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The sale of counterfeit medicine is a continuously
growing global problem costing billions of dollars and effecting
hundreds of thousands of precious human lives annually.
Consumers of medicine have no reliable and simple way
of distinguishing genuine medicine from counterfeit. In this
paper we analyzed existing techniques of counterfeit medicine
i...
Citations
... QR codes are two-dimensional barcodes that can be easily scanned by smartphones. They possess the capacity to store up to 7089 alphanumeric characters, making them ideal for storing various data types, such as website URLs, contact details, geographical information, and product specifications [8]. Through the integration of QR code-equipped bins and a user-friendly mobile app involving the community, our proposed system strives to enhance waste reduction, elevate recycling rates, and enhance the cleanliness and sustainability of communities. ...
Effective waste management is of paramount importance as it contributes significantly to environmental preservation, mitigates health hazards, and aids in the preservation of precious resources. Conversely, mishandling waste not only presents severe environmental risks but can also disrupt the balance of ecosystems and pose threats to biodiversity. The emission of carbon dioxide, methane, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) can constitute a significant factor in the progression of global warming and climate change, consequently giving rise to atmospheric pollution. This pollution, in turn, has the potential to exacerbate respiratory ailments, elevate the likelihood of cardiovascular disorders, and negatively impact overall public health. Hence, efficient management of trash is extremely crucial in any society. It requires integrating technology and innovative solutions , which can help eradicate this global issue. The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary communication paradigm with significant contributions to remote monitoring and control. IoT-based trash management aids remote garbage level monitoring but entails drawbacks like high installation and maintenance costs, increased electronic waste production (53 million metric tons in 2013), and substantial energy consumption for always-vigilant IoT devices. Our research endeavors to formulate a comprehensive model for an efficient and cost-effective waste collection system. It emphasizes the need for global commitment by policymakers, stakeholders, and civil society, working together to achieve a common goal. In order to mitigate the depletion of manpower, fuel resources, and time, our proposed method leverages quick response (QR) codes to enable the remote monitoring of waste bin capacity across diverse city locations. We propose to minimize the deployment of IoT devices, utilizing them only when absolutely necessary and thereby allocating their use exclusively to central garbage collection facilities. Our solution places the onus of monitoring garbage levels at the community level firmly on the shoulders of civilians, demonstrating that a critical aspect of any technology is its ability to interact and collaborate with humans. Within our framework, citizens will employ our proposed mobile application to scan QR codes affixed to waste bins, select the relevant garbage level, and transmit this data to the waste collection teams' database. Subsequently, these teams will plan for optimized garbage collection procedures, considering parameters such as garbage volume and the most efficient collection routes aimed at minimizing both time and fuel consumption.
... These Android applications often allow consumers to check the product's authenticity by verifying the local government. There is also a framework that utilizes a data matrix to resolve the current vulnerabilities of present solutions [19][20][21]. Using RFID and data mining algorithms, fake medicine detection becomes more convenient [22], [23]. ...
Over the last decade, pharmaceutical businesses have battled to standardize product traceability across the supply chain process, enabling counterfeiters to enter the market with counterfeit pharmaceuticals. As a result, an end-to-end product tracking system is crucial for ensuring product safety and eliminating counterfeit products across the pharmaceutical supply chain. In this paper, we introduce PharmaChain, a decentralized hyperledger fabric framework that leverages confidentiality, accountability, and interoperability. This system enables on-chain and off-chain storage for secured, rapid transactions, along with smart contracts establishing data provenance. To demonstrate security, we have provided double signing through the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm, hash data encryption, and 33% node attack. The purpose of this suggested framework is to engage particular governance disciplines to assess its effectiveness in improving drug traceability across the pharmaceutical supply chain to preserve public health by preventing counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
... The author [5] proposed a system where each medicine includes a data matrix. The unique hash value is stored in the CVR (central verification register). ...
... The unique hash value is stored in the CVR (central verification register). [5] When a customer purchases, they can scan the data matrix (which includes a hash value) with the CVR of the manufacturer. Thus, they can verify their medicine. ...
... It costs 15 to 30 cents per medicine package, at least USD 500 for an RFID reader, and it also costs USD 250 for RFID antennas, which is quite costly. [5] However, it is a loss of portability and is expensive Fig. 1. Entire Working Procedure for developing and underdeveloped countries. ...
One of the fundamental needs of humankind is medicine. Besides, counterfeit medicine is becoming more common in developing and underdeveloped countries. For this reason, false medications have a wide-ranging economic impact that affects trade, investment, and, most importantly, public health and safety. Other reasons for this wide range of fake medicines are the shortage of knowledge management, a scarcity of skillful people, a deficiency of equipment types, and less cognitive technology to detect counterfeit medicine. Many existing procedures are effective in the lab, but they are sometimes too sophisticated for inexperienced field health professionals to employ. As a result, a simple and smooth mechanism is required. The Blockchain could be able to assist in the solving of this issue. Because it handles some of the healthcare industry's long-standing issues. Reckless spending and excessive prices for providers and patients are the root causes of these issues. Hyperledger is an open-source blockchain-based platform that can be used to build a blockchain. In this research, we proposed a way to detect counterfeit drugs using Hyperledger. This document also includes the description of Asset Registry and Historian Registry required to construct this Hyperledger based fake medicine detection prototype.
... Medicine ownership 1 Table 6 Technologies and techniques used to conduct research. (Koster, 2013;Wigand et al., 2011;Ting et al., 2010;Nilsson et al., 2011;Nørfeldt et al., 2019;Schapranow et al., 2011;Huang et al., 2010;Nilsson et al., 2011;Kaul and Awasthi, 2013;Bansal et al., 2013) 10 3 Image processing (Jung et al., 2012;Kumar and Tripathi, 2019;Han et al., 2012;Shuaib, 2013;Koster, 2013;Rehman et al., 2011;Trenfield et al., 2019;Shaik, 2021;Chen et al., 2020;Naughton et al., 2016;Bansal et al., 2013) 11 4 Mobile phone technology (Paik et al., 2009;Trenfield et al., 2019;Rehman et al., 2011) 5 5 IoT (Archa and Alangot, 2018;Ting et al., 2010;Wazid et al., 2017;Nørfeldt et al., 2019;Chen et al., 2020) 5 6 ...
... Method Computational evaluation (Pham et al., 2019;Kamble et al., 2020;Zhu et al., 2020;Corona et al., 2015;Wazid et al., 2017;Rehman et al., 2011;Shaik, 2021;Kaul and Awasthi, 2013) Increased performance (increased efficiency, throughput or reduced latency) of supply chain 17 3 ...
... Existing research has been conducted having research aims like to fight against counterfeit and falsified medicines (Paik et al., 2009;Rehman et al., 2011;, to ensure smart healthcare (Bryatov and Borodinov, 2019;Singh et al., 2020;Pandey and Litoriya, 2020), to provide increased performance and security of the supply chain (Sahoo et al., 2020;Tseng et al., 2018;Haq and Esuka, 2018) and so on, but there is no study explicitly focusing to report any incident occurred to the local authority. Detection of a falsified or counterfeit medicine by any customer can at most refrain him/her to consume that medicine. ...
Counterfeit and falsified medicines have become a threat to public health around the world. The objective of this review study is to analyze all the relevant studies on preventing or reducing falsified and counterfeit medicines through digital intervention following a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. A total of 51 articles were reviewed from an initial set of 1253 articles following an inclusion-exclusion criterion. As an outcome, this review study found that falsified and counterfeit medicines have become a crucial issue for research and investigation over time. Various advanced technologies (like Blockchain, IoT, RFID, image processing, pattern recognition, etc.) are being used to fight against this issue efficiently. The review also reveals future research opportunities to facilitate the existing initiatives for preventing medicine counterfeit that includes: exploring the implications of emerging technologies; discovering the contaminated point over the medicine supply chain; investigating the less emphasized concern of counterfeit and falsified medicines; exploring all possible use-cases or features of any digital solution to reduce falsified and counterfeit medicines; and the development of counterfeit/ falsified incidents reporting system. Thus, the implication of this study is to discover the research gaps and provide future research directions focusing on the prevention of usage of falsified and counterfeit medicines through the effective use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
... They also found the benefits for both patients and healthcare providers immensely. In [20], Carley and others explained the technological solution to authenticate the medicinal pills & capsules during the manufacturing process through a secured novel micron-scale Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag. They described the exact resolution, including present analysis, electromagnetic simulation, and circuit simulation results. ...
The pharmaceutical drug, globally known as medicine, helps the entire population be cured and promoted to well-being. Besides population growth, the demands for drugs and the trafficking of unfit, substandard, and falsified medicines are growing faster. Substandard drugs are increasing terribly in undeveloped countries, mainly affecting low and middle-income people. Having a massive lack of general knowledge and cognitive skill, they buy the drugs from unqualified sellers and cannot detect falsified medicines sequentially. In reducing substandard drug manufacturing and solving the terrible upshots, the drug manufacturer can apply the smooth and elementary system of private blockchain technology at a nominal price, significantly contributing to digitizing the old-aged pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, we have utilized a Hyperledger based private and permissioned blockchain to generate and inspect reports from both Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) departments inside the drug manufacturing organizations. Analysis reports regarding the tests conducted on the drugs are stored in the assets of the blockchain. These assets produced by executing transactions become immutable in nature, thus preserving the transparency and accountability of the quality controlling management. Moreover, the use of chaincode in the Research & Development (R&D) stage of drug processing makes the system automated, secure and prevents the quality-assuring protocol from data breaching and modification attacks.
... To combat this problem of drug counterfeiting within the International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 -8887) Volume 174 -No. 21, February 2021 supply chain, researchers in the literature proposed various technological solutions based on technologies such as barcodes [11], Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) [12], data matrix [13], Near Field Communication (NFC) [14] for the protection of this compromised drug supply chain. While most of these solutions were able to temper the problem, most of them had inadequate security features and hence they could easily be gamed by determined counterfeiters, while some others lacked a concrete practicable implementation due to one constraint or the other, which precluded further investigation of their system. ...
The safety of the pharmaceutical drug supply chain is a major concern for global public health as the plague of drug counterfeiting along the supply chain is an increasing threat to the health of everyone. Various solutions have been proposed to solve the problem, yet, the problem is still rife, as estimates reveal that between 10%-30% of drugs in the developed and developing countries respectively are counterfeit. This research proposes an enhanced drug anti-counterfeiting and verification system, using blockchain, to counter the plague of drug counterfeiting along the supply chain, while providing a suitable means of verifying such drugs. Two germane smart contracts-shipDrug and receiveDrug-were defined to serve as a means of safely moving drugs from one supply chain actor to the other, to secure the drug supply chain from the infiltration of counterfeit drugs. The system was implemented on the Hyperledger Fabric. The implemented system effectively secured the supply chain by allowing only the valid supply chain actors to execute the defined smart contracts. Final consumers were able to verify a drug by using a unique identifier associated with that drug to query the transaction history from the blockchain ledger. Hyperledger Caliper was used to evaluate the proposed system where it was revealed that an optimal throughput of 46 drug verifications per second was obtained, with less utilization of CPU and memory resources. The health ramifications of drug counterfeiting and the findings from this research make it imperative to consider the proposed system as an effective drug anti-counterfeiting system. Finally, it was recommended that the global health authority could implement the system on a global scale, after a smaller scale implementation, such as within countries, to determine its effectiveness in securing the drug supply chain within such jurisdictions.
The world has been stuck in the prevailing COVID and another pandemic for the last three years which leads to the disruption in the medical equipment, drugs, Liquid Oxygen, and other essential goods supply chain. Essential drugs expire during transportation due to a lack of traceability, transparency, corrupt data, and high documentation works. This mismanagement escalates the disruption and shortages. Meanwhile, blockchain (BC) is the latest cutting-edge technology that comes up with the complete solution to disruption, shortages, fraud, poor quality, burglary in data, lack of transparency, lack of traceability, lack of security, cross-delivery, and adulteration. Therefore, blockchain technology can be seen as an opportunity that introduces resilience to the system. The proposed work focuses on optimising the digital procurement cost for significant supplier selection that keeps transparency, traceability, security, and complete information on the distributed ledger. Here, real-time and other aspects of BC, like authenticity, time, etc., are considered while computing the procurement cost in supplier selection problems. The total cost involved in the digital procurement process hinges on the block's authenticity that comes up through the miner's signals. The probability sampling method is used to generate the data for developing the ML-based model. Machine learning (ML) aggregates the value reported by the miners in real time for developing the authenticity (dependent) variables for supplier selection. Later, this real-time authenticity variable is utilised to formulate the mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for digital procurement problems. This MINLP model reduces the disruption and introduced resilience in the information flow system. Finally, LINGO 19.0 is used for optimising the total cost, and the integrated approach of ML is used for the computation of authenticity factor relationships amongst minors in it.
The chapter is focused on situational crime prevention. After some preliminary remarks on its main features, all the SCP measures elaborated and implemented to fight against the illegal online trade of medicines are presented, illustrating also their critical aspects, especially with reference to social media websites. After that, the chapter focuses on the SCP measure introduced by social media platforms aimed at identifying, blocking, and removing contents related to the illegal online trade of medicines. The chapter concludes by highlighting the need for an impact assessment of the interventions.
