Figure 2 - uploaded by Peter Francis Breen
Content may be subject to copyright.
13 Erosion problems in an urban creek due to increased magnitude and frequency of stormwater discharge
Citations
... " [35] (p. 1). Wong et al. [36] highlight persisting drainage challenges at different types of roads, causing loss of natural habitats, chemical pollution, persistent waterlogging, and alteration of the hydrology and geomorphology of water bodies due to the construction and operation of road infrastructure in cities of the Global North. Austerity measures make financially poor municipalities ineffective in maintaining the existing infrastructure. ...
Water Sensitive Planning (WSP) recognizes the centrality of water in the urban built environment, something often overlooked in urban planning systems. WSP was primarily developed for western city contexts but many cities in the Global South are rapidly urbanizing, and informal settlements are the predominant form of development, with limited existing water provision. A new WSP framework is needed for these contexts. This paper envisions what a WSP theory would look like for a city in the Global South to enhance water security, using Delhi as a starting point. Firstly, the substantive components of WSP are identified from the literature. Secondly, this framework is critiqued with respect to the extent to which it is appropriate for planning rapidly urbanizing cities, especially in India. Finally, the key principles of WSP for cities in the Global South are suggested. Notable principles include integration of water planning and city planning; linking of drains with statute protected water bodies; green places as recharge areas; reuse of adequately treated wastewater for irrigation purposes; and building roads and drains as per hydrogeography of a place.
... Previous work by researchers has been established in recent years to investigate incorporating storm-water quality improvement strategies, especially into road design purposes. The provided project exemplifies for a number of possibilities in the alternative implementation of water sensitive road design practises to adapt environmentally sensitive drainage elements (Wong, Breen, & Lloyd, 2000) and improve the quality storm-water of road runoff. Most techniques which discuss storm-water runoff can be divided into three instalments, such as above ground, underground, and at the ground surface (Qin, 2020). ...
... The strategy concepts are based on formulating some multi-disciplinary knowledge that involve a proactive process that leads to concern in urban design, landscape, and management. It provides techniques which are capable of delivering a wide-range of beneficial outcomes at both the regional and local levels (Wong, Breen, & Lloyd, 2000). The possibility of the success of this design strategy requires the concerted effort of several stakeholders so that it can produce a more holistic solution to realise a greener urban area (Kvamsås, 2021). ...
... Roads and other infrastructure surfaces are able to constitute up to 70% of the total impact areas in an urban catchment. Those contribute a higher proportion of stormwater (Wong, Breen, & Lloyd, 2000). It can be seen in Jenderal Sudirman Road development that there is a significant degradation of environmental values, such as poor stormwater quality being the main factor in urban deterioration. ...
Jakarta as a metropolitan city, experiences rapid growth urbanization, is struggling remarkably with flooding disasters. Regarding this condition, it is inevitable whether caused by frequent flooding of rivers as consequences of gradual sea level rising or affected by flash-flooding due to high rain rate and the expansion of impervious areas. Another condition on the existing drainage system in most areas in Jakarta carried the collected storm-water offsite and commonly caused flash flooding downstream. The study case area is a section of Jend. Sudirman Road–a major road in Jakarta that had frequent flooding challenges. This paper studies an alternative approach to drainage system or storm-water management through more integrated methods. The purpose is to develop the design strategies of storm-water management within an integrated system, not only by installing some small infiltration sets but also by improving urban resilience. This schematic design result will be a possible recommendation, especially the drainage system, to the local government. It leads subsequently to substitute and improve the existing drainage systems along this major road in the urban area.
... Concentration of suspended solids (SS) was the primary water quality parameter tested in this study. Suspended solids provide a medium for the accumulation, storage and transport of other pollutants including heavy metals, hydrocarbons and nutrients (Herngren et al., 2005;Miguntanna et al., 2013;Wong, 2000). Therefore, suspended solids can be considered as a surrogate for other water quality parameters (Williamson and Crawford, 2011). ...
First flush is an important phenomenon commonlyused in stormwater treatment system design where only the highly concentrated initial part of the runoff hydrograph is subject to treatment. Despite the existing methods for estimating the first flush, a robust quantitative definition is difficult to find. This paper discusses a novel approach, where a new parameter is introduced to analyse the variability in the discharge of pollutants at different times throughout a runoff event and thereby enable the identification of first flush. It was found that due to variability in rainfall, the first flush runoff volume varies from event to event. Therefore, a static estimate of the first flush is not applicable for a runoff event. The Monte Carlo simulation undertaken strengthened the analysis by providing credible limits to the outcomes. Accordingly, an interval estimation was obtained in which the first flush runoff can vary, and it was found that most commonly, the first flush can exist through the initial 30%–50% of the runoff. Therefore, in order to treat the stormwater runoff with minimum risk of discharging high loads of pollutants to the receiving water environment, at least the initial 30% of the runoff should be subject to treatment. This understanding provides a fundamental basis for the design of robust stormwater treatment systems.
... To minimize pollution from road runoff, roadside green infrastructures can be implemented where pollutants can be removed from road runoff as it infiltrates through roadside soil mixed with amendments. These roadside green infrastructures could also provide additional benefits including groundwater recharge, carbon sequestration, and ecological habitat restoration (Wong et al., 2000). To prevent landslide and increase soil stability, the roadside soils, however, are compacted-a practice not recommended for infiltration-based green infrastructure in order to maintain its infiltration capacity. ...
Amending roadside soil with adsorbents such as biochar can help remove pollutants from road runoff. To maintain soil stability, the roadside soil with biochar requires compaction. However, it is unknown how compaction conditions affect the capacity of biochar-augmented roadside biofilters to infiltrate stormwater and remove pollutants. This work examines the effect of compaction conditions on the release of biochar particles disintegrated during compaction, and the change in their capacity to infiltrate stormwater and remove E. coli. The net loss of biochar particles by mobilization with stormwater was insignificant compared to the biochar remained in the filters. The initial release of biochar particles in wet-compacted biochar columns was greater than that in dry-compacted biochar. The results revealed that compaction can affect the release of biochar particles in a series of three-step processes: generation of particles by disintegration of large biochar under compaction, diffusion of particles deposited near grain walls to bulk pore water, and transport and retention of particles in constricted pore paths based on pore water connectivity. Under similar conditions, compost columns released more particles than biochar columns, suggesting biochar is more stable than compost under compaction. E. coli removal in wet-compacted columns was greater than removal in dry-compacted columns, owing to greater pore path connectivity in wet-compacted columns. These results indicate that addition of moisture during compaction can increase contaminant removal, initial particle release, and infiltration capacity of biochar-augmented sand filters for road runoff treatment. The results would help develop design guidelines for roadside stormwater treatment system that requires compaction of filter media.
... Road runoff after the melting of snow also presents a significant source of pollution in the environment [2].Vehicular deposition of petroleum products/additives and metals, the direct application of salt and anti-skid grits, and roadway deterioration could be major contributors to the pollution of road runoff of melted snow [3]. Magnification of impermeable surfaces in urban areas leads to significant changes in catchment hydrology, the increase in the magnitude of stormwater flow events and the consequential impact on flooding and public safety [4]. Impermeable surfaces represent all surfaces from which stormwater flows directly into the sewer system, without infiltration into the land. ...
... Stormwater pollutants from urban areas originate from a variety of sources. The most common sources include motor vehicles, construction activities, erosion and surface degradation, industry, spills and leachates, miscellaneous surface deposits and atmospheric deposition [4]. ...
... Urbanization has increased the area of impervious surfaces, replaced natural channels with constructed pipes, drains, or canals, and disrupted the natural equilibrium of organic waterways and the hydrology of a given location [1,2]. As stormwater flows over the surface of developed regions, it washes pollutants from various anthropogenic land uses into downstream water bodies [3]. ...
Water is a limited and valuable resource. Singapore has four national sources of water supply, one of which is natural precipitation. Pollutants collected in stormwater runoff are deposited into drainage systems and reservoirs. Major nutrient pollutants found in local stormwater runoff include nitrate and phosphate, which may cause eutrophication. Bioretention systems are efficient in removing these pollutants in the presence of plants. This paper discusses plant traits that can enhance the phytoremediation of nutrient pollutants in stormwater runoff for application in bioretention systems. The plant species studied showed variations in chlorophyll florescence, leaf greenness, biomass production, and nitrate and phosphate removal. In general, dry biomass was moderately correlated to nitrate and phosphate removal (r = 0.339–0.501). Root, leaf, and total dry biomass of the native tree species showed a moderate to strong correlation with nitrate removal (r = 0.811, 0.657, and 0.727, respectively). Leaf dry biomass of fast-growing plants also showed a moderate to strong relationship with the removal of both pollutants (r = 0.707 and 0.609, respectively). Root dry biomass of slow-growing plants showed a strong relationship with phosphate removal (r = 0.707), but the correlation was weaker for nitrate removal (r = 0.557). These results are valuable for choosing plants for application in bioretention systems. Keywords: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Plant traits, Bioretention system, Stormwater, Tropical plant, Nutrient pollutant, Native plants
... Urban ponds are mostly shallow and stagnant, which makes them highly susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances and eutrophication (Waajen et al. 2014). They generally receive a large amount of nutrients, for example, from bird droppings, sewage overflow, and stormwater runoff (Scherer et al. 1995;Novotny 1999;Waschbusch et al. 1999;Wong et al. 2000), which frequently leads to phytoplankton blooms (Waajen et al. 2014) and could affect GHG emission. ...
Small water systems are important hotspots of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, but estimates are poorly constrained as data are scarce. Small ponds are often constructed in urban areas, where they receive large amounts
of nutrients and therefore tend to be highly productive. Here, we investigated GHG emissions, seasonal and diel
variation, and net ecosystem production (NEP) from an urban pond. In monthly 24-h field campaigns during
11 months, diffusive water–atmosphere methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and CH4 ebullition
and oxidation were quantified. With oxygen (O2) measurements, NEP was assessed. The pond was a net GHG
source the entire year, with an emission of 3.4 kg CO2 eq m−2 yr−1
. The dominant GHG emission pathway was
CH4 ebullition (bubble flux, 50%), followed by diffusive emissions of CO2 (38%) and CH4 (12%). Sediment CH4
release was primarily driven by temperature and especially ebullition increased exponentially above a temperature threshold of 15C. The pond’s atmospheric CO2 exchange was not related to NEP or temperature but likely
to a high allochthonous carbon (C) input via runoff and anaerobic mineralization of C. We expect urban ponds
to show a large increase in GHG emission with increasing temperature, which should be considered carefully
when constructing ponds in urban areas. Emissions may partly be counteracted by pond management focusing
on a reduction of nutrient and organic matter input.
... It can be noticed that the concentration of TP and TN in Australia are 0.12-1.6 mg/L and 0.6-8.6 mg/L respectively which are as much as 20 times above the ambient Australian Water Quality Guidelines for the protection of ecosystems in rivers and streams (ARMCANZ and ANZECC, 2000), (Wong et al., 2000). ...
Combined sewer networks carry wastewater and stormwater together during stormy periods. Capacity limitations of these combined sewer systems lead to overflows, especially under high intensified rain events (commonly known to be combined sewer overflows; CSOs). The socio-economic damage due to these CSOs on receiving water is immeasurable. Structural measures include including enhancing the existing pipe network and introducing new sewer systems lead to extra burden on the inhabitants due to new constructions. In addition, the taxpayers have to bear the construction cost. Optimal control of existing combined sewer systems is one of the non-structural solutions in minimizing the adverse impacts of CSOs; however, a holistic control algorithm based on water quality of the receiving water is yet still to be developed. This chapter develops an enhanced control algorithm based on the pollution load to the receiving water from CSOs. Unlike the previous studies, this chapter looks at an enhanced cost function for one of the objective functions, which includes the pumping cost of combined sewer network. The control algorithm is generic; however, it is tested against a real world combined sewer network in Liverpool, United Kingdom. Optimal control settings of the combined sewer systems are found and further analysis shows that algorithm gives feasible solutions. Therefore, the results have proved the applicability of the newly developed optimization algorithm in control of combined sewer systems.
... A várösi területhasználat váltözatössága miatt a burkolt felületek pontos becslése tövábbra is jelentős kihívást jelent [20,21]. Az örtöfötó megjelenésében a hagyömányös fényképre hasönlít, de egységes méretaránnyal rendelkezik, így rajta pontos mérések végezhetők [26]. ...
A települési zöld infrastruktúra megoldásai javítják a felszíni- és felszín alatti vizek minőségét és a vízháztartást. A tanulmány célja becsléssel meghatározni, hogy az utak mentén alkalmazott települési zöld infrastruktúra megoldások milyen mértékű vízminőség javulást eredményezhetnek. Ez magas prioritást élvez az ivóvízbázis védelmi területeken, ahol az utakról lefolyó szennyezett csapadékvíz beszivárgással elérheti az ivóvízkészletet. A becslés első lépésében a vízbázis-védelmi területen lévő belterületi közutak felületét határozzuk meg térinformatikai módszerrel, majd az itt felhalmozódó jellemző szennyezőanyagok mennyiségét, végül a lefolyó csapadékvízből eltávolított szennyezőanyag mennyiségét határozzuk meg zöld infrastruktúra megoldásokat feltételezve. A végső cél az ivóvízkészletek védettségének növelése.
... Once each of the spatial layers was created, it was evaluated using three geographical factors, namely contour, soil structure and groundwater table to find out their suitability for implementation of WSPD within the catchmentscape. (Wong et al., 2000). Also, roads act as major conveyors of stormwater and consist of major drainage systems and flow paths (Carmon & Shamir, 2010). ...
... Under Scenario 1, development of design considerations first involved choosing two structural components within the catchmentscape, namely (1) street level vs. location of streams and marshlands; and (2) use of patch distribution. This was mainly because roads and street layouts contribute up to 70% of imperviousness in urban areas (Wong, Breen, & Lloyd, 2000). Also, roads act as major conveyors of stormwater and consist of major drainage systems and flow paths (Carmon & Shamir, 2010). ...
The research investigated the role, opportunities and obstacles facing planning professionals in helping to deliver flood resilient urban environments, using Colombo in Sri Lanka as a case study. The research developed an original holistic ecologically-based theoretical framework called Water Sensitive Planning and Design (WSPD) that combines catchment scale planning with water sensitive design techniques to facilitate better management of stormwater and mitigate its adverse effects.
