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BACKGROUND Body composition is the amount of fat versus lean muscle tissue in the human body expressed as a percentage of a per-son's total weight. Body weight alone is not a clear indicator of good health because it does not distinguish how much comes from fat and lean body mass. Thus body composition can be referred as the relative sizes of the f...
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... the components of body composition are known to be subject to normal change as a reflection of growth, reproduc- tive status, and variation in exercise levels as well as effects of aging. This was further confirmed in figure 2 where increasing energy expenditure in terms of increased level of physical ac- tivity reduced both % body fat and mean body weight. ...
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... BMI and body weight have a strong association. The present study supported by Vuvor and Harrison (2017) found that body weight was correlated with body fat (r = 0.67). ...
Running is one of the most common sports activities for both athletic and non-athletic person. Regular physical exercises, such as running, throwing, and jumping, increase rate of physical development and boost athletic performance. In the high-level competitions, anthropometric profiles indicate whether or not the athlete would be suitable for the competition. The study aimed to examine the type of runners and the association among anthropometric parameters of the female runners. The study had been conducted on the female runners in the campus of CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana. Twenty female students were selected. On the basis of the interview schedule, out of these 20 runners, 5 competitive runners were purposively selected based on their running practice, physical health, and involvement in university athletic competitions. Anthropometric data were collected and calculated by using anthropometric formulas and methods. Anthropometric assessment of the competitive runner includes body weight, height, and skinfold measurement. Study revealed that 35% was a beginner and they had started running from the last 2 to 6 months. 35% were competitive runners and practicing running from at least 2 years up to 6 years. Out of 35%, competitive runners 20% were sprint runners (100 and 200 mt.) and 15% were middle-distance runners (1500 mt.). 60% of female runners were having a height in between 1.6 and 1.7 mt followed by 1.5–1.6 mt (35%) and 1.7–1.8 mt (5%). Runners fall into normal weight category (19.55 ± 1.35 kg/m2) and mean fat percentage of female runners was found 15.12 ± 2.56%. In respect to the weight and height, BMI falls into the normal category. Age, weight, and BMI positively correlated with fat%, fat weight, and lean body mass.
Vegetables cultivated in soil irrigated with untreated groundwater and municipal-waste-dominated (MWD) stream can elevate the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Fe, Zn, Hg, Cr, and Ni) in edible parts of the crop, affecting food safety and public health worldwide. This study assessed the quality, sources, and distribution of heavy metals in surface soils, MWD stream and groundwater, and edible tissues of leafy and non-leafy vegetables from a major urban farm in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis, Ghana. Human health risk due to exposure to the metals in frequently consumed vegetables were investigated. Indigenous leafy vegetables (Corchorus olitorious and Amaranthus spinosus), exotic leafy vegetables (Lactuca sativa, Brassica oleracea, and Brassica rapa), and non-leafy vegetables (Capsicum annum, Raphanus sativus, Daucus carota, and Allium cepa) were collected from the urban farm. The mean concentration of Cd, Hg, and Fe ranged from 0.008 - 0.027, 0.001–0.013, and 4.517–36.178 mg/kg fw in edible parts of non-leafy vegetables, respectively and 0.011–0.035, 0.002–0.011, and 3.617–13.695 mg/kg fw in exotic or indigenous leafy vegetables. The vegetables were less impacted with the metals if compared to similar vegetables produced from other urban farms, locally and in some countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Water resource on the farm were not suitable for vegetable crop irrigation since mean concentration of E. coli (200 cfu/mL), Hg (0.009 mg/L), and Cd (0.019 mg/L) in the MWD stream and 80 % of the groundwater sources exceeded the safe limits recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Geo-accumulation index for each metal in soil was ≤0, however, enrichment factor indicated a high anthropic enriched soil for Cr and Ni. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression of the metals in soil identified mixed household waste/fertilizer, fertilizer, and crustal material as main sources for the heavy metal load in soil for which geogenic sources accounted for 74.3 %. Preferentially, Cd and Hg accumulated in Amaranthus spinosus, Daucus carota, and Corchorus olitorious. The estimated daily intake of each metal in the vegetables were below local and international daily dietary intake levels. At the 95th percentile concentration of each metal, target hazard quotient and the hazard index was <1 for adult male or female who consume the vegetables. Finally, appropriate agri-horticultural practices must be enforced to mitigate Cd, Ni, Cr, and Hg accumulation in the soil-vegetable system since the metals have profound adverse effect on human health.
