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This article presents a cost-effective antenna design for wireless power transfer in electric scooters. The proposed design can be applied to any commercial 48 V/20 Ah electric scooter. In this study, based on the magnetic resonant coupling theory, a circuit that satisfies SAE J2954 specifications is presented. One-directional antenna/receiver pair...
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... Basic topologies consist of a single capacitor, which may be connected in series or in parallel on either side of the inductive link, hence the names series-series (SS), series-parallel (SP), parallel-series (PS) and parallel-parallel (PP). However, according to [40,41], SP, PS and PP are seldom used in wireless EV charging systems due to their large input impedance and their load-dependent capacitor tuning, while SS networks offer load-independent operation and are hence suitable for wireless EV chargers [42][43][44]. ...
Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) systems enable electric vehicles (EVs) to receive energy on the move, without stopping at charging stations. Nonetheless, the energy efficiency of DWC systems is affected by the inherent misalignments of the mobile EVs, causing fluctuations in the amount of energy transmitted to the EVs. In this work, a multi-coil secondary-side inductive link (IL) design is proposed with independent double-D (DD) and quadrature coils to reduce the effect of coupling fluctuations on the power received during misalignments. Dual-sided inductor–capacitor–capacitor (LCC) compensation networks are utilized with power and current control circuits to provide a load-independent, constant current output at different misalignment conditions. The LCC compensation components are tuned to maximize the power transferred at the minimum acceptable coupling point, kmin. This compensates for the leaked energy during misalignments and minimizes variations in the operating frequency during zero-phase angle (ZPA) operation. Simulations reveal an almost constant output power for different lateral misalignment (LTMA) values up to ±200 mm for a 25 kW system, with a power transfer efficiency of 90%. A close correlation between simulation and experimental results is observed.
... It is also possible to combine the characteristics of SS and PS to achieve SPS constant output power without adjusting the power supply [11,63]. Although PS allows for soft switching in semiconductors [64], compensations on the primary side are rarely employed due to high impedance, calculation complexity, and coupling coefficient dependence on load, among other factors [65]. In PS and PP, the increased input impedance necessitates a high driving voltage to transfer sufficient power [66]. ...
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) system is a rapidly evolving technology with vast potentials in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, biomedicals and smart grid applications such as Vehicle to Grid (V2G). Hence, this article is devoted to present an overview of recent progress in WPT with specific interest in magnetic resonance WPT and its system architectures such as compensation topologies, inputs and outputs, as well as coil structure. The strengths, drawbacks and applications of the basic compensations (SS, SP, PS, PP) and hybrid compensations (LCC and LCL) were presented and compared. Although primary parallel compensations perform well at low mutual inductance, they are rarely used due to large impedance and dependence of coefficient coupling on the load. Hence, the need for extra-compensations forming hybrid topologies, such as LCC, LCL, which usually choice topologies for dynamic WPT application or V2G application.
... In recent decades, the research fraternity has made significant contributions in impedance matching, optimization designs and modelling analysis. Tsai et al. [34] have designed a directional antenna to generate higher flux density. However, WPT in seawater is still a challenging issue. ...
In recent decades, wireless power transfer (WPT) has gained significant interest from both academic and industrial experts. It possesses natural electrical isolation between transmitter and receiver components, ensuring a secure charging mechanism in an underwater scenario. This groundbreaking technology has also enabled power transmission in the deep-sea environment. However, the stochastic nature of the ocean highly influences underwater wireless power transmission and transfer efficiency is not up to that of terrestrial WPT systems. Recently, the research fraternity has focused on WPT in the air medium, while underwater wireless power transfer (UWPT) is challenging and yet to be explored. The major concerns are ocean current disturbance, bio-fouling, extreme pressure and temperature, seawater conductivity and attenuation. Thus, it is essential to address these challenges, which cause a substantial energy loss in UWPT. This study presents a comparison between various WPT techniques and highlights the research contributions in UWPT in recent years. Research and engineering challenges, practical considerations, and applications are analyzed in this review. We have also addressed influencing factors such as coil orientation, coil misalignment and seawater effects in order to realize an efficient and flexible UWPT system. In addition, this study proposes multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) wireless power transmission, which can significantly improve the endurance of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVS). This idea can be applied to the design of an underwater wireless power station for self-charging of AUVs.
... Choosing the values of capacitance and inductance depends mainly on the quality coefficient, coupling coefficient, and transmitter and receiver topology [142]. Using a parallel capacitor on the transmitter side is rare due to complexity of calculations, reliability of the load, coupling coefficient, and large input impedance [143,144]. ...
Inductive power transfer (IPT) technology offers a promising solution for electric vehicle (EV) charging. It permits an EV to charge its energy storage system without any physical connections using magnetic coupling between inductive coils. EV inductive charging is an exemplary option due to the related merits such as: automatic operation, safety in harsh climatic conditions, in-teroperability, and flexibility. There are three visions to realize wireless EV charging: (i) static, in which charging occurs while EV is in long-term parking; (ii) dynamic (in-motion), which happens when EV is moving at high speed; and (iii) quasi-dynamic, which can occur when EV is at transient stops or driving at low speed. This paper introduces an extensive review for IPT systems in dynamic EV charging. It offers the state-of-the-art of transmitter design, including magnetic structure and supply arrangement. It explores and summarizes various types of compensation networks , power converters, and control techniques. In addition, the paper introduces the state-of-the-art of research and development activities that have been conducted for dynamic EV inductive charging systems, including challenges associated with the technology and opportunities to tackle these challenges. This study offers an exclusive reference to researchers and engineers who are interested in learning about the technology and highlights open questions to be addressed.
... Four basic topologies are often referenced. Depending on how the compensation capacitors are added to the transmitting and receiving coils, they are simply named as series-series (SS), series-parallel (SP), parallel-series (PS), and parallel-parallel (PP) topologies [3,4]. Compared with the conventional topologies, the double-sided LCC compensation network is shown in Figure 1. ...
This study investigates the statistic behavior and parameter estimation problems of a double-sided, LCC-compensated, wireless power transfer system. Based on the commonly used wireless charging circuit model, this study proposes a five-step parameter estimation method, which is applicable to automotive static wireless charging systems. The eight parameters in the circuit model of this study are the most important key components of the wireless charging system. The study also found that, under certain conditions, the statistic mode of wireless charging systems has a specific distribution. However, the current status of these eight components for wireless charging of electric vehicles will have complex parameter drift problems. These drift problems will deteriorate the performance of the vehicle power systems. This study probes these factors and proposes some related mathematical theories. The noted factors can be applied to the analysis of the wireless charging system and provide alternative solutions to explain the deteriorations from coil misalignments. Both simulations and experiments are given to show the evaluated issues of the proposed study.
... In a WPT system, the power from the transmitter is wirelessly captured by a rectenna which can convert the incident radio frequency (RF) power into DC power for many sensing devices [3]. This concept has been widely applied to short-range and mid-range WPT systems based on magnetic flux induction and resonant coupling, respectively [4,5]. Yet, the question is ''Can wireless power transfer benefit from large transmitter arrays?". ...
A novel passive frequency beam-steering linear antenna array is proposed in this paper to be utilized at the transmit side of a long-range wireless power transfer (WPT) system. To assure high power handling for a long-range transfer, the proposed antenna is designed based on stripline technology. Moreover, unlike other reported designs, the antenna array in this paper uses parallel feed while frequency beam-steering. This permits to apply a special synthesis at the radiating elements to minimize the energy wasted at the side lobes. The antenna array uses common-fed dipoles as radiating elements to eliminate the surface current at the ground planes that is considered a critical issue in high power applications. The antenna covers the frequency band from 1.1 to 1.5 GHz with a reflection coefficient better than-10 dB (VSWR < 2). Consequently, steers its main lobe from 60° to 90° respectively. Being passive, the efficiency of the WPT system is improved as no active component is needed to steer the antenna beam. The antenna is capable of radiating simultaneous, sequential or selective (shuffled) multiple beams for multiple receivers with a half-power beamwidth of 6°, a peak-to-side lobe level better than 20 dB and an average realized gain of 13 dBi. The antenna array handles a peak power reaches 1.6 MW which makes it an excellent candidate for a long-range WPT system.
... The compensations with a parallel capacitor on the primary side are rarely used [46], [47] due to the large input impedance, the complexity of the calculations, dependence on the coupling coefficient and load, and other disadvantages. Although some sources indicate that the PS compensation scheme provides a soft switching of all semiconductor devices [48]. ...
... The same principles are used for charging scooters [47], electric bikes (Fig.17c) [11], [83], [108], [153] - [156] and other low-power transport devices. There may be charging stations for charging multiple bicycles at different power levels with the LCL and CLC compensation [101], [102]. ...
Wireless power transfer devices are becoming more relevant and widespread. Therefore, an article is devoted to a review, analysis and comparison of compensation topologies for an inductive power transfer. A new classification of topologies is developed. A lot of attention is paid to the problems of the physical fundamentals of compensation work, standards, safety, and five main topology requirements. It is determined, that topologies with the series primary compensating are the most effective in the IPT for charging devices among the four classical schemes. The series-parallel solution is recommended in case of the low output voltage, minimum size of a secondary side coil is achievable. The series-series solution does not depend on the magnetic coupling coefficient and the load on the resonance frequency. For the convenience of displaying and understanding the information, the comparison results are listed in the tables, graphs and dependencies. The main suitable topologies for a certain application are defined. The given conclusions provide a “-stop”. information source and a selection guide on the application of compensation topologies both in terms of devices and in terms of power level that is the main value of this paper. During literature analysis and recent trends in the market for wireless power transmission devices, the main possible further ways of developing topologies are underlined. First of all, it concerns increasing the frequency of resonance of compensation topologies, the use of multilevel / multi-pulse / multicoils structures, the study of existing high-frequency semiconductors and the development of the semiconductor and magnetic materials.
... • Wireless power transfers, presently, work not only under microwave frequencies, if not radio frequencies, but also under a designed (nonphysiological) condition. [87][88][89] They are at most separable transformers, whose coils are not considered as antennae. However, medical applications require the power chargers to work under a flexible physiological condition. ...
Most of our current understanding of mechanisms of photosynthesis comes from spectroscopy. However, the classical definition of a radio antenna can be extended to the optical regime to discuss the function of light-harvesting antennae. Further to our previously proposed model of a loop antenna, we provide several more physical explanations in considering the nonreciprocal properties of light harvesters of bacteria. We explain the function of the nonheme iron at the reaction center and present reasons for each module of the light harvester being composed of one carotenoid, two short α-helical polypeptides, and three bacteriochlorophylls; we also explained the toroidal shape of the light harvester, the upper bound of the characteristic length of the light harvester, the functional role played by the observed long-lasting spectrometric signal, and the observed photon antibunching. Based on these analyses, two mechanisms that might be used by radiation-durable bacteria, Deinococcus radiodurans; and the nonreciprocity of an archaeon, Haloquadratum walsbyi, are analyzed. The physical lessons involved are useful for designing artificial light harvesters, optical sensors, wireless power chargers, passive superPlanckian heat radiators, photocatalytic hydrogen generators, and radiation protective cloaks. In particular, it can predict what kind of particles should be used to separate sunlight into a photovoltaically and thermally useful range to enhance the efficiency of solar cells.
... help us to manufacture optical wireless power chargers [13] and make better electromagnetic wave sensors [14]. Wireless power transfers, at this moment, work not only under microwave frequencies, if not radio frequencies, but also only under designed non-physiological condition [15][16][17][18]. However, medical applications require the power chargers to work under flexible physiological condition [16]. ...
Mechanisms to use nanoparticles to separate sunlight into photovoltaic useful range and thermally useful range to increase the efficiency of solar cells and to dissipate heat radiatively are discussed based on lessons that we learnt from photosynthesis. We show that the dual-band maxima in the absorption spectrum of bacterial light harvestors not only are due to the bacteriochlorophylls involved but also come from the geometry of the light harvestor. Being able to manipulate these two bands arbitrarily enables us to fabricate the nanoparticles required. Such mechanisms are also useful for the design of remote power charging and light sensors.
... In the last decade, researchers have done a lot of work in optimization design, model analysis, and impedance matching. Tsai et al. 15 proposed a kind of directional antenna which can produce a higher flux density to the receiver. Researchers demonstrated a wearable WPT system using conductive thread coils for wearable device applications working at 6.78 MHz. ...
The wireless power transfer shows great potential in the future for its safety and convenience. Autonomous underwater vehicle is one of the important tools to explore and develop oceans. In this study, we develop and analyze a wireless power transfer system based on magnetic resonance coupling to charge the autonomous underwater vehicle underwater. We have adopted a way that energy transmission underneath the vehicle and the coils in the wireless power transfer system were proposed to obtain a higher mutual inductance based on the shape of the vehicle in this study. In addition, we analyze the equivalent circuit model and propose a kind of impedance matching network to maintain system security. The coils we used in the proposed system are 20 turns and their radii are 70 mm. The system works well with 100 W output and 72% efficiency.
