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Standard congestion control cannot detect link failure losses which occur due
to mobility and power scarcity in multi-hop Ad-Hoc network (MANET). Moreover,
successive executions of Back-off algorithm deficiently grow Retransmission
Timeout (RTO) exponentially for new route. The importance of detecting and
responding link failure losses is to preven...
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Context 1
... in case of Timeout, when probability of congestion rejected, link breakage becomes more likely. At the end of flowchart, since no acknowledgment received in case of Timeout, first part of queue usage equation is zero (shown in figure 2) and only small fraction of recent queue usage considered for current queue usage. Obviously, successive timeout decrease any large ratio to become below than threshold and eventually set link failure flag. ...
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Citations
... Kheirandish Fard Mohammad Amin et al. [9] proposed a congestion control mechanism to resolve MANET link failures. This congestion control is a source-destination threshold based algorithm that considers outage and trip time for addressing link dropouts. ...
... The packet delivery factor at the destination node is further estimated to check the consistency of the transmission through the current paths. Packet delivery at the destination is computed using equation (9) ...
... Routing is influenced by many factors, and hence there may be some difference between (8) and (9). If the difference is vast, then the parent nodes generate a new set of offspring through cross-over and mutation process. ...
Multi-path routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) minimizes latency and ensures on-demand backup routing to prevail over route errors. Unplanned network load degrades individual node performance, preventing instant path switch-over. This increases overloading of the nodes and henceforth resulting in drops. We propose a two-phase optimization algorithm in a hybrid manner assimilating Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Genetic Approach (GA) to improve load handling capacity of the nodes with improved packet delivery at the destination. Both node and path selection are favored by conditional optimization in both the phases; concentrating in minimum switch-over and higher delivery rate. Precise path and neighbor selection by improved load handling capability minimizes packet drop and control overhead.
... It ensures fault tolerance using a rollback strategy. A threshold based congestion control is proposed in [15] to ensure fault tolerance. It consists of two phases. ...
... The proposed work is compared against [15,18]. Solution [15] implements congestion control with aim to avoid node failures. ...
... The proposed work is compared against [15,18]. Solution [15] implements congestion control with aim to avoid node failures. Solution [18] implements multi path-based fault tolerant QoS routing in MANETs. ...
Wireless sensor network comprises several small nodes distributed randomly in an area under observation. These nodes sense the assigned physical phenomenon occurring around it and reports back to the base station. WSN is increasingly applied in defense, industrial, health care applications etc. Some applications envisage movement of the nodes. This results in frequent alteration of network topology leading to dynamic network partitioning. Hence, the routing of data from source to sink faces more routing disruptions. Maintaining application specific quality of service (QoS) in terms of Packet delivery ratio in such Mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN) environment is a daunting task. This cannot be achieved by focusing on a solution in only a single layer of sensor network protocol stack. Instead, by incorporating different techniques in each layered OSI protocol stack, a single coherent framework is proposed in this paper. This paper proposes prediction based coding in application layer, opportunistic routing in network layer, Laplacian scaling based on round trip time measurement in session layer. The proposed cross layer solution ensures application specific QoS guaranteed fault tolerance in MWSN.
... TCP variant supports mobile adhoc networks. It works well for MANET, but TCP has challenges in loss differentiation and loss recovery [1][2] [4][5][6]. TCP does not face these challenges in a wired network. ...
Transmission control protocol provides congestion control mechanisms. These mechanisms work well for mobile adhoc network and wireless networks. TCP provides different mechanisms for both networks. TCP suffers from the packet loss problem in both networks. TCP controls congestion as per type of loss. The mobile adhoc network faces two types of packet loss, 1) loss due to congestion 2) loss due to link failure. TCP can not identify these loss types and it assumes loss as congestion loss. It has existing variants which perform congestion control. One of TCP variant TCP westwood works for congestion control with the help of bandwidth estimation. It works well but has not taken care the value of last Round trip time and estimated round trip time which are the important parameters to analyze network status. The proposed westwood has taken care of these two parameters and controls congestion window based on them. The work proposed in this paper focuses utilization of round trip time for throughput improvement. The proposed algorithm is tested on NS 2.35 and compared with existing variants like TCP Reno, TCP Vegas and TCP westwood and result reveals certain improvements. Keywords: MANET (mobile adhoc network), cwnd (congestion window), ssthresh (slow start threshold), RTT (round trip time) ,RTO (retransmission time out) ,DCM (dynamic congestion control for MANET), ERTT (estimated round trip time)
... Song Cen et al [3] explored End to end loss differentiation Algorithm. Authors extended TFRC(TCP friendly rate control).They evaluated different LDAs under different topologies and found that Zigzag and Hybrid performs well among all LDAs because it includes mean and values of standard deviation of delay and number of packet losses during computation of delay threshold. ...
In wireless network packet loss occurs due to congestion, Wireless channel error and link failure.Here Transmission control protocol cannot respond the packet loss properly. It degrades its performance by presuming the loss due to congestion. So it has become important to find the reasons behind these losses for improvement in TCP's performance. Many researchers have worked in this area and evaluated algorithms which differentiate the cause of packet losses. This paper surveys about various techniques mitigate Packet Loss Differentiation as well as focuses on certain open areas for future research. Most of the surveyed reveals that researchers have worked
for the congestion loss only, handful schemes cannot identify the link failure loss. The TCP's performance can be improved with proper loss recovery technique, suitable congestion avoidance scheme and there can be mechanism to switch between suitable Loss Recovery Algorithm (LRA) or congestion avoidance scheme automatically as per identified loss.
... Mohammad Amin Kheirandish Fard, et.al (2011) stated that Standard congestion control mechanism was not able to identify connection failure losses [13]. These losses occurred because of the nodes mobility and energy shortage in multi-hop Ad-Hoc network (MANET). ...
The mobile ad hoc network is the decentralized type of network. The AODV is the efficient protocol for the path establishment from source to destination. The path from source to destination is recovered on the basis of node connectivity. To maintain quality of service in the network, the buffer size parameter is added in the link recovery approach. The proposed approach recover the path from source to destination efficiently and also maintain quality of service over the network. The proposed algorithm is implemented and compared with existing in terms of certain parameters.
... Author concluded that proposed protocol AODV has better mechanism to avoid congestion and it is useful signal strength based congestion control. Mohammad Amin, et.al introduced [16] standard congestion control cannot detect link failure losses which occur due to mobility and power scarcity in multi-hop Ad-Hoc network (MANET). Moreover, successive executions of Back-off algorithm deficiently grow Retransmission Timeout (RTO) exponentially for new route. ...
The mobile ad-hoc network is the decentralized type of network in which mobile nodes can move from one location to another. Due to random mobility of the mobile nodes route establishment, route maintenance is the major issues of mobile ad-hoc networks. This research paper, focus on the route establishment and route maintenance properties of mobile ad-hoc network. The DCFR protocol is the route establishment and route maintenance protocol in which broker route will be recovered on the basis of node connectivity. The node, which has maximum connectivity, is selected as the best node for route recovery in DCFR Protocol. In this research work, the DCFR protocol is further improved by adding buffer size parameter for route recovery which also maintains quality of service in the network. The proposed DCFR protocol simulation results perform well as compared to existing DCFR protocol in terms of certain parameters
... Adequate lightning protection reduces the chances of lightning strikes and regular lightning protection inspections also assist to minimize the chances of lightning strikes. Fard et al. (2011) report that mobile Ad-Hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes which form a self- organising and self-configurable network that has no central administrator. The BU uses the high sites and microwaves for radio communication between train drivers, maintenance personnel and train control officers. ...
... It is centralized system. It is inexpensive to install and no wiring is required for data transfer [4]. ...
... Fast retransmit/recovery algorithm can improve TCP's performance in the presence of irregular packet reordering. However, in MANET where there is persistent packet reordering, drawbacks of using three duplicate acknowledgments (implicit loss detection scheme) as an indication of packet loss are [13,14]: -During constant packet reordering, using three duplicate acknowledgments degrade TCP's performance. -The fast retransmit/recovery mechanism may not detect all types of packet losses. ...
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has provided new challenges, which affect the end-to-end transmission of data. In MANET, data packets can get lost due to congestion, route failure, or wireless channel error. Transmission control protocol (TCP) performs poorly in such networks. This is because TCP’s congestion control mechanism cannot distinguish between congestion and non-congestion related packet losses. TCP was previously developed for wired networks with the assumption that packet loss is an indication of congestion. However, in MANET TCP performs congestion control action for several types of losses that are not related to congestion. Consequently, when a packet loss is detected either by timeout or three duplicate acknowledgments, TCP slows down the sending rate by adjusting its congestion window size (cwnd) and unnecessarily retransmit a packet, which leads to lower throughput. In this paper, we proposed a novel approach for TCP to distinguish packet losses due to congestion or route failure due to mobility of nodes. The proposed protocol is called TCP Packet Loss Detection and Response (TCP-PLDR). We developed analytical model of throughput of TCP with selective acknowledgment (TCP-SACK) and TCP-PLDR protocols in the presence of congestion and route failure losses. Simulation was conducted using network simulator (ns-2) and results showed that TCP-PLDR improves TCP-SACK’s performance in MANET. As an example, simulation experiment for route failure and congestion loss scenario shows that TCP-PLDR improves the throughput of TCP-SACK on average by 39%.
... Mohammad Amin Kheirandish Fard et.al [19] explored an end-to-end threshold-based algorithm which enhances congestion control to address link failure loss in MANET. It consists of two phases. ...
