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Present study was performed for the isolation and identification of fungal species from infected patients and to study prevalence of superficial mycoses . The paper also provides comprehensive clinical data of patients suffering from skin disease. Specimens collected from three hundred male, female and children showing symptoms of superficial mycos...
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... However, the absence of any signs of localized or systemic infections at the necropsy, confirm that these animals play a role in spreading pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. A similar picture was observed in others wild and domestic animals (i.e., rodents, cats), that are often asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic yeasts to humans [27]. In addition, the large range of wild boar movements (i.e., up to 16 km) [28], as well as the changes of human habitation to suburban areas, the increased deforestation may increase the dissemination of fungal organisms of zoonotic concern [6,29]. ...
Wildlife animals are recognized as reservoirs for zoonotic fungi and their faeces might play an important role in introducing pathogens into the environment. Thought wild boar (Sus scrofa) population has dramatically increased across Europe, information about their possible role in dissemination of zoonotic pathogenic yeasts in the environment is scant. Therefore, fecal samples (n = 124) from wild boars from Campania region (Southern Italy) were collected and yeasts identified biochemically and molecularly by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region and their phylogenetical relationship assessed. The antifungal susceptibility profiles of yeasts were also investigated using AFST-EUCAST method. Yeasts were isolated from 50.1% of the samples with the highest occurrence in samples from the province of Salerno (61.1%). A total of 368 Candida strains belonging to nine species were identified, with Candida albicans (45.7%), followed by Candida krusei (15.2%), Kazachstania slooffiae (9.8%) and Candida parapsilosis (7.6%) as the most prevalent identified species. Among C. albicans four sequence types (i.e., ST1-ST4) were identified with an intraspecific nucleotide difference up to 0.21%. The ML tree grouped all representative sequence types as paraphyletic clades with those of the references yeast species, respectively and supported by high bootstrap values. Fluconazole was the less active drug whereas, posaconazole, voriconazole, and isavuconazole the most active one. No resistance phenomena were observed for C. albicans and high MICs values for 5FC, azoles and echinocandines were registered in non-albicans Candida spp. This study showed, for the first time, the important role of wild boars in dissemination of pathogenic fungi in the environment. The absence of resistance phenomena in the Candida spp. might reflect environmental free from residues of azoles antifungals pollution or chemicals and suggests the role of wild boar as bio indicators of environment quality.
... However, the absence of any signs of localized or systemic infections at the necropsy, con rm that these animals play a role in spreading pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. A similar picture was observed in others wild and domestic animals (i.e., rodents, cats), that are often asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic yeasts to humans [27]. In addition, the large range of wild boar movements (i.e., up to 16 Km) [28], as well as the changes of human habitation to suburban areas, the increased deforestation may increase the dissemination of fungal organisms of zoonotic concern [6, 29]. ...
Wildlife animals are recognized as reservoirs for zoonotic fungi and their faeces might play an important role in introducing pathogens into the environment. Thought wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) population has dramatically increased across Europe, information about their possible role in dissemination of zoonotic pathogenic yeasts in the environment is scant. Therefore, fecal samples (n=124) from wild boars from Campania region (Southern Italy) were collected and yeasts identified biochemically and molecularly by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and their phylogenetical relationship assessed. The antifungal susceptibility profiles of yeasts were also investigated using AFST-EUCAST method. Yeasts were isolated from 50.1% of the samples with the highest occurrence in samples from the province of Salerno (61.1%). A total of 368 Candida strains belonging to nine species were identified, with Candida albicans (45.7%), followed by Candida krusei (15.2 %), Candida slooffiae (9.8%) and Candida parapsilosis (7.6%) as the most prevalent identified species. Among C. albicans four sequence types (i.e., ST1-ST4) were identified with an intraspecific nucleotide difference up to 0.21%. The ML tree grouped all representative sequence types as paraphyletic clades with those of the references yeast species, respectively and supported by high bootstrap values. Fluconazole was the less active drug whereas, posaconazole, voriconazole, and isavuconazole the most active one. No resistance phenomena were observed for C. albicans and high MICs values for 5FC, azoles and echinocandines were registered in non-albicans Candida spp. This study showed, for the first time, the important role of wild boars in dissemination of pathogenic fungi in the environment. The absence of resistance phenomena in the Candida spp. might reflect environmental free from residues of azoles antifungals pollution or chemicals and suggests the role of wild boar as bio indicators of environment quality.
... The slide was examined by using light microscope. This allows complete visualization of pseudohyphae as well as the budding oval yeasts cells, (Dismukes et al., 2003;Shamim et al., 2005;Singh and Beena, 2003) which corresponds to various Candida species. ...
Candida species. is a member of the mucous membrane of the normal flora, gastrointestinal tract and skin. They are endogenous opportunistic pathogens that cause secondary infections with underlying immunocompromised condition. Candidiasis is a
common fungal infection in human. This study was aimed to isolation and identification of Candida using germ tube, chlamydospore formation, and chromogenic agar testes and to asses antifungal susceptibility to some isolates. A total of 180 samples of skin swabs and skin particles, nail and hair were collected from patients in Duhok Province Hospitals, outpatient and a number of private clinic dermatologists in Duhok city. A Total of 63 Candida isolates was detected in this study. These isolates were subjected to germ tube test, chlamydospores formation and inoculation on commercially available CHROMagar. Candida albicans was the main yeast species isolated followed by C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata CHROMO agar is a convenient and very fast method of identifications of Candida species even in resources poor settings. The result of antifungal sensitivity test
revealed that itraconazole is the main active antifungal against all Candida species with the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 25 μg /ml. followed by terbinafine, fluconazole and griseofulvin.
... Direct microscopic examination was carried out for preliminary diagnosis of infection by fungi a drop of 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution was added to the sample on glass slide in order to dissolve the skin, hair and nail cells without affecting the probity of the Candida cells, covered with a clean cover slip then the slide and passed through the burner flame several times examined by using light microscope. This allows complete visualization of pseudohyphae as well as the budding oval yeasts cells [10][11][12]. Which corresponds to various Candida species. ...
... T. verrucosum infection can be considered to be a cosmopolitan disease as, over time, it has been reported in livestock and sometimes in people in a number of different countries from all continents [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. In Pakistan, several studies have documented the role of this fungal species in human ringworm cases [26][27][28][29][30][31]. However, data are still lacking concerning the animal reservoirs of this fungus. ...
... This study documents, for the first time, the presence of T. verrucosum in domestic ruminants in Pakistan. This finding was not unexpected since this fungal pathogen has been isolated from cases of human ringworm in different localities of this country [26][27][28][29][30][31]. Our research was based on the analysis of samples originally collected for other purposes, i.e., to investigate skin diseases of parasitic origin in livestock. ...
... Firstly, a previous study performed in the villages of the same district revealed the presence of some cases of human ringworm, although the exact identification of the fungal species involved was not obtained [41]. Secondly, the social context in which we operated, namely a rural community where there were occasions for contact with potentially infected livestock, resembles the situation described in a previous study in another locality of Pakistan (Karachi), where a high proportion (about 25%) of human ringworm episodes were due to T. verrucosum [31]. Finally, during our visits to the villages, we noted that there was little awareness of zoonotic risk among people in contact with animals. ...
Introduction:
Trichophyton verrucosum belongs to the dermatophyte fungi, closely related organisms that cause skin infections in animals and humans. T. verrucosum infection has been reported in livestock and people in different countries from all continents. Human cases have been reported in different areas of Pakistan, but there is little information about the animal source of the fungus.
Methodology:
Dermatological specimens collected in the Chitral district of Pakistan for a study on mange in livestock were retrospectively analyzed for the presence of T. verrucosum. In total, 5,873 animals (1,087 cows, 2,033 goats, and 2,753 sheep) were screened for evidence of dermatological lesions during two surveys performed in the summer and winter seasons. Skin scrapings collected from animals with lesions were analyzed by direct microscopic examination after digestion in sodium hydroxide and a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting pathogenic Trichophyton species.
Results:
At microscopy, samples from 18 cows (1.6%), 3 sheep (0.1%), and 4 goats (0.2%) were positive for fungal elements consistent with T. verrucosum. PCR confirmed the microscopy results. The prevalence was lower than that reported in other countries in intensive breeding farms. Results agree with the literature regarding factors affecting T. verrucosum diffusion, i.e., infection was more prevalent in cattle, especially in younger animals during the winter season.
Conclusions:
This study reports, for the first time, the presence of T. verrucosum in livestock in Pakistan. A better knowledge of the animal role in the spread of this fungus may allow the adoption of more efficient control measures and prophylaxis.
... Contagious infection concerning the skin and epidermal surfaces are perilous on the planet, especially in children due to lack of hygienic environment and education [64]. An essential group of these pathogens is fungi [65] [66]. Fungi are pathologically separated into two extensive groups by Clayton and Midgley in 1989. ...
... The subcutaneous Mycoses are infected through saprophytic fungi in nature [66] [93]. Infections are less aggressive than superficial contagion. ...
Earth has been documented as a natural territory for fungi which cover individual kingdom with evolution. In subsequently vertebrates developed keratin which was a part of life as a structural aspect. Few moulds have skilled to digest keratin and crop up from soil and wastewater habitats. They take part as a keratinolytic agent in the purification of α-keratins with an incidence of disul-phide and hydrogen bonds which are improperly biodegradable. The best moulds genera to decay of keratin are Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. The presences of these genera are open health issues in developing countries where they cause the mortal mycotic contagion. The reason behind this is perceived to be the poor hygienic environment and socioeconomic behaviour among people. The present review is a compilation of updated information concerning the nature of these keratinolytic moulds and abundances of most contributed developing countries including India.
