Figure 7 - uploaded by Jerry Grover
Content may be subject to copyright.
Epi-Olmec symbols for both "20" and "moon" (Justeson et al. 1993, figs 6D, 8A, and 8B; Kaufman et al. 2001, 2.34)
Source publication
The Olmec civilization has long been considered to be the Jaredite civilization. New evidence is presented here that provides a reliable correlation of chronology between Mesoamerican archaeology and the Jaredite timeline. New etymological and scientific evidence now provides a method of establishing a more detailed geography of the "land northward...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... a nearly closed crescent-moon glyph represents the number 20 in Maya script (Glyph T683) (see figure 6). A crescent-shaped symbol similar to the Maya glyph has been identified on the Epi-Olmec La Mojarra Stela as both "20" and "moon" (see figure 7). The numbers 9 and 13 are important In Mesoamerican mythology. ...
Context 2
... the Classic Maya, the day glyphs always appear in a cartouche, which is indicative of a glyph for "20," or in a container such as a jar, gourd, or bag (see figure 17). Some of the cartouche have small, curled foot-like pedestals (Houston 1989, 35). ...
Context 3
... its description as a hill is consistent with the smaller size relative to the adjacent San Martìn volcano. Because there are many cinder cones in the Tuxtla volcanic complex, it is probably not possible to identify the exact hill Ephraim (it may also have been destroyed or covered by subsequent volcanic activity); however, since Tuxtla cinder cones are confined to a fairly specific zone, we can identify a fairly restricted area as the location for the hill Ephraim (see figure 37). ...
Context 4
... upper mountain valley is uniformly round and forms a geographic basin or bowl. There is a basin valley adjacent and just to the north that may also meet the criteria since it forms a basin and has a generally circular shape (see figure 47). This location is also consistent with the 3rd Nephi destruction-a major strike slip fault passes through the valleys identified here (see figure 48). ...
Context 5
... the passage beyond the River Bountiful is described as being in the land of Desolation further delineates where the land of Desolation sits west of the headwaters of the River Bountiful. Figure 70 shows the path to go from one side of the "narrow neck" to the other that was a day and a half's journey for a Nephite. The location of Hagoth's launch area, shown in figure 70, at the lagoon complex (although it likely had a different configuration in his day) is also consistent with the description that it was within the land of Bountiful, specifically "on the borders of the land Bountiful" but still "by the land Desolation" and "by the narrow neck which led into the land northward." ...
Context 6
... location of Hagoth's launch area, shown in figure 70, at the lagoon complex (although it likely had a different configuration in his day) is also consistent with the description that it was within the land of Bountiful, specifically "on the borders of the land Bountiful" but still "by the land Desolation" and "by the narrow neck which led into the land northward." Figure 70. Path across the "narrow neck" along the River Bountiful (blue) and through a portion of the land of Desolation (green) and through the "small neck" (orange). ...
Context 7
... can be seen in figure 70, some of the abandoned Olmec sites (La Venta, Arroyo Pesquero, Los Soldados, and El Manatí) are located east and southeast of the River Bountiful and are thus in the land of Bountiful, just as is indicated in the scripture. And it came to pass that the Nephites had inhabited the land Bountiful, even from the east unto the west sea, and thus the Nephites in their wisdom, with their guards and their armies, had hemmed in the Lamanites on the south, that thereby they should have no more possession on the north, that they might not overrun the land northward. ...
Context 8
... defensive line could have likely included part of the Bari River (Tonala), so more as the crow flies the length would be approximate the 90-95 miles, or just the section of the Uxpanapa River that is part of the defensive line, considering that the river, including twists and turns, also is approximately that distance. Under the premise that a preferred military defensive line would have involved rivers and/or elevated terrain, and also considering that a reasonable boundary for the lands northward and southward would be the same as the Olmec/Jaredite cultural boundary, the location of this Nephite defensive boundary is identified in figure 71. With these boundaries identified, it is now possible to construct a consistent map of the land northward showing the Nephite lands and the boundary between the land northward and the land southward, as determined by the Nephites (see figure 72). ...
Context 9
... the premise that a preferred military defensive line would have involved rivers and/or elevated terrain, and also considering that a reasonable boundary for the lands northward and southward would be the same as the Olmec/Jaredite cultural boundary, the location of this Nephite defensive boundary is identified in figure 71. With these boundaries identified, it is now possible to construct a consistent map of the land northward showing the Nephite lands and the boundary between the land northward and the land southward, as determined by the Nephites (see figure 72). 29 And also there were many Lamanites on the east by the seashore, whither the Nephites had driven them. ...
Context 10
... location also is consistent with the statement by Mormon that there were Lamanites between him and Sherrizah; in fact, it would be exactly consistent with Mormon just arriving at the city of Shem holed up in a defensive position against surrounding Lamanites. It also explains why Mormon was unable to attempt to remove the records from the hill Shim, even though the Lamanite advance on the east had nearly penetrated to the hill Shim (Mormon 2:17). ...
Context 11
... city of Gilgal is mentioned as part of the Nephite destruction that occurred when Christ visited the Nephites (3 Nephi 9:6). Because it was sunk and buried, it is likely located within the valley of Gilgal (see figure 47). The city of Shem is likely located strategically in the land of Shem, in some proximity to the "small neck" but is not specifically shown on any map. ...
Context 12
... subsidence element places them within the area shown in figure 46. "Hills and valleys" is a perfect description of the uniquely hummocky deposits of many volcanic debris avalanches and some volcanic pyroclastic flows (see figure 74). These were not really recognized as unique identifying landforms of volcanic deposits until after the 1980 Mount Saint Helens eruption. ...
Context 13
... who support the Book of Mormon geography model with the Grijalva River as the River Sidon have evaluated the text of the Book of Mormon (Poulsen 2016; Gardner 2015), concluding that the party mistakenly traveled down the Usumacinta River instead of the Grijalva River, where the land of Zarahemla was located (see figure 77). Many who support the Usumacinta River as the River Sidon have the counter interpretation that the party mistakenly traveled down the Grijalva River instead of the Usumacinta River, where the land of Zarahemla was located. ...
Context 14
... are two likely possibilities for this area described by the Limhite party. The first is the series of lagoons, swamps, and rivers along the north coast as depicted in figure 77. The land of Cumorah is also similarly described in the Book of Mormon as "a land of many waters, rivers, and fountains" (Mormon 6:4). ...
Context 15
... pyrite mirrors have been found as offerings among the Olmec at La Merced ( Diehl 2004, 44). Olmec figurines show these mirrors worn upon their chests, consistent with the breastplates found by the Limhites (Diehl 2004, 70, 94). ...
Context 16
... Remnants of the Jaredites and the Limhite Expedition 191 Figure 78. Path of the Limhite party. ...
Context 17
... the shark or fish theme has been featured in the royal headdresses of the Gulf Lowland region of the EpiOlmec. A shark headdress is featured on the La Mojarra Stela 1, which includes a large shark hanging from the rear People of Mulek Geography 201 of the headdress, with four smaller sharks along its spine (see figure 79). The stela was pulled from the Acula River near La Mojarra, Veracruz, Mexico, not far from the Tres Zapotes archaeological site. ...
Context 18
... nowhere else is it mentioned that any other Jaredite swords were made of steel. The mentioning of this fact takes on increased meaning when one considers that Ether was in a direct line to Shule and the right to kingship from Ether's father, which was from Coriantor, who lived in captivity, and his grandfather Moron, who was deposed from the throne by a competing line from the brother of Jared (Ether 11:17-23) (see figure 97). ...
