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Equivalent circuits of basic converters in DCM by using virtual switching a buck converter b boost converter c buck-boost converter
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Modelling of the switched mode power converter (SMPC) involves obtaining the large signal, steady-state and small signal representations. Transfer functions and state equations are used for mathematical representation of the SMPC. Obtaining these dynamic models using a mathematical or graphical approach sometimes lead to loss of an intuitive unders...
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... terminal device has been proposed [19]. Its main function lies in the topological support to the formulation of the full- order state space model. Along similar lines, this paper introduces the virtual switch to prevent the order reduction in the state space model. As an example, the virtual switch position in three basic converters is shown in Fig. 22. A buck converter example is chosen for modelling (Fig. ...
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... lies in the topological support to the formulation of the full- order state space model. Along similar lines, this paper introduces the virtual switch to prevent the order reduction in the state space model. As an example, the virtual switch position in three basic converters is shown in Fig. 22. A buck converter example is chosen for modelling (Fig. ...
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... the controlled switch S 1 and diode S 2 obtains OFF. The voltage at point O becomes v O . This virtual switch only closes when both switches become OFF. U 1 , U 2 and U 3 are the Boolean signals, which are mutually exclusive in time with respect to each other. These Boolean signals control the states of the switches S 1 , S 2 and S 3 shown in Fig. 22a. The bond graph model of converter in Fig. 22a is as shown in Fig. 23. Fig. 23 is the large signal model of the converter in DCM. State equations for the large signal model are given ...
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... OFF. The voltage at point O becomes v O . This virtual switch only closes when both switches become OFF. U 1 , U 2 and U 3 are the Boolean signals, which are mutually exclusive in time with respect to each other. These Boolean signals control the states of the switches S 1 , S 2 and S 3 shown in Fig. 22a. The bond graph model of converter in Fig. 22a is as shown in Fig. 23. Fig. 23 is the large signal model of the converter in DCM. State equations for the large signal model are given ...
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Citations
... This has a significant bearing on the resulting state equations of the system. [41][42][43] This model visually indicates the cause and effect relationships between energy variables, which enhance the visual understanding of the system. This approach uses a logical process of graphical reduction, which ultimately results in the state equations of the large signal and small signal. ...
This paper provides an overview of various control strategies for DC–DC converters along with a brief discussion on various performance indices for evaluating the reliability of designed controller. DC–DC converters are emerging as the fastest‐growing interfacing devices in the world because of their emergent applications in almost all domains of engineering. Notably, the non‐linear behavior of DC–DC converters offers a perplexing problem in designing a robust controller. A robust controller must ensure proper closed‐loop stability with desired performance and reliable control for output voltage regulation in the event of various possible perturbations. This creates the requirement for practically implementable non‐linear controllers that can effectively overlook the drawbacks of linear controllers. The prominence of this composition is based on the expansion in tuning techniques of proportional‐integral‐derivative controller gain parameters using linear strategies and heading towards non‐linear strategies by reviewing 196 research papers. The modification in non‐linear control strategies in terms of their fundamental features associated with key benefits and limitations are comprehensively reviewed. This study mostly revolves around non‐linear internal model control (IMC) strategies for parameter tuning of IMC‐based controllers for various order of plants with an improved degree of freedom.
... On the other hand, zero-junctions represent parallel connections where the effort variable is the same for all connected components while the flow variable is conserved. Continuous circuit representation along with switching circuits and switching cells are discussed in [14], [23], [24], and briefly discussed in this paragraph that will focus on switching circuits since Continuous circuits are the special case of the more general case switching circuits [25]. Different switching circuits representation techniques were developed, however in this work, switched power junctions technique is to be utilized due to analytical and physical reasons of causality assignment and discontinuities mentioned in [26], [27]. ...
This paper proposes an integration between a graph framework for circuit representation and a Graph neural network (GNN) model suitable for different machine learning (ML) applications. Furthermore, the paper highlights design steps for tailoring and using the GNNbased ML model for converter performance predictions based on converter circuit level and internal parameter variations. Regardless of the number of components or connections present in a converter circuit, the proposed model can be readily scaled to incorporate different converter circuit topologies and may be used to analyze such circuits regardless of the number of components used or control parameters varied. To enable the use of machine learning (ML) methods and applications, all physical and switching circuit properties including operating mode, components and circuit behavior must be accurately mapped to graph representation.The model scalability to other circuit types and different connections and circuits elements is also tested, while being studied in the most common DC-AC inverter in grid connected systems including filter and filterless configurations. The filtered and filterless DC-AC inverter circuits are used to evaluate the model, scoring R2 greater than 99% in most cases and a mean square error (MSE) tending to zero.
... D1, D2, D3 are mutually exclusive control signal to control switches operation. The concept of virtual switch presented in [62] is used to express the converter operation in DCM. This representation is based on the fact that inductor current reaches zero in DCM. ...
This paper proposes a method of transferring physical continuous and switching/converter circuits working in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) to graph representation, independent of the connection or the number of circuit components, so that machine learning (ML) algorithms and applications can be easily applied. Such methodology is generalized and is applicable to circuits with any number of switches, components, sources and loads, and can be useful in applications such as artificial intelligence (AI) based circuit design automation, layout optimization, circuit synthesis and performance monitoring and control. The proposed circuit representation and feature extraction methodology is applied to seven types of continuous circuits, ranging from second to fourth order and it is also applied to three of the most common converters (Buck, Boost, and Buck-boost) operating in CCM or DCM. A classifier ML task can easily differentiate between circuit types as well as their mode of operation, showing classification accuracy of 97.37% in continuous circuits and 100% in switching circuits
... D 1 , D 2 , D3 are mutually exclusive control signal to control switches operation. The concept of virtual switch presented in [62] is used to express the converter operation in DCM. This representation is based on the fact that inductor current reaches zero in DCM. ...
This paper proposes a method of transferring physical continuous and switching/converter circuits working in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) to graph representation, independent of the connection or the number of circuit components, so that machine learning (ML) algorithms and applications can be easily applied. Such methodology is generalized and is applicable to circuits with any number of switches, components, sources and loads, and can be useful in applications such as artificial intelligence (AI) based circuit design automation, layout optimization, circuit synthesis and performance monitoring and control. The proposed circuit representation and feature extraction methodology is applied to seven types of continuous circuits, ranging from second to fourth order and it is also applied to three of the most common converters (Buck, Boost, and Buck-boost) operating in CCM or DCM. A classifier ML task can easily differentiate between circuit types as well as their mode of operation, showing classification accuracy of 97.37% in continuous circuits and 100% in switching circuits.
... D 1 , D 2 , D3 are mutually exclusive control signal to control switches operation. The concept of virtual switch presented in [62] is used to express the converter operation in DCM. This representation is based on the fact that inductor current reaches zero in DCM. ...
... The bond graph techniques improve the understanding of the system graphically. This technique unifies the large and small-signal models and steady-state models for SMPCs [12]. The techniques are applicable to Quasiresonant DC-DC converters also. ...
... The bond graph models [12] for the converter in the four possible switching positions which are (i) switch ON, Diode ON (ii) switch ON, diode OFF (iii) switch OFF, diode OFF (iv) switch OFF, diode ON are developed and given in figures from 2(a)-2(d) respectively. ...
... Bond graph model of Buck ZVS Quasiresonant DC-DC converter (OFF switch & ON Diode) e). Large signal Bond graph model of Buck ZVSQuasiresonant DC-DC converter The steady state bond graph model and the small signal ac bond graph model for the converter is obtained by following the reduction steps[12] are shown inFig. 2(f) and 2(g) respectively. ...
Modeling of Buck Zero voltage switching (ZVS) Quasiresonant DC-DC power converter using bond graph approach is being presented here. The development of steady-state, small signal and large signal AC bond graph models of Buck ZVS Quasiresonant converter will be presented. The bond graph model will be simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and are compared with the simulated results obtained in PSIM.
... After drawing an appropriate bond graph, the state equations can be derived using Kirchoff's law. After developing the large signal model of the converter, the remaining two models are developed using the steps [12]. Similar procedure is followed in developing the model for quasiresonant converters. ...
... The bond graph models using steps [12] for the converter in the four modes of operations of the converter: when both the switch and diode are ON, when both the switch and diode are OFF and when any one of the switch and diode are On and the other is OFF are developed and are shown in Fig. 2(a) -2(d). ...
... The large signal model is further modified into steadystate and small signal ac bond graph models by following the due steps [12]. The developed models are drawn and shown in Fig. 2(f) and 2(g). ...
Here, a Boost Zero voltage switching (ZVS) Quasiresonant DC-DC power converter is modeled using bond graph modeling technique. The three important models of the converter which are large signal model, steady-state model and small signal AC bond graph models of the Boost ZVS Quasiresonant converter will be offered. The bond graph model is to be simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the simulated waveforms are compared with that of PSIM simulated waveforms.
... Sampled data modeling successfully predicts the subharmonic instability in currentmode controller. Apart from the above mentioned techniques, different graphical modeling techniques such as bond graph [19] and switching flow graph model [20] have also been used to model DC-DC converter. Nonlinear modeling (using Taylor series [21], volterra series [22]), spectral modeling and fractional-order modeling [23] of DC-DC converter have been investigated in literature. ...
DC–DC converter finds widespread use in variety of applications. DC–DC converter inherently possess nonlinear dynamics, therefore different linearization schemes are used to get a linearized model of the converter. The classical state-space averaging method is one of the most widely used linearizing method for DC–DC converter. But the said linearization method has some inherent limitation which limits the accuracy of the developed linearized model. This paper provides a discussion of mathematical modeling of DC–DC converter operating in continuous conduction mode as well as in discontinuous conduction mode using exact feedback linearization (EFL) technique which is based on Lie algebra. A linearized model of the converter is obtained using EFL and the effect of change in duty cycle and change in circuit parameters on the frequency response has been studied. The frequency response of the EFL model and nonlinear model is matching within the range of duty cycle and load resistance considered in this paper.
... Estos elementos se utilizan para introducir al modelo la información de la relación estructural que tienen todos los elementos constitutivos. En un circuito eléctrico, estos elementos permiten, por ejemplo, definir si dos componentes se encuentran conectados en serie o en paralelo [5]. ...
... Allí, un único enlace decide el flujo en la unión y fija entonces dicho flujo en todos los otros enlaces conectados a esa unión. Por otro lado, todos los demás enlaces fijan el esfuerzo en el enlace encargado de decidir el flujo [5]. Nuevamente, la información que cuál enlace decide el flujo en la unión viene dada por las barras transversales. ...
... Dicha unión 0 que inherentemente incorpora múltiples enlaces que fijen el esfuerzo en intervalos diferentes se denomina unión tipo 0s. De manera similar, una unión tipo 1 donde existan múltiples enlaces encargados de fijar el flujo en tiempos mutuamente excluyentes se denomina unión tipo 1s [5]. ...
Se presenta una colección de modelos Bond Graph (BG) en diferentes niveles de abstracción de las topologías básicas de circuitos electrónicos conmutados DC-DC (N. Mohan et al., Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design, Wiley, N. Y., (1989)) y su implementación e integración en una librería 20Sim. Los BG proveen una descripción gráfica, multidisciplinaria, unificada y orientada a objetos y, además, la organización adecuada para el análisis y el cálculo de las relaciones matemáticas en el sistema. El software 20Sim (www.20sim.com) permite integrar modelos BG con diagramas de bloques y ecuaciones diferenciales, herramientas usuales al tratar estos sistemas con técnicas de modelado y
simulación.Los componentes de la librería se clasifican según:
a) Las topologías modeladas, que son las Boost, Buck, Buck-Boost, Cuk y Sepic. Cada implementación práctica tiene un generador de onda PWM para el manejo de las conmutaciones según el ciclo de trabajo impuesto por el sistema de control.
b) Los niveles de abstracción, que incluyen modelos de circuitos:
1. con semiconductores tratados como llaves ideales que conmutan instantánea y discontinuamente. Se modelan en el formalismo BG según la implementación de la técnica de los “Switched Power Junctions” presentada en (Nacusse et al., Mec Comp, 27(46):3479-3494 (2008)). Son los modelos usados típicamente para evaluar el comportamiento de los circuitos controlados con un nivel de detalle superior al empleado en el diseño de los controladores.
2. con conmutaciones continuas. Se modelan estos fenómenos en la escala de tiempo microscópica en la que tienen lugar, por lo tanto no se las considera instantáneas. Son los modelos típicamente empleados en el diseño intrínseco de la electrónica de potencia.
3. promediados, que retienen la dinámica pero sustituyen las conmutaciones por fenómenos continuos resultantes de su promediación en el tiempo. Son los modelos simplificados usados típicamente en el diseño del control de los circuitos conmutados.
c) Los ensayos actualmente integrados, que prevén la energización de los circuitos, modificaciones de sus condiciones de carga, y la especificación de distintos set-points. Dado que la librería es abierta, cualquier usuario puede simular otros escenarios, como por ejemplo analizar la respuesta en frecuencia, o el comportamiento ante perturbaciones externas y fallas en los componentes electrónicos, entre otros.
... They are described by several operating regimes, called modes, and each mode can be activated under certain conditions. Hybrid systems include examples of switched mode power converter (Umarikar et al., 2005), automotives and high-speed printers. In order to model the discontinuous mode changes of a hybrid system, Mosterman et al. (1995) developed Hybrid Bond Graph (HBG) to include the notion of idealized switching junctions and thus represent hybrid systems in a compact manner. ...
In this work, we have introduced an insect-inspired flapper mimicking typical general characteristics of flying insects such
as wing corrugation and wing clap-fling as well as wing rotation. The flapper was actuated by a unimorph piezoelectric composite
actuator and a compressed one, respectively, for force generation comparison. Flapping tests were conducted both in the air
and in a vacuum chamber to measure total vertical force and vertical inertia force, and then the vertical aerodynamic force
was calculated by subtracting the vertical inertia force from the total vertical force. Further, the wing kinematics of the
flapper was figured out by examining high-speed camera images taken from front and top views at the same time. The experimental
results confirmed that the flapper could optimally operate at flapping frequency of 9 Hz and applied voltage of 300 voltage
peak-to-peak (Vpp). In addition, the results also showed that we could increase the flapping angle 22 % and improve the average of vertical
aerodynamic force 19 % by using the compressed piezoelectric composite actuator.
