Fig 5 - uploaded by Miloš Rusnák
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Erosion of land cover categories (in percentage) in the riparian zone (20 m buffer zone from channel) (a) and from the area of the individual land cover type (b) between years 19872002 and 2002-2009. (land cover categories: 1) riparian forest, 2) shrubs, 3) grassland and pasture, 4) arable land, 5) urbanized area).
Source publication
The typical morphological response of the meandering rivers to large floods is the lateral shift of their channel which triggers the formation of a new morphological structure from the initial destruction by erosion over deposition of new sediments and stabilization of vegetation. The article deals with the effect of extreme flood events on lateral...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... channel movement eroded most the areas of riparian forest ( fig. 5a). Over the total period of study, 20.5 ha of the above mentioned land cover category eroded Table ...
Context 2
... of eroded proportions of land cover categories in the overall area of individual land cover categories in riparian zone ( fig. 5b), points to the propensity of given categories to bank erosion. The most eroded category is that of arable land ( 37.2% in 1987-2002 and 36.8% in 2002-2009 of arable land area in riparian zone). It is followed by grasslands and pastures (26.3% and 15.0% of area of the given type), and shrubs (15.6% and 27.2%). Erosion of forest areas is ...
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Citations
... Geomorphologically efficient fluvial processes take place only under high water levels, caused either by heavy rainfalls or snowmelt, with the resulting continuous channel incision and narrowing (c.f. Kidová et al. 2016;Rusnák and Lehotský 2014). ...
The territory Slovakia of reveals exceptionally high diversity of landforms. Geomorphological history of the Western Carpathians can be traced back to the Early/Middle Miocene (10 and 20 Ma) and of the Panonian Basin to the Late Miocene, respectively. The development the Western Carpathians went on in phases, through interaction of tectonic movements and subaerial factors. Tectonic movements manifested themselves in the shape of a general uplift of the Western Carpathians and through differentiated movements of individual blocks within the dome-like structure, which are reflected in the basic internal division of the West Carpathians into two contrasting groups of macroforms: individual mountain ranges and intermountain basins. Terminal Miocene uplift of the Carpathians isolated the Pannonian region from the rest of Paratethys, which allowed for the emergence of the Pannonian Lake. Its extinction at the end of the Pliocene gave the birth to the Slovak lowlands. During the Pleistocene, spatially variable subaerial processes took place epicyclically under the strong influence of tectonic movements and lithologic-structural properties. The variability of processes in space and time led, on the one hand, to re-modelling of macroforms into new patterns of landforms (U-shaped valleys, ridges, moraines, terraces, plateaus, alluvial fans, etc.), and on the other one, to infilling and flattening of subsiding areas to form basins occupied by plains and floodplains. Human impact during the Holocene and Little Ice Age periods is mentioned in brief, too.KeywordsSlovakiaLandscapeGeomorphologicalHistoryDrainage basinsGlaciationRiver terracesPeriglacial phenomenaHuman impact
... The meandering river pattern and its tendency towards lateral migration is controlled by the magnitude of discharge. On the Ondava river one can observe stabilisation of the meander belt, individual meander migration and point bar deposition with an increase of sinuosity index (from 1.34 to 1.57) in the period with low magnitude discharges in the 1990s (Rusnák and Lehotský 2014b). Floods in 2004, 2006 and 2008 led to the straightening of the channel, meander cut-off and abandonment of channel arms (Fig. 16.5b). ...
The central part of Ondavská vrchovina upland represents
a medium-altitude and moderately dissected relief with
narrow elongated valleys. The Topľa and Ondava rivers
are the main axis of flysch valleys and their flat bottoms
are modelled by dynamic river processes acting upon thin
layers of Quaternary sediments. They bear a record of all
historical changes of the channel pattern, from a wide
wandering gravel-bed wild river to a narrow and sinuous
channel. Both rivers are characterized by distinct bank
erosion, resulting in bank movement and bank retreat
within meander bends. From an economic point of view,
erosion of arable land and grassland is a negative
consequence of channel migration. Vice versa, from an
ecological point of view we can consider bank erosion as
a natural process that leads to the increase of geo- and
bio-diversity of the riparian landscape. Nowadays, ‘green
approaches’ are applicable in the river management,
aiming to eliminate technical interventions in the river
basins and allowing for free channel migration. All these
processes create valuable ecosystems with natural flood
regime and floodplain forest.
... Rădoane et al. (2013) have shown that climate changes and related changes in the frequency and amplitude of floods are an essential part of the historic dynamics of river channel, and that human interventions only modulate these dynamics, most often by exacerbating the modifications induced by climate changes. Against this backdrop, episodic, high-magnitude geomorphic events (such as floods) can trigger significant changes in river channels due to the large amount of energy expended during these events (Rusnák & Lehotský, 2014;Nelson & Dubé, 2016). The main geomorphic responses of river channels to such events consist in channel widening, channel deepening and aggrading (Joyce et al., 2018). ...
Channel bed levels are highly dynamic in time and across space, constantly adjusting under the influence of natural and anthropogenic controls. The aim of this study was to assess the role of flood events recorded between 1994 and 2018 in the bed elevation changes documented on the major tributaries of Trotuș River (Eastern Carpathians). To this purpose, the data from fifteen gauging stations was used, based on which the evolution trends of channel bed levels were determined for the investigated channel reaches. The role of geomorphic threshold was assigned to stream power. The daily maximum and total values of this parameter were used to explain the bed elevation shifts. The average channel bed deepening rate was 2.2 cm/yr. Depending on the variation trend of channel bed levels, three evolution patterns could be distinguished in relation to the reference year: (i) a category where channel degradation was nearly continuous; (ii) another one where initial aggradation of the channel bed occurred, ensued by continuous degradation, without reverting to the initial state, and (iii) a group with oscillating aggradation-degradation evolution resulting in the eventual recovery of the initial state. The recovery time for changes triggered by major flood events ranged between one and nearly 10 years, whereas in the case of shifts generated by high frequency, low magnitude events, the recovery time was maximum one year. Over short term flood events drive the direction and intensity of channel bed elevation adjustments.
... Alluvial plains are modified and different fluvial shapes are formed, such as eroded banks, cut-off meanders, and point bars. Many researches (Rusnak & Lehotske, 2014;Bertalan et al., 2018;Sylvester et al., 2019;Kiss et al., 2019) indicated that bank erosion is a very complex process with the interaction of numerous factors which can determine changes in the river course, bank erosion intensity, sediment regime, environment transformation, and land use changes (geological, climatological, hydrological, biogeographical, and anthropogenic factors). ...
Riverbank erosion and lateral channel migration are important
geomorphological processes which cause various landscape, socio-economic,
and environmental consequences. Although those processes are present on the
territory of Serbia, there is no available data about the soil loss caused
by riverbank erosion for the entire country. In this study, the spatial and
temporal dynamics of the riverbank erosion for the largest internal rivers
in Serbia (Velika Morava, Zapadna Morava, Južna Morava, Pek, Mlava, Veliki
Timok, Kolubara) was assessed using remote sensing and GIS. The aim of this
paper is to determine the total and average soil loss over large-scale
periods (1923-2020), comparing data from the available sources (aerial
photographs, satellite images, and different scale paper maps). Results
indicated that lateral migration caused significant problems through land
loss (approximately 2,561 ha), especially arable land, and land use changes
in river basins, but also economic loss due to the reduction of agricultural
production. Total and average soil loss was calculated for five most
representative meanders on all studied rivers, and on the basis of the
obtained values, certain regularities about further development and dynamics
of riverbank movement are presented. A better understanding of river channel
migration in this area will be of a great importance for practical issues
such as predicting channel migration rates for river engineering and
planning purposes, soil and water management and land use changes,
environment protection.
... The size of runoff is closely connected with the occurrence of floods, which is the reason why the study is so important. It may contribute to a targeted, financially and technically efficient application of counter-flood measures in river landscape , Solín et al. 2011, Rusnák and Lehotský 2014and Kidová et al. 2016. ...
... T (Hooke, 1980;Rhoads and Welford, 1991;Konsoer et al., 2016a), changes in the frequencies of floods and water discharge (Phillips, 2002;Rusnák and Lehotský, 2014;Dépret et al., 2015) or land uses (Micheli et al., 2004;Gumiero et al., 2015). Therefore, the description and prediction of meander migration processes require a holistic perspective (Hooke et al., 2011;Güneralp et al., 2012). ...
... These results can reveal the main trend of channel shift dynamics but the size determination of eroded floodplain depends on the channel width as well. Therefore, the method of Rusnák and Lehotský (2014) allowed us to provide a solution to quantify the polygon areas of erosion, accretion and reworked floodplain ( Fig. 5/b.) based on the overlapping river bank edges. A crucial differentiation is carried out regarding the basic terms of erosion/deposition. ...
... In Hungary, the Bodrog River produced shift rates around 2.67 m/year (Mecser et al., 2009). Rusnák et al. (2014Rusnák et al. ( , 2016 found the lateral shifts up to 0.8-1.5 m/year and 1.15-1.45 m/year on the gravel bed Topl'a and Ondava Rivers (Slovakia). ...
The quasi-natural meandering type of alluvial rivers is quite unusual in Central European watersheds. The lack of extensive regulation allows such rivers to shift along their floodplain and cause erosion of natural and agricultural lands. Description of channel morphometric parameters over decadal timescales allows a better understanding of such river systems like Sajó River (Slovakia-Hungary) where no preliminary work is available regarding channel dynamics. In addition, to just describing the geomorphic processes, the environmental management implications of these meandering rivers need to be investigated as well. Thus, this study represents a bend-scale morphological analysis on the 124 km long section of the Sajó River in the Hungarian territory in eight different periods between 1952 and 2011. Archive aerial imagery, orthophotographs and topographical maps were organized into a database, then GIS-based analyses were performed to quantify the rate and extent of channel shifts, bend development and the area of erosion/accretion. On the bend scale, we have calculated several morphometric parameters (bend length, chord, amplitude, the radius of curvature) to quantify the evolutionary trajectory of reaches. Hydrological time series data were evaluated to reveal its possible role in the processes. Based on the available GIS-data of natural elements and anthropogenic intervention, we delineated 12 different reaches showing similar characteristics, from which six reaches were defined as natural. According to the morphometric parameters of the natural reaches, channel widths became narrower and the planform became more concentrated spatially in most of the reaches while the overall sinuosity of almost all natural reaches increased. Although artificial cutoffs mainly reduced the reach complexity, in some cases, they have accelerated the bend development downstream in the following few years. Erosion and accretion activity were higher in the periods when the discharge was higher than the effective discharge but its effect became less apparent in the second half of the investigated time period. By 1980, major artificial cutoffs and bank protection works were carried out that could have an impact in reducing the potential channel shifting. Based on our results, we propose a possible preservation and some modifications along the Hungarian part of the Sajó River reaches to be carried out by the local river management authorities. We conclude that this study provides a detailed demonstration of the Sajó River morphodymanics which can be used for further land planning to avoid harmful consequences of recent bank erosion processes not only along the Sajó River, but other similar rivers in Europe.
... Lately gravel mining and river sediment replacing definitely support this trend in time when the opposite nature-based management approaches and challenges (channel renaturalization of the rare and unique river system in Slovakia -NATURA 2000, protected area) are the most desirable [ 7,11,12,13,14]. Similar development on the east Slovak the river Ondava and the Topľa with decrease channel width from 87.6m to 32.6m and from 62.1m to 27.2m confirms the necessity to protect so vulnerable natural elements [15,16,17,18]. Responsible river management with protection from gravel mining and green approaches to reduction flood risk are essential for sustainable development of natural active channels. ...
Mountain stream gravel is very often legally and illegally mined and gravel is removed from river beds sometimes on the very large scale which is disastrous for fluvial situation of rivers, for river ecology and river engineering works done for flood protection such as river revetments, bridges and all hydraulic structures. This situation makes a big problem for all river managers. Thus gravel mining of the mountain streams in the Polish Carpathians is the subject of many scientific studies when we observe river problems, but also it has a place in Slovakia. This paper deals with such problems additionally showing examples of such bad practices.
... Holocene non-cohesive alluvial sandy gravels and alluvial clay and sandy-gravelly loam fluvial sediments up to 12 m thick infill this 1.2 km wide floodplain. Figure 1 shows the Ondava creates a meander system in the study area, with the river dynamics reflecting lateral river bank movements and average annual horizontal bank shift up to eight metres (Rusnák & Lehotský, 2014). A chute cutoff avulsion channel was formed in the central part of the meander neck during the 2010 extreme flood series, with gradual extension of the meander loop. ...
... While Hooke (2004) proposed effects from high flow, self-organising processes, natural evolution and artificial triggers as explanations for multiple cutoffs, combined factors and thresholds are the most likely cause of cutoffs clustering. Rusnák and Lehotský (2014) considered the overall 10-year discharge in the Ondava River created a threshold, which initiated the morphological changes and vegetation scouring in the avulsion channel. Therefore, future high-magnitude flows are expected to change the present channel into a permanent position in the avulsion channel so that the meander chute cutoff is then complete. ...
This paper presents results from monitoring the chute cutoff in the meander bend of the Ondava River in Eastern Slovakia. An avulsion channel was formed in the central part of the meander neck during 2010 flood events, and here we describe the mechanism of evolution and post‐cutoff avulsion channel adjustment using drones, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and field survey. Monitoring by UAV images began on 15 June 2012 with 78 processed images, followed by 259 images during April 2014 and 375 from 18 July 2014. The majority of UAV digital elevation model (DEM) errors in the study area were associated with vegetation cover, with the average vertical root mean square error (RMSE) of the UAV‐DEM on bare ground at 0.209 m compared with 0.673 m in vegetated areas. The chute cutoff was formed by floodplain headcutting during meander neck overflow and headcut migration was directed by floodplain sediment structure and land use. Although low river discharge after the 2010 floods stabilised the avulsion channel by vegetation succession, recurrent two‐yearly interval flooding increased the avulsion channel bank erosion from 36.9 m3/month (June 2012–April 2014) to 425.6 m3/month (April 2014–July 2014). We describe the mechanism of evolution and post‐cutoff avulsion channel adjustment using drones, UAV photogrammetry and field survey. We estimated erosion/deposition areas due to channel erosion. The chute cutoff was formed by floodplain headcutting during meander neck overflow, and headcut migration was directed by floodplain sediment structure and land use.
... Alluvial rivers represent dynamic landforms of the watersheds all over the world [1]. Under minimal regulation, these rivers can generate diverse landscapes by shifting back and forth along their floodplain [2,3]. In meandering rivers, the channel flow undercuts the outside banks resulting in seepage outflow or mass failure processes i.e., slab failures, rotational slides and sloughings or slump blocks eroding into the water body [4,5]. ...
... In order to quantify the extent of degradation by the lateral bank erosion, overlays of pairs ( Figure 2) related to consecutive time periods of the river channel polygons were composed [3]. In this research, we consider that understanding the area of accretion also plays a key role in the case of ecosystem diversity analysis. ...
... Morphological changes allow registering high rates of bank erosion, which in similar investigations in other European rivers, was also calculated [3,73,74]; however, the extent of arable lands lost by lateral erosion is not an outstanding value compared to other rivers with similar geomorphological patterns [75]. In this way, it would be a great opportunity to include in future investigations the correlation between these morphological alterations, the changes in the ...
The extensive destruction of arable lands by the process of lateral bank erosion is a major issue for the alluvial meandering type of rivers all around the world. Nowadays, land managers, stakeholders, and scientists are discussing how this process affects the surrounding landscapes. Usually, due to a land mismanagement of agroforestry activities or urbanization plans, river regulations are designed to reduce anthropogenic impacts such as bank erosion, but many of these regulations resulted in a degradation of habitat diversity. Regardless, there is a lack of information about the possible positive effects of meandering from the ecological point of view. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate a 2.12 km long meandering sub-reach of Sajó River, Hungary, in order to evaluate whether the process of meander development can be evaluated as a land degradation processes or whether it can enhance ecological conservation and sustainability. To achieve this goal, an archive of aerial imagery and UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)-surveys was used to provide a consistent database for a landscape metrics-based analysis to reveal changes in landscape ecological dynamics. Moreover, an ornithological survey was also carried out to assess the composition and diversity of the avifauna. The forest cover was developed in a remarkable pattern, finding a linear relationship between its rate and channel sinuosity. An increase in forest areas did not enhance the rate of landscape diversity since only its distribution became more compact. Eroding riverbanks provided important nesting sites for colonies of protected and regionally declining migratory bird species such as the sand martin. We revealed that almost 70 years were enough to gain a new habitat system along the river as the linear channel formed to a meandering and more natural state.
... ISSN 0016-7193 © Geografický ústav SAV / Institute of Geography SAS Na Slovensku sa v oblasti fluviálnej geomorfológie doposiaľ aplikovali predovšetkým metódy, ktoré sa viažu na analýzy spojené s terénnym prieskumom (analýza priečnych profilov, pozdĺžneho profilu, hierarchickej klasifikácie morfológie riek, hydromorfologický prieskum, analýza sedimentovnapr. Lehotský a Lacika 2007, Medveďová et al. 2007, Tomčíková 2007, Anstead a Barabas 2013 a Frandofer a Lehotský 2013) a dištančné metódy založené na získavaní priestorových údajov z historických máp (Pišút 1995(Pišút , 2002(Pišút , 2006 a 2008 a Pišút a Tomčíková 2008) a leteckých snímok (Novotný et al. 2007, Frandofer a Lehotský 2014, Rusnák a Lehotský 2014, Kidová et al. 2016, Rusnák et al. 2016ba Novotný a Cebecauerová 2016. ...
... ISSN 0016-7193 © Geografický ústav SAV / Institute of Geography SAS Na Slovensku sa v oblasti fluviálnej geomorfológie doposiaľ aplikovali predovšetkým metódy, ktoré sa viažu na analýzy spojené s terénnym prieskumom (analýza priečnych profilov, pozdĺžneho profilu, hierarchickej klasifikácie morfológie riek, hydromorfologický prieskum, analýza sedimentovnapr. Lehotský a Lacika 2007, Medveďová et al. 2007, Tomčíková 2007, Anstead a Barabas 2013 a Frandofer a Lehotský 2013) a dištančné metódy založené na získavaní priestorových údajov z historických máp (Pišút 1995(Pišút , 2002(Pišút , 2006 a 2008 a Pišút a Tomčíková 2008) a leteckých snímok (Novotný et al. 2007, Frandofer a Lehotský 2014, Rusnák a Lehotský 2014, Kidová et al. 2016, Rusnák et al. 2016ba Novotný a Cebecauerová 2016. ...
The aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) as photogrammetry payload carriers for data acquisition and fluvial landform identification and mapping. The manual and automatic classification of the Belá River riparian zone for landscape object identification and the analyses of the point cloud density after vegetation filtration was performed. The HEXAKOPTER XL including the Sony NEX 6 camera with 16 – 50 mm lens for landscape monitoring features was used. Data was processed in Agisoft PhotoScan software. The RMSE (root mean square error) of aligned images was 60.121 mm (x coordinate), 43.7584 mm (y coordinate) and 29.46 mm (z coordinate). The resulting point cloud was semiautomatic classified in the software Terrasolid – Terrascan (Microstation), in the following six classes: high vegetation (over 5 m), medium vegetation (from 1.5 m to 5 m), small vegetation (from 0.2 m to 1.5 m), topographic surface and water surface. Orthophotomosaic was classified in ArcGIS software by supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC). Here training site signatures identified the five land cover categories (water area, bar surface, vegetation, Large Woody Debris – LWD and bare surface). The classification of photogrammetric derived point clouds increases the accuracy elevation model, but on the other hand, does not capture the real terrain and topography under the vegetation.
