yield and quality of hazelnuts. This study aimed to perform morphological and molecular characterization of the fungal isolates from powdery mildew-infected plants in the Piedmont Italian region. Additionally, genetic diversity studies and pathogenicity tests were conducted. Thirty-six fungal isolates originating from symptomatic hazelnut plants exhibiting specific powdery mildew symptoms on the superior leaf side were identified morphologically as E. corylacearum. Single- and multilocus sequence typing of five loci (ITS, rpb2, CaM, GAPDH and GS) assigned all isolates as E. corylacearum. Multilocus and GAPDH phylogenetic studies resulted in the most efficient characterization of E. corylacearum. Studied fungal isolates were able to cause new emerging powdery mildew disease by fulfilling Koch’s postulates. The emergence of powdery mildew disease in Italy revealed the E. corylacearum subgrouping, population expansion, and high nucleotide similarity with other recently identified E. corylacearum hazelnut isolates. To contain this harmful disease and inhibit the fungus spread into new geographical zones, it will be necessary to implement more rigorous monitoring in neighboring hazelnut plantations near infected hazelnuts, use sustainable fungicides and search for new biocontrol agents.
... Neckarstadt-Ost, Universitätsklinikum, Klinikgelände, MTB 6516/22, N 49°29'34'', E 08°29'14'', ca. 100 m ü. NN, 12.10.2022, leg. & det. J. Kruse, Herbar Kruse E2325, MI mit Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lév.Anm.:Beenken et al. (2022) berichten über das erstmalige Vorkommen dieses Echten Mehltaupilzes in D und seine epidemische Ausbreitung. Nachdem der Pilz erstmalig im Spätsommer 2021 in D (BY) registriert wurde, gibt es bereits insgesamt 66 Aufsammlungen aus BY, BW und NW. Der Fund aus Mannheim ist für BW der bisher nördlichste bekannte Nachweis. Bemerkenswert ist ...
Some interesting records of plant parasitic microfungi of the Erysiphaceae, Peronosporomycetes, Pucciniomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina and anamorphic Ascomycota collected in Germany and Austria are reported. The new combination Hyaloperonospora calepinae is proposed for Peronospora calepinae and a lectotype designated here. This downy mildew is documented in Central Europe for the first time. Additionally a new record from Spain is listed and notes on two Albugo candida agg. samples collected on Calepina irregularis in Italy are added. An epitype and lectotype is designated here for Peronospora dianthi. The first
secure records of this rare downy mildew in Germany are documented and presented in a distribution map. Worldwide it was only known from Switzerland before. The rust fungus Puccinia oxalidis on Oxalis sp. (species of sect. Ionoxalis) and the downy mildew Basidiophora simplex are new for Germany. Of the latter records on cultivated Symphyotrichum novae-angliae plants come from five federal states. Two recorded host species are matrices novae: Malus coronaria for Gymnosporangium clavariiforme and Persicaria hydropiper for Puccinia phragmitis.
Both records are from Germany, the latter is only the second on a species of the genus Persicaria in Europe. In addition other interesting records are listed, including formerly unknown host species in Germany, e. g. Erysiphe cruciferarum on Fourraea alpina, Erysiphe trifoliorum on Trifolium resupinatum, Golovinomyces bolayi on Cicerbita macrophylla, Golovinomyces orontii on Campanula rotundifolia, Puccinia graminis on Phragmites australis, Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae on Prunus mahaleb, Urocystis agropyri on Elymus caninus and Coleosporium solidaginis on Solidago
canadensis and S. virgaurea. The last one documents a host jump of a non-native neomycete to an indigenous host species and is therefore especially interesting. A not yet identified species of Coleosporium was recorded on two Symphyotrichum species in Germany. The presence of Golovinomyces bolayi on Lactuca virosa in Germany is confirmed by molecular data. Successful huntings of several already portrayed fungal species and host species as well as some new records for federal states of Germany and Austria are listed at the end of the publication.
Abstract: Some interesting records of plant parasitic microfungi of the Erysiphaceae, Peronosporomycetes, Pucciniomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina, Chytridiomycota and other Ascomycota from Germany, Austria and Switzerland are reported.
Podosphaera pruni-lusitanicae on cultivated Prunus lusitanica is documented in Germany for the first time. Podosphaera cerasi on Prunus cerasus was confirmed to occur in Germany based on molecular genetic data. Uromyces proëminens on Euphorbia prostrata is new for Germany. Investigations have shown that the species has been present in Germany since 2011. A find from Switzerland on the host mentioned above is a new fungus-host combination for the fungus, which is still rare in Switzerland. Uromyces sparsus was rediscovered after 50 years in Germany on Spergularia marina. Literature references to Spergularia rubra as host for this fungus are incorrect. Thecaphora lathyri on Lathyrus pratensis, which has not been reported in Germany since 1963, was found again in 2021 and has since been detected in three other federal states. Urocystis ornithogali on Ornithogalum umbellatum agg. was rediscovered in Germany after around 140 years. Exobasidium schinzianum was found on Saxifraga rotundifolia in Austria, probably the only recent record for a long time. As new hosts for Germany Allium x proliferum for Uromyces ambiguus, Phaseolus coccineus for
Podosphaera xanthii and Symphytum caucasicum for Golovinomyces asperifoliorum were identified. The finds of Anthemis ruthenica with Golovinomyces macrocarpus and Leontodon incanus with Ramularia inaequalis are probably matrices novae.
In addition other interesting records of phytopathogenic microfungi are listed at the end of the publication, e.g. new records for federal states of Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
Keywords: Podosphaera spp., Prunus spp., Thecaphora lathyri, Urocystis ornithogali, Uromyces proëminens, Uromyces sparsus, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, matrix nova, new records, sequences
In this contribution, we offer the fifth installment of a series focusing on the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews. This paper is the second segment evaluating the genus Erysiphe. The first treatment of Erysiphe focused on phylogenetically basal species in the "Uncinula lineage." This research presents a phylogenetic-taxonomic assessment of species that form the group previously referred to as the "Microsphaera lineage." Given the size of the group, we split the treatment of this lineage of Erysiphe species into two parts based on their phylogenetic placement. Phylogenetic trees based on ITS+28S data are supplemented by sequences of additional markers (CAM, GADPH, GS, RPB2, and TUB). Included in the analysis of the Microsphaera lineage is the "Erysiphe aquilegiae complex" (group, clade, cluster), which encompasses sequences obtained from an assemblage of Erysiphe species with insufficient resolution in rDNA analyses. Attempts have been made to resolve this group at the species level by applying a multilocus approach. A detailed discussion of the "Erysiphe aquilegiae complex" is provided. Sequences are provided for the first time for several species, particularly North American species, such as Erysiphe aggregata, E. erineophila, E. parnassiae, and E. semitosta. Ex-type sequences for Microsphaera benzoin and M. magnusii have been retrieved. Alphitomorpha penicillata, Microsphaera vanbruntiana, and M. symphoricarpi are epitypified with ex-epitype sequences. The new species Erysiphe alnicola, E. deutziana, E. cornigena, E. lentaginis, and E. sambucina are described, the new combinations E. laur-acearum, E. passiflorae, and E. sambucicola are introduced, and the new name E. santali is proposed. ARTICLE HISTORY
Amaç: Bu çalışmada fındık bahçelerinde önemli ürün kayıplarına neden olan külleme hastalığına (Erysiphe corulacearum) karşı bazı bitki aktivatörleri (Harpin protein %1, Lactobacillus acidophilus maya ekstraktı + benzoik asit karışımı, Acibenzolor-S-methyl+Metalaxyl-M) ve antagonist fungus Ampelomyces quisqualis M10 içerikli biyolojik bir fungisitin etkinliği araştırılmıştır. Materyal ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma, Sakarya ilinde tamamı Yomra fındık çeşidinden oluşan, külleme hastalığı ile doğal olarak enfekteli kapama bir fındık bahçesinde yürütülmüştür. Deneme tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 4 tekrarlı olarak kurulmuş, her bir tekrarda 3 ocak olacak şekilde ve bloklar arasında birer ocak bırakılarak düzenlenmiştir. Her bir ocak yaklaşık 10 bitki içermektedir. Denemede her bir ocağın dört yönünden, tesadüfen seçilen 40 adet yaprak (her tekerrürden toplam 120 yaprak) toplanmıştır. Yapraklardaki hastalık şiddeti değerleri 0-4 skalası kullanılarak Townsend-Heuberger formülüne göre değerlendirilmiştir. Tüm uygulamaların yüzde etkileri Abbott formülüne göre hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma Bulguları: Bitki aktivatörleri ile yaprak uygulamalarından elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Acibenzolar- S- methyl + Metalaxyl-M (ASM+M) aktivatörler içerisinde %55.83 ile en yüksek etkiyi göstermiştir. ASM+M’in külleme hastalığı üzerindeki etkisi fluopyram+tebuconazole aktif maddeli test fungisitinin %63.27 oranındaki etkisi ile istatistiki olarak aynı grup içerisinde yer almışlardır. L. acidophilus %49.26 ve harpin protein ise %33.34 oranlarında hastalığı baskılamada etkili olmuşlardır. Biyolojik fungisit Ampelomyces quisqualis M-10 ise %45.86 oranında külleme hastalığına karşı etkili bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Günümüzde fındıkta külleme hastalığına karşı kullanılan kimyasal fungisitler, insan ve çevre sağlığını tehlike altında bırakmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bitki aktivatörlerinden ASM-M ve harpin protein fındıkta külleme hastalığı ile kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif olarak ilk kez bu araştırmada ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgular ışığında, fluopyram+tebuconazole aktif maddeli kimyasal fungisitin hastalığı önlemede gösterdiği etki ile ASM-M’in etkinliği aynı oranlarda bulunmuştur. Gelecekte bitki aktivatörlerinin ve biyolojik kökenli fungisitlerin farklı kombinasyonlarının külleme hastalığına karşı denemeye alınmasının, hastalığı baskı altına almada ümitvar sonuçlar vereceği düşünülmektedir.
Objective: Powdery mildew disease caused by Erysiphe corylacearum is one of the main diseases affecting the yield and quality of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.), one of the most important agricultural products of Türkiye. The study was conducted in Giresun in 2017 to determine the effect of some environmentally fiendly products (one biological fungicide, one fungicides containing plant extract and one plant activator) against the disease. Materials and Methods: As environmentally fiendly products against to disease, commercial products including AQ 10 (Ampelomyces quisqualis M-10 isolate), Regalia (Reynoutria spp. extract) and ISR 2000 (Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product) were used. For comparison Quadris Maxx (Azoxystrobin 200 g/l+Difenoconazole 125 g/l), a chemical fungicide known to be effective against this disease, was also used in the study. A total of five spraying applications beginning at the fruit setting time, prior to appearance of disease symptoms were performed. Disease severity values on hazelnut leaves and fruits were calculated according to the Townsend-Heuberger formula using the 0-4 scale. The efficacy of fungicides was determined using Abbott’s formula. Results: The effectiveness of AQ 10 (Ampelomyces quisqualis M-10 isolate) was 21.07% on leaves and 21.29% on clusters; for Regalia (Reynoutria spp. extract) 19.13% and 28.09% anf for ISR 2000 (Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product) 19.23% and 10.80% on leaves and fruits respectively. Regarding chemical fungicide, Quadris Maxx (Azoxystrobin 200 g/l+Difenoconazole 125 g/l), the effectiveness was 91.98% on leaves and 73.63% on clusters. Conclusion: The chemical fungicide Quadris Maxx (Azoxystrobin 200 g/l+Difenoconazole 125 g/l), used in this study provided sufficient efficacy for the disease control, while the efficacy of environmentally friendly products used was found to be quite low. However, it is very important to use of environmentally friendly products for the disease control and the further studies should be conducted.
