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Energy density comparison for the different battery prototypes reported in Table 2. Average values are given based on the available data and taking in consideration (A) cathode only, (B) both electrodes and (C) full-cell units (LIB-normalized). The values may depend on the electrolyte characteristics, as well as current densities. For NiMH and F-ion batteries only (C) case is shown.
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The battery market is undergoing quick expansion owing to the urgent demand for mobile devices, electric vehicles and energy storage systems, convoying the current energy transition. Beyond Li-ion batteries are of high importance to follow these multiple-speed changes and adapt to the specificity of each application. This review-study will address...
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The battery market is undergoing quick expansion owing to the urgent demand for mobile devices, electric vehicles and energy storage systems, convoying the current energy transition. Beyond Li-ion batteries are of high importance to follow these multiple-speed changes and adapt to the specificity of each application. This review-study will address...
Since their discovery in 2011, MXenes are extensively studied as materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. The high electric conductivity, 2D structure, enabling ions insertion, and excellent chemical stability make MXenes an attractive choice for energy storage applications. This review is focused on the utilization of MXenes in aqueou...
Citations
... Consequently, significant advancements in LIB technology in terms of capacity are challenging to anticipate in the near future. These factors, coupled with the projected increase in energy demand [8][9][10], exert substantial pressure on battery researchers to advance battery technology beyond LIBs. ...
The development of high-performance Li-air batteries (LABs) is an important quest for effectively utilizing high-energy density electric systems. One possible way to achieve this goal is by introducing novel bifunctional electrocatalysts at the battery cathode, enhancing the cycle life and the discharge capacity of the LABs by facilitating fast oxygen reaction kinetics. Understanding bifunctional catalysts' function and evolution is essential to developing a better-functioning LAB. In this review, we discuss the fundamentals, mechanisms, and key concepts related to LAB technology. We then provide critical discussions on recent advances in bifunctional catalysts used in LAB cathodes through material characterization, electrochemical analysis, battery performance, in-situ and ex-situ discharge product analysis, DFT calculations, and theoretical concepts to provide the most up-* Corresponding author. 2 to-date, thorough, and broader discussion on the subject. These include the general and modified catalysts of carbon nanostructures, noble metals, transition metal oxides, nitrides, sulfides, and phosphides. Furthermore, special attention is given to techniques designed to enhance the catalytic activity of LABs through the modulation of electronic structures. Various facet engineering and e g electron engineering approaches are explored, including heteroatom doping, alloying, hybridization, stoichiometric optimization, and selective facet growth. Finally, we suggest potential prospective pathways for future research.
... Recently, the interaction of chloride with lithium and magnesium electrodes has become of interest in the context of chloride-ion batteries [5][6][7] in which lithium and magnesium can be used as the anode material [8]. Batteries based on anions such as chloride represent an alternative to the widely used Li-ion batteries as they are typically based on more abundant materials and also exhibit theoretical energy densities which can be higher than those of current lithium-ion batteries [9,10]. Thus they contribute to more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy storage technologies. ...
We present a density functional theory study of the initial steps of chlorine deposition on the Mg(0001) surface. Such processes occur in chloride-ion batteries in which lithium and magnesium are used as anode materials. In addition, it is also of fundamental interest, as halide adsorption on metal electrodes is an important process in interfacial electrochemistry. We discuss the adsorption properties and determine the stable adsorption structures, both with respect to the free chlorine molecule but also as a function of the electrode potential. We find indications of the immediate formation of the MgCl2 surface salt structure upon exposure of Cl to a Mg surface. These findings are discussed with respect to the conversion of the Mg anode to a MgCl2 configuration which provides the thermodynamical driving force for the discharge of a Cl-ion battery.
... Li-ion batteries are used for the mobile and various applications of electric vehicles, but it is too expensive for large-scale grid storage. Several comprehensive research [68,69] has been shown based on technological advancement. Li-ion batteries have an extensive impact on the depletion of metals and can therefore cause significant environmental, social, and health impacts on the toxicity and site of lithium mining in the natural environment. ...
Energy Storage Technology is one of the major components of renewable energy integration and decarbonization of world energy systems. It significantly benefits addressing ancillary power services, power quality stability, and power supply reliability. However, the recent years of the COVID-19 pandemic have given rise to the energy crisis in various industrial and technology sectors. An integrated survey of energy storage technology development , its classification, performance, and safe management is made to resolve these challenges. The development of energy storage technology has been classified into electromechanical, mechanical, electromagnetic, thermo-dynamics, chemical, and hybrid methods. The current study identifies potential technologies, operational framework, comparison analysis, and practical characteristics. This proposed study also provides useful and practical information to readers, engineers, and practitioners on the global economic effects, global environmental effects, organization resilience, key challenges, and projections of energy storage technologies. An optimal scheduling model is also proposed. Policies for sustainable adaptation are then described. An extensive list of publications to date in the open literature is canvassed to portray various developments in this area.
... Furthermore, it could enable new markets and services for the community. This trend has been reflected in the rapid increase of battery technologies (particularly lithium-ion) for stationary energy systems in the last few years [7,8]. ...
... However, the power generated from renewable energy resources such as solar energy and wind energy is intermittent and unstable, which can have a negative impact if input into the power grid directly. Therefore, it is indispensable to integrate appropriate electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices to smooth the output of renewable energy production, and balance generation and demand according to the time and climatic availability (El Kharbachi et al., 2020). Electrochemical energy storage, in principle, is a desirable technology that possesses pollution-free operation, high round-trip efficiency, and flexible power and energy characteristics to meet different grid functions, a long cycle life, and low maintenance. ...
... Additionally, it should be noted that SIB is already commercially produced by different manufacturers, Faradion Ltd, UK (Rudola et al., 2021), Natron Energy USA, Prime Engineers India, Tiamat France, HiNa Battery Technology Co., Ltd, PRC, Altris AB Sweden. In addition to monovalent cations/metals such as sodium that are attracting attention as possible replacements of lithium divalent cations/metals have been also considered (El Kharbachi et al., 2020, Zhang et al., 2019, Jiazheng et al., 2020, Xu et al., 2021. The obvious advantage, two electrons are released during the discharge reaction of a single cation-does not necessarily translate into a more promising system. ...
Portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and renewable electric energy storage are today of enormous importance for human civilization's prosperity. However, different uses require different electrochemical power sources concerning size, capacity energy, and power. The paper will consider different metal-ion systems (Li, Na, Ca, Mg), lithium solid-state, lead-acid UltraBattery, redox flow batteries, and rechargeable metal-air batteries. For all the systems, the merits and drawbacks of enumerated systems are considered. The main objective of this paper is devoted to the state of the art of different electrochemical energy storage systems, and challenges concerning their price, electrical characteristics, and safety, as well as possibilities of further improvements and applications. In the end, the author opinion about the applications of electrochemical power sources for different uses in energy storage is given.
... [30] The conversion mechanism is reported mainly for aluminum-chalcogen batteries, such as aluminum-sulfur batteries, which undergo a transition process of elemental sulfur to a series of sulfides (S n 2À ) and polysulfides (Al 2 Cl 2 S n À ) with the final conversion to Al 2 S 3 . [31] One drawback of Al batteries is the standard potential (À 1.66 V vs. SHE) of Al with its higher value compared to Li, sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), [32][33][34] which results in a small output cell voltage. However, this problem could be mitigated by some approaches. ...
Rechargeable aluminum batteries with aluminum metal as a negative electrode have attracted wide attention due to the aluminum abundance, its high theoretical capacity and stability under ambient conditions. Understanding and ultimately screening the impact of the initial surface properties of aluminum negative electrodes on the performance and lifetime of the battery cell are of great significance. The purity, surface finishing and degree of hardness of aluminum metal may strongly impact the device's performance, but these properties have not been systematically studied so far. Here, we present an investigation of the underestimated but crucial role of the aluminum foil surface properties on its electrochemical behavior in aluminum battery half‐cells. The results show that commercial aluminum foils with the same purity and degree of hardness but with different thicknesses (from 0.025 to 0.1 mm) exhibit different microstructure and surface roughness, which in turn have an impact on the cyclability. Atomic force microscopy studies show that the aluminum foil is corroded after repeated electrochemical cycling, thus leading to cell failure. The sample with 0.075 mm thickness exhibits the best cycling stability.
... Cheaper, safer and simpler than their competitor (Li ion batteries), the alkaline Ni-MH can be used to store electricity produced by renewable energies, intermittent in space and time. Several recent review papers present state-of-the-art status of the development of the electrode materials for the metal hydride anodes [122][123][124]. ...
... Latroche's work has been mainly focused on the fundamental understanding of the relationships between structures, thermodynamic properties and physical properties of materials, without neglecting their applications in the field of chemical and electrochemical energy storage. In this perspective, his major achievements concern the fundamentals of metal hydrides and their application either as hydrogen gas storage for fuel cells or as negative electrodes for Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries [123,143,[152][153][154][155][156][157]. ...
The paper presents an overview of advanced in situ diffraction studies as a highly valuable tool to probe the structure and reacting mechanisms of hydrogen and energy storage materials. These studies offer benefits from the use of a high flux diffraction beam in combination with high resolution measurements, and allow, even when using very small samples, establishing the mechanism of the phase-structural transformations and their kinetics based on a rapid data collection for the various charge-discharge states at variable test conditions. The applied conditions include a broad range of hydrogen/deuterium pressures, from vacuum to high pressures reaching 1000 bar H 2 /D 2 , and temperatures, from cryocooling (2 K) to as high as 1273 K (1000 °C). Simultaneously, various state-of-charge and discharge are probed when studying metal-H/D systems for hydrogen/deuterium gas storage and as anode electrodes of metal hydride batteries. The range of the studied systems includes but is not limited to the AB 5 , AB 2 Laves type, AB, equiatomic ternary ABC intermetallics and Mg-containing layered AB 3 structures and composites. Prospects on Li-ion full cells are considered as well. Interrelations between the structure and hydrogen storage performance, including maximum and reversible H storage capacity, hysteresis of hydrogen absorption and desorption, H 2 absorption and desorption in dynamic equilibrium conditions, are considered and related to the ultimate goal of optimisation of the H storage behaviours of the advanced H storage materials. Numerous contributions of Dr. Michel Latroche to the field are highlighted, particularly in in situ studies during electrochemical transformations.
... Aqueous batteries such as alkaline Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) batteries, are widely used in emergency lighting, electric tools, household appliances, toys, etc. They are also being exploited to manage energy stationary storage in intermittent renewable energy production (photovoltaic and wind power) and for mobility in most of the hybrid electric vehicles (Toyota, Honda, Ford, etc.) as well heavy-duty vehicles such as buses, trucks and urban trams [1,2]. ...
... In order to respond to the increasing demand for batteries and the need for superior performance, scientists and industry professionals are carrying out studies on a wide range of batteries, including lithium-ion [1], sodium-ion [2], potassiumion [3], magnesium-ion [4], zinc-ion [5], aluminumion [6], calcium-ion batteries [7], etc. It has been noted that sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries have a low energy density, utilize highly toxic and flammable electrolytes, and have very high operating costs in their early stages of development [8]. There are still significant obstacles to overcome when it comes to designing stable cathode materials with high capacity and high voltage for metal-ion intercalation and effective electrode-electrolyte interfaces for post-LIBs [9]. ...
SnO2 anode material is considered to be a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries owing to its high theoretical capacity. However, the application of SnO2 has been dramatically restricted because of pulverization led by the volume expansion during the charge/discharge process. To overcome these drawbacks, herein, SnO2 coated carbon nano tubes (CNT@SnO2) decorated graphene anode as free-standing and flexible was prepared and investigated for Li-ion anode application. The fine dispersion of SnO2 nanocrystals onto CNT surfaces and decoration of this structure between graphene layers not only suppresses the volume expansion but also effectively avoids aggregation of the SnO2, increases the specific surface area and active sites, and improves the electrical conductivity. The free-standing and flexible composite anode exhibit excellent reversible capacity, high Coulombic efficiency, and good capacity retention.
Graphical Abstract
... However, the size of sodium-ion is larger than lithium which makes its ineffective towards Na ? insertion into graphite at low potential and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on NIB is more unstable than that formed in LIB which generates an demanding challenge to find appropriate Na receiving materials for SIBs [4].The evolution of NIBs in terms of alternative electrodes and optimized electrolyte compositions were necessary for fast and stable sodium-ion insertion/extraction. At present, cathode material research has been quite established with layer transition metal oxides Na x CoO 2 , NaCo 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 , Na 4 Mn 9 O 18 , P2-Na 2/3 (Fe 1/2 Mn 1/ 2 )O 2 , polyanion-type NaFePO 4 , NASICON-type Na 3-V 2 (PO 4 ) 3, Prussian blue analogue and few work on keto/aza group-based organic electrodes getting importance in recent days [5][6][7]. ...
... From the above results it is clear that nitrogen is successfully doped into carbon matrix which helps better Na ion accommodation into the structure and also improves the electronic conductivity of the carbon matrix. The existence of P 2p of PO 4 3group is supported by a cumulative peak at 132.7 eV arising from P=O (P 2p 3/2 ) and P-O (P 2p 1/2 ) in Fig. 4g [25-28]. ...
Nitrogen incorporated carbon composite of Sodium titanium phosphate (NaTi2(PO4)3/NTP) can be deliberated as a proficient anode for sodium-ion battery application for its structural stability and good ionic mobility. Presence of nitrogen into the carbon moiety delaminate the problem of poor electronic conductivity and make it practically usable. The carbon composite properties play a crucial role on surface engineered active material, which control the electrochemical performance of an electrode. Here we have synthesized a N-doped carbon coated NTP composite using only ploy vinyl pyrrolidone as both nitrogen and carbon source by a simple sol-gel method. The as prepared NTP-N@C composite reveals excellent electrochemical properties including cycleability, rate performance and specific capacity. The hetero atom doping into carbon matrix enhances both the ionic and electronic conductivity. The structural and morphological study also shows that source of carbon and carbon matrix properties has significant effect on the electrochemical performance. Compare to citric acid derived NTP-C, NTP-N@C shows better performance by delivering a discharge capacity of 106.5 mAhg⁻¹ and 67 mAhg⁻¹ at a current density of 0.1 Ag⁻¹ and 3 Ag⁻¹. Again when the electrode is cycled at 1 Ag⁻¹ for 500 cycle its capacity retention is 86.8% whereas for NTP-C it is only 58.2%. Results exposes the combination of carbon coating and nitrogen doping makes sodium titanium phosphate a promising anode for practical application in sodium-ion battery research.
