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Erianthus-specific 5s rDNA markers amplified in the hybrid GU(04)28 EO2. M 1 Kb ladder, Lane 1 PIO96-435 (S. officinarum), Lane 2 GU04(28) EO2 (F1 hybrid), Lane 3 IND90-776 (E. procerus). A 370 bp Erianthus-specific marker and a 230 bp Saccharum-specific marker are present in the hybrid
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Erianthus, a related genus grouped under ‘Saccharum complex’ is seriously considered as a potential genetic resource for imparting high biomass production, multi ratooning ability, resistance to major diseases and pests and tolerance to abiotic stresses to sugarcane varieties. However introgression of Erianthus had limited success in the past in vi...
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One hundred and thirty six interspecific hybrids of SSH, SRH and SBH derivation developed utilizing improved clones were assessed for variability and causal effects for cane yield and its related traits. Coefficient of variation was high (38.35 %) for number of millable canes (NMC) and brix (19.70 %) in S.spontaneum introgressed hybrid (SSH) and fo...
Commercial sugarcane varieties are hybrids between Saccharum officinarum, known for its high sucrose content but poor ratooning growth, and Saccharum spontaneum, known for its low sucrose but greater propensity to produce tillers and better disease resistance. While only 20% of the Saccharum hybrid genome originates from S. spontaneum, the genes un...
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Despite over 60 years' worth of taxonomic efforts, the relationships between sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid cultivars), Sorghum and their closest evolutionary relatives remain largely unresolved. Even relationships between generally accepted genera such as Miscanthus and Saccharum have not been examined in any large-scale molecular detail. Genera such...
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... The lack of vegetative cane and large droopy silky panicles in Erianthus procerus (2n = 40) makes it different from Erianthus arundinaceus (2n = 30, 40, and 60) and Erianthus kanashiroi Ohwi (2n = 60) [11]. Efforts have been made at the ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India, to generate novel hybrids from Erianthus procerus and Saccharum officinarum [12]. Assessment of promising hybrids for their ability to exhibit high winter ratooning and frost tolerance is standard practice, particularly in regions that face low-temperature conditions. ...
... Additionally, autumn planting with multi-ratooning is an important factor in improving the sugarcane yield and sugar recovery in the subtropical climate of India [14]. The integration of the wild genome in the resultant hybrids has shown improved resilience to water scarcity, increased biomass yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and adaptability to varied environmental stresses [12]. In subtropical climates, emphasis is given to the identification of sugarcane varieties with higher yields, increased sugar content, and resistance to diseases. ...
... In the year 2019-2020, the plant height varied between 120. 12 In the year 2018-2019, the plant height varied from 136.67 cm to 263.48 cm with a mean of 136.67 cm, and many procerus-derived hybrids were taller than the best modern cultivar, Co 0238 (Supplementary Tables). The cane diameter ranged from 1.50 cm to 2.97 cm with a mean of 2.01 cm; unlike the cane weight, the cane diameter reduced in many of the procerus-derived hybrids. ...
Winter sprouting potential and red rot resistance are two key parameters for successful sugarcane breeding in the subtropics. However, the cultivated sugarcane hybrids had a narrow genetic base; hence, the present study was planned to evaluate the Erianthus procerus genome introgressed Saccharum hybrids for their ratooning potential under subtropical climates and red rot tolerance under tropical and subtropical climates. A set of 15 Erianthus procerus derived hybrids confirmed through the 5S rDNA marker, along with five check varieties, were evaluated for agro-morphological, quality, and physiological traits for two years (2018–2019 and 2019–2020) and winter sprouting potential for three years (2018–2019, 2019–2020, and 2020–2021). The experimental material was also tested against the most prevalent isolates of the red rot pathogen in tropical (Cf671 and Cf671 + Cf9401) and subtropical regions (Cf08 and Cf09). The E. procerus hybrid GU 12—19 had the highest winter sprouting potential, with a winter sprouting index (WSI) of 10.6, followed by GU 12—22 with a WSI of 8.5. The other top-performing hybrids were as follows: GU 12—21 and GU 12—29 with a WSI of 7.2 and 6.9, respectively. A set of nine E. procerus-derived hybrids, i.e., GU04 (28) EO—2, GU12—19, GU12—21, GU12—22, GU12—23, GU12—26, GU12—27, GU12—30, and GU12—31, were resistant to the most prevalent isolates of red rot in both tropical and subtropical conditions. The association analysis revealed significant correlations between the various traits, particularly the fibre content, with a maximum number of associations, which indicates its multifaceted impact on sugarcane characteristics. Principal component analysis (PCA) summarised the data, explaining 57.6% of the total variation for the measured traits and genotypes, providing valuable insights into the performance and characteristics of the Erianthus procerus derived hybrids under subtropical climates. The anthocyanin content of Erianthus procerus hybrids was better than the check varieties, ranging from 0.123 to 0.179 (2018–2019) and 0.111 to 0.172 (2019–2020); anthocyanin plays a vital role in mitigating cold injury, acting as an antioxidant in cool weather conditions, particularly in sugarcane. Seven hybrids recorded a more than 22% fibre threshold, indicating their industrial potential. These hybrids could serve as potential donors for cold tolerance and a high ratooning ability, along with red rot resistance, under subtropical climates.
... Lacks of vegetative cane and large droopy silky panicles in E. procerus (2n = 40) make it different from E. arundinaceus (2n=30, 40 and 60) and E. kanashiroi Ohwi (2n = 60) [11]. Efforts are made at ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India to generate the novel hybrids from Erianthus procerus and Saccharum officinarum [12]. Evaluation of potential promising hybrids for high winter ratooning, frost tolerance is a standard practice in countries experiencing low-temperature conditions. ...
... Additionally, autumn planting with multi-ratooning is an important factor to improve the sugarcane yield and sugar recovery in subtropical climate of India [13]. The integration of wild genome in the resultant hybrids show improved resilience to water scarcity, increased biomass yield, resistance to pest and diseases and adaptability to varied environments [12]. In subtropical climates, emphasis is placed on the identification of sugarcane varieties with higher yields, increased sugar content and resistance to diseases. ...
... Genetic resources of Erianthus genus consists of seven species, among them two species, E. arundinaceus and E. procerus are the promising. Erianthus gained significant attention of the sugarcane breeders globally as a source for higher tillering, high ratooning ability, high biomass and tolerance against the potential biotic and abiotic stresses [9,12,35]. Erianthus is highly adapted to the varied environments and extensively distributed in both tropical and subtropical region. However, introgression of Erianthus had its own limitation due to its low compatibility, high genetic distance and moreover difficulty in identifying the true hybrids from the selfed one.the ...
The utilization of wild genera in sugarcane has been recognized as an important strategy to enhance the genetic base to impart biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in hybrid cultivars. A set of 15 Erianthus procerus derived hybrids along with five popular check varieties were evaluated for two years (2018–19 and 2019–20) for agro-morphological, quality, physiological traits and three years (2018–19, 2019–2020, and 2020–21 for winter sprouting potential. The E. procerus hybrid GU 12-19 recorded the highest winter sprouting potential with a winter sprouting index (WSI) of 10.6 and a percent superiority of 279 over best check (Co 0238) followed by GU 12-22 with WSI: 8.5 and % superiority over best check was 204. The other top-performing hybrids, GU 12-21 and GU 12-29, recorded the excellent winter sprouting potential with WSI of 7.2 and 6.9 respectively. The four E. procerus hybrids identified with higher WSI were also resistant to the prevalent races of red rot in both tropical and subtropical conditions. The association analysis revealed significant correlations between various traits, particularly fibre content with a maximum number of associations, which indicates its multifaceted impact on sugarcane characteristics. Principal component analysis (PCA) summarized the data, explaining 57.6% of the total variation for measured traits and genotypes, providing valuable insights into the performance and characteristics of the E. procerus-derived hybrids under subtropical climate. The anthocyanin content of E. procerus hybrids was better than the check varieties with a mean of 0.147 (2018–19) and 0.144 (2019–20) and range of 0.123–0.179 (2018–19) and 0.111–0.172 (2019–20), anthocyanin plays a vital role in mitigating the cold injury, acting as an antioxidant in cool weather conditions, particularly in sugarcane. Further, seven hybrids recorded more than 22% fibre threshold, indicating their industrial potential. These hybrids would be potential donors for cold tolerance and high ratooning ability along with red rot resistance under subtropical climate.
... These primers were used by Pan et al. [17] to study the phylogenetic relationship among Saccharum and related taxa and evaluate the markers' ability to discriminate between species. The 5S rRNA has been frequently used to identify the intergeneric hybrids between Tripidium and Saccharum [16,[21][22][23][24]. The 5S rRNA has also been used to identify chromosomes in genetic cytology experiments. ...
Citation: Pan, Y.-B.; Todd, J.R.; Lomax, L.; White, P.M., Jr.; Simpson, S.A.; Scheffler, B.E. Molecular Dissection of the 5S Ribosomal RNA-Intergenic Transcribed Spacers in Saccharum spp. and Tripidium spp. Agronomy 2023, 13, 2728. https:// These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Due to complex polyploid, sugarcane whole genome sequencing and characterization lag far behind other crops. PCR-based DNA markers are a viable low-cost option to evaluate genetic diversity and verify genotypes. In this study, the 5S ribosomal RNA-intergenic spacer (ITS) of 171 accessions of Saccharum spp. and Tripidium spp. was dissected, including 30 accessions of S. officinarum, 71 of S. spontaneum, 17 of S. robustum, 25 of S. barberi, 13 of S. sinense, 2 of S. edule, 5 sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp. hybrids), 6 of Tripidium spp. (formally Erianthus spp.), and 2 of unknown species. The ITS spacers were amplified from 10 ng of the leaf DNA of each accession with the universal PCR primers PI and PII. The PCR-amplified spacers (amplicons) were analyzed by both agarose gel and capillary electrophoresis (CE). While agarose gel electrophoresis revealed five banding patterns, a total of 42 polymorphic amplicons, ranging from 60 to 506 bp, were detected by CE. Three amplicons, 234-, 235-, and 236-bp in size, were amplified from all accessions of six Saccharum species, except for three S. robustum accessions (Molokai 5573, NG 57-054, and NG 77-235) that lacked the 236-bp amplicon. The 234-, 235-, 236-bp banding pattern found in S. spontaneum was less consistent than other Saccharum species, sometimes missing a few but not all the bands in this region. An amplicon of 61-bp was amplified only from the sugarcane hybrid varieties. The PI/PII patterns indicated diversity and subpopulations within Saccharum, which could potentially be used in Breeding. Moreover, all Saccharum-specific amplicons were mostly absent in Tripidium spp. accessions, which produced 405-bp and 406-bp amplicons, and any pattern of the exceptions indicated misidentification. The T. bengalense accession Kalimpong had a unique CE-banding pattern that was different from all other accessions. Although the clustering pattern of the 42 amplicons only discriminated at the genus level, these amplicons helped identify nine misclassified accessions. This study further demonstrates that these PI/PII amplicons could be particularly useful markers for breeders at sugarcane field stations to quickly confirm and discriminate among the accessions of germplasm collections.
... The red rot and drought traits were combined and in seven progenies of Co 95,005 (S. robustum base) x CYMA 09-1369. Nair et al. (2017) reported Erianthus procerus as a potential source of multiple traits, viz. higher yield, red rot resistance and drought tolerance. ...
Sugarcane agriculture is frequently challenged across the globe by biotic and abiotic factors causing significant damage to production and productivity. Sugarcane germplasm by virtue of its exhaustive collection, extensive characterization and evaluation exhibits an ideal system for combating the challenges offered from various stresses. The genus Saccharum consists of six species: Saccharum officinarum, S. spontaneum, S. robustum, Saccharum edule, S. barberi and Saccharum sinense. S.officinarum 'the noble cane' a native of Pacific islands is the basic genetic material where all the commercial hybrids are built up on. Along with the noble canes, the wild species S. spontaneum which has a Mediterranean and Indian origin has contributed significantly to the development of present-day commercial hybrids providing resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. From a utilization point of view, the sugarcane gene pool is very attractive due to less intra- and interspecific barriers and even intergeneric gene transfer involving Sclerostachya, Erianthus and Miscanthus, Sorghum and Imperata is viable. The sugarcane crop has a history of very systematic germplasm collection efforts from the beginning which has resulted in the collection of large variability of both cultivated and wild genetic resources through various national and international expeditions. In India, the gene bank at Kannur, Kerala, which is an internationally recognized systematically maintained gene bank for the sugarcane germplasm, houses the largest collection of sugarcane germplasm. A total of 3377 accessions are maintained at Kannur and over 3000 accessions at Coimbatore. The germplasm has been periodically screened against various biotic and abiotic stresses and resistant/tolerant accessions have been identified. These clones are the potential sources for genetic improvement of sugarcane against the threat posed by the challenges for sugarcane agriculture. This paper reviews the status of sugarcane germplasm collection in India and the sources of resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses available in it.
... Under prolonged drought stress conditions, there was a considerable reduction in cane yield of approximately 21%. Furthermore, significant variations were observed among different genotypes for nearly all the traits evaluated, except for stalk length and diameter, when subjected to moderate drought stress conditions [42]. ...
Stumpy irrigation water availability is extremely important for sugarcane production in Pakistan today. This issue is rising inversely to river flow due to inadequate water distribution and an uneven rainfall pattern. Sugarcane growth faces a shortage of available water for plant uptake due to the low water-holding capacity of sandy loam soil, particularly under conventional flood irrigation methods. To address this problem, sugarcane clones were evaluated for their agronomic and physiological traits under conditions of low water availability in sandy loam soil., were exposed to four levels of water deficit created through skip irrigations. These deficit levels occurred during the 9th, 11th, 13th, and 16th irrigations at alternate deficit levels between 2020 and 2022. Physiological data were collected during the tillering and grand growth stages (elongation) in response to the water deficit. The sugarcane clones S2006-US-658, S2007-AUS-384, and HSF-240 exhibited resistance to low water availability at both the tillering and grand growth stages. Following them, genotypes S2006-US-658, S2007-AUS-384, and HSF-240 performed better and were also found to be statistically significant. Clones susceptible to water deficit in terms of growth and development were identified as CP 77-400, S2008-FD-19, S2006-US-469, and S2003-US-633. These genotypes showed reduced photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, relative water content, cane yield, and proline content under stressed conditions. Therefore, genotypes S2006-US-658, S2007-AUS-384, and HSF-240 were better performers concerning physiological traits under water deficit and sandy loam soil in both years. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was assessed between agronomic traits and photosynthetic rats. This study highlights that sugarcane can sustain its growth and development even with less irrigation frequency or moisture availability, albeit with certain specific variations.
... It possesses the lowest somatic chromosome count within the Saccharum complex (Amalraj et al., 2006), has a broad geographic distribution and adaptability, and shows strong resistance to drought, cold, and degraded soils (1,1). The introgression of Erianthus genes into sugarcane varieties is expected to bring about improved multiratoon ability and disease and pest resistance (Nair et al., 2017). Furthermore, hybrids between Saccharum and E. arundinaceus or E. fulvus were observed to exhibit superior agronomic characteristics when compared with their parental species (Wang et al., 2010a(Wang et al., , 2010bFukuhara et al., 2013;Pachakkil et al., 2019). ...
Erianthus produces substantial biomass, exhibits good Brix value, and shows wider environmental adaptability, rendering it a potential biofuel plant. In contrast to closely related sorghum and sugarcane, Erianthus can grow in degraded soils, thus releasing pressure on agricultural lands used for biofuel production. However, the lack of genomic resources for Erianthus hinders its genetic improvement, thus limiting its potential for biofuel production. In the present study, we generated a chromosome-scale reference genome for Erianthus fulvus Nees. The estimated genome size through flow cytometry was found to be 937 Mb, and the assembled genome size was 902 Mb, covering 96.26% of the estimated genome size. A total of 35,065 protein-coding genes were predicted, and 67.89% of the genome was found to be repetitive. A recent whole-genome duplication occurred approximately 74.10 million years ago in the E. fulvus genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that E. fulvus is evolutionary closer to S. spontaneum and diverged after S. bicolor. Three of the ten chromosomes in E. fulvus were formed as a result of rearrangements of ancestral chromosomes. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Saccharum complex revealed a polyphyletic origin of the complex, and sister relationship of E. fulvus with Saccharum sp., excluding S. arundinaceum. Based on the four amino acid residues that provide substrate specificity, the E. fulvus SWEET proteins were classified as mono- and di-saccharide sugar transporters. Furthermore, the ortho-QTL genes identified for 10 biofuel-related traits may aid in the rapid screening of E. fulvus populations to enhance breeding programs for improved biofuel production. In conclusion, the results of this study provide valuable insights for breeding programs aimed at improving biofuel production in E. fulvus and enhancing sugarcane introgression programs.
... Utilization of species-level clones and related genera directly in the crossing programmes has its own limitations due to the irregular flowering, low pollen fertility, seed set, and seed viability. Intraspecific/intergeneric improvement of the species clones has been the norm with these improved clones being used as parents in commercial crosses , Nair et al., 2017. Utilization of improved Saccharum robustum clones, S. officinarum × S. robustum clones etc., have been documented in India, too, with an increase in sucrose content up to 26% in these improved clones (Karuppaiyyan et al., 2020, Alarmelu et al., 2014. ...
... Utilization of species-level clones and related genera directly in the crossing programmes has its own limitations due to the irregular flowering, low pollen fertility, seed set, and seed viability. Intraspecific/intergeneric improvement of the species clones has been the norm with these improved clones being used as parents in commercial crosses , Nair et al., 2017. Utilization of improved Saccharum robustum clones, S. officinarum × S. robustum clones etc., have been documented in India, too, with an increase in sucrose content up to 26% in these improved clones (Karuppaiyyan et al., 2020, Alarmelu et al., 2014. ...
... Utilization of species-level clones and related genera directly in the crossing programmes has its own limitations due to the irregular flowering, low pollen fertility, seed set, and seed viability. Intraspecific/intergeneric improvement of the species clones has been the norm with these improved clones being used as parents in commercial crosses , Nair et al., 2017. Utilization of improved Saccharum robustum clones, S. officinarum × S. robustum clones etc., have been documented in India, too, with an increase in sucrose content up to 26% in these improved clones (Karuppaiyyan et al., 2020, Alarmelu et al., 2014. ...
Several abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, heat, flooding, ion toxicity, and radiation, are the most important constraints to agricultural practice. The understanding of the molecular basis of plant response to these various environmental factors has been a main concentration of research in the last few decades. Several genes/pathways and regulatory networks involved in stress responses are figured out employing various different approaches.
In tropical countries, sugarcane is an important crop in the terms of sugar and ethanol production because it is increasing its area of cultivation and biomass yield is increasing. Water is the one of the major abiotic stresses affecting sugarcane productivity. The development of a drought-tolerant cultivar of sugarcane is one an important goal for all key sugarcane-producing countries.
Genome-editing technology is used routinely to modify plant genomes by targeted alteration/editing of specific genes, and it provides a method for introducing targeted mutation, insertion/deletion (indel), and precise sequence modification using customized nucleases during a big variety of organisms. Most regularly used genome-editing tools are transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 (CRISPR-associated nuclease 9), and zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs). In general, these sequence-specific nucleases cause double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the target genomic locus/loci, which is/are repaired by the intracellular repair pathways, nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), or homology-directed repair (HDR). NHEJ results in the introduction of indels and HDR are often wont to introduce specific point mutations or insertion of desired sequences (such as tags or new domains) via recombination. Simple designing and cloning methods were involved in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, with the same Cas9 being potentially available for use with different guide RNAs for targeting multiple sites in the genome.
In this chapter, we emphasize on methodologies to improve genome-editing technology (CRISPR-Cas9 system) to increase abiotic stress tolerance/resistance in sugarcane and summarize the process used to generate new mutant alleles of environmental stress response genes in sugarcane. Such studies suggest further applications in molecular breeding to enhance plant function using optimized plant gene-editing systems.
... By this strategy, the disease epidemics were overcome inspite of the ravages caused by each of the red rot epidemics occurred during the past 120 years (Viswanathan 2021b). Much progress has been achieved in identifying resistant parents, inheritance of disease resistance and resistant clones in the germplasm, parents and inter-specific andgeneric hybrids (Ram et al. 2005;Babu et al. 2010;Nair et al. 2017;Viswanathan et al. 2017cViswanathan et al. , 2018dViswanathan et al. , 2021b. Further, new screening methods, rapid screening of large number of clones under controlled conditions, a method to assess field tolerance and a new method to assess nodal resistance to C. falcatum by cotton swab inoculation were developed and being used Viswanathan et al. 2018a). ...
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp hybrid) is grown across the continents, principally for white sugar and bioethanol. It is a C4 plant, generates highest amount of biomass among the cultivated crops, and meets nearly 80% of the global white sugar requirement. The modern cultivated sugarcane is a derivative of Saccharum officinarum (noble canes) and the wild relative, S. spontaneum. Worldwide, breeding strategies have improved sugarcane yield till 1970s and later cane yield remained static across the countries. Many biotic constraints seriously affect productivity of the crop which is specific to cane growing countries. Among the diseases, smut, ratoon stunting, yellow leaf and mosaic are the major constraints in most of the countries. The diseases like red rot and wilt seriously affect cane production in South and South East Asian countries with many historic red rot epiphytotics causing huge crop losses in India. Similarly, the phytoplasma diseases, grassy shoot and white leaf are serious constraints in Asian region. Recently, the diseases like rusts, pokkah boeng, red stripe etc. emerged as major diseases in different countries. Among the insect pests, stalk borers are ubiquitous in nature with serious economic losses and each country or region has unique group of borer pests. Apart from the borer pests, many sucking pests and root grub are also of serious concern to sugarcane cultivation. Among the management strategies, host resistance is successfully exploited against various diseases and healthy seed, heat treatment, and chemicals are the other management strategies adopted in tandem. In case of insect pests, an integrated management is followed with more emphasis on biological control and chemicals depending on the pests and the location. Though remarkable gains were achieved through breeding strategies, complex polyploidy hinders genetic advancements for various traits in sugarcane. Recently, various genomic tools, especially transcriptomics were applied to understand gene functions and molecular markers are partially successful. Although, genetic transformation was successful in developing many transgenic lines against various biotic constraints, application of genome editing is in nascent stage due to multiple alleles. Overall, the various biotic constraints are managed through host resistance and other strategies in an integrated approach. Genomic applications have helped to understand genomes of the crop and pathogens/insects and, host resistance and genetic engineering supports trait improvement.
