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A study was conducted for isolation, identification and antibacterial potential of fungal endophytes of Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers., (Bignoniaceae), a medicinal shrub vine plant which has long history for its usages in curing various disorders. A total of 149 isolates of endophytic fungi representing 17 fungal taxa were obtained from 270 segments...
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... the tissues sampled, maximum colonization fre- quency was found in leaf (72.22%) followed by stem (67.78%) and least in petiole with 25.54% (Fig. 1). Among identified taxa, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Stenella agalis, Fusarium oxysporum, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium roseum were the most frequently iso- lated species with colonization frequencies 6.3%, 5.93%, 5.2%, 5.18%, 4.81% and 4.07% respectively (Table 1). The frequent occurrence of Alternaria alternata is in accor- dance with the study made on other medicinal plants in Varanasi, India like Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus citriodora and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis ( Verma et al. 2007;Kharwar et al. 2010 andGond et al. 2011). ...
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... and White 1994). Only two representatives of ascomycetes were recovered as Chaetomium globosum from stem and Chaetomium sp. from leaf ( Table 1). The earlier reports describe that Chaetomium is a potent endophytic fungus producing several important bioactive products such as chaetopyranin C and D, cytoglobosin, radicicol, cochlio- dinol ( Strobel et al. 2004;Tejesvi et al. 2005;). ...
Citations
... The genus Fusarium has been isolated as endophyte from innumerable plants genera and it shows tremendous variability in terms of genetics, biology, ecology etc (Toghueo 2020 Kharwar et al (2011) reported endophytic Curvularia lunata isolated from leaf tissue of Adenocalymma alliaceum as dominant species which well corroborates the present study. ...
The origin of endophytic symbiosis dates long back in evolutionary history. Over the period of evolution, they have established a special relationship with their host plants. The research nowadays is focused on understanding the ecology, evolution and bioactive potential of endophytes. The current study is aimed to describe the biodiversity of culturable fungal endophytes associated with Dioscorea bulbifera L. Overall, the endophytic fungal taxa belonged to two phyla, four classes, ten orders, twenty-five genera and thirty-eight species showing abundant diversity. The class Dothidiomycetes was reported to be the richest and most abundant in terms of species richness. Diversity indices demonstrated significant diversity of fungal endophytes within and between the different tissues. Moreover, fungal isolates such as, Acrocalymma medicaginis , Curvularia lycoperscii, Talaromyces macrospora, Fusarium laceratum, Paecilomyces formosus and Microascus cirrosus obtained in this study have not been reported earlier as endophytes from any plant. The endophytic fungal isolates, Nigrospora oryzae, Flavodon flavus and Talaromyces sp. , have been reported first time as endophytes from D. bulbifera L. Since, the relevance of endophyte-plant interactions is still indistinct therefore, deeper understanding of these interactions at molecular and genetic level is required to be done.
... Under sunlight, the stems and roots are mostly dried. [13] Traditional Therapeutic Uses Ajos Sacha has a wide range of herbal properties and applications. Whole parts of Ajos Sacha were used in treating bodily complications. ...
Introduction: Plants have been utilized as a source of medicine for a long time. Scientists have successfully mended several abnormal health disorders by boosting traditional pharmaceuticals since the beginning of time. This implies concentrating on a wide range of biological activities to illuminate potential secondary metabolite modes of action. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out using literature review using keywords such as Ajos sacha, Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers through search engine Google Scholar, Science direct, PubMed, and Elsevier. Result and Discussion: The Ajos Sacha has many active metabolites and sulfur compounds similar to garlic. Furthermore, due to biologically abundant active secondary metabolites such as polyphenol, flavonoid, tannic acid, and sulfur compounds, the plant has been documented for numerous biological activities such as antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antifungal activity, anticancer activity, anthelmintic activity, larvicidal activity, and hypocholesterolemic activity. Due to the presence of sulfur in garlic creeper, the plant has shown inhibition of tubulin polymerization or impedes the G2-M phase via Cdc25C signaling. In addition, the Ajos Sacha flower extract inhibits phosphatidylserine translocation, and caspase-3 activation causes apoptosis. The Ajos Sacha was also documented due to its inhibition characteristic on tubulin polymerization or blocking the G2-M phase via Cdc25C signaling. Conclusion: This review presents the role of Ajos Sacha on biological activities, including free radical scavenging property. Henceforth, this plant can be utilized in clinical screening too.
... The occurrence of endophytes inside the host plants depends on various environmental factors such as weather changes, stress conditions, etc. Many researchers have used the microscopic identification of fungal endophytes using standard mycological manuals as a traditional approach, but it is difficult to identify non-sporulating species up to species level (Kharwar et al. 2011, Gond et al. 2012. So, both morphological and molecular approaches have been applied to identify the isolated taxa. ...
Prasher IB, Kumar V 2021-Diversity of endophytic fungi associated with Dillenia indica L., an ethnomedicinal plant. Abstract Endophytic fungi are an important source of novel bioactive molecules having broad applications in agriculture, pharmaceutical and medical industries. In the present study, endophytic fungi were isolated from Dillenia indica L. and characterized on the basis of morphological and molecular approaches. Twenty-five different endophytic fungi belonging to twenty genera i.e.,
... Various studies have recorded this nearness of contagious endophytes in unmistakable phyla. Further, more than one parasitic endophyte can be found [379]. Contagious endophytes are dominatingly seen as present in tropical, subtropical, and earthbound biological systems. ...
Agricultural sustainability is of foremost importance for maintaining high food production. Irresponsible resource use not only negatively affects agroecology, but also reduces the economic profitability of the production system. Among different resources, soil is one of the most vital resources of agriculture. Soil fertility is the key to achieve high crop productivity. Maintaining soil fertility and soil health requires conscious management effort to avoid excessive nutrient loss, sustain organic carbon content, and minimize soil contamination. Though the use of chemical fertilizers have successfully improved crop production, its integration with organic manures and other bio-inoculants helps in improving nutrient use efficiency, improves soil health and to some extent ameliorates some of the constraints associated with excessive fertilizer application. In addition to nutrient supplementation, bioinoculants have other beneficial effects such as plant growth-promoting activity, nutrient mobilization and solubilization, soil decontamination and/or detoxification, etc. During the present time, high energy based chemical inputs also caused havoc to agriculture because of the ill effects of global warming and climate change. Under the consequences of climate change, the use of bioinputs may be considered as a suitable mitigation option. Bioinoculants, as a concept, is not something new to agricultural science, however; it is one of the areas where consistent innovations have been made. Understanding the role of bioinoculants, the scope of their use, and analysing their performance in various environments are key to the successful adaptation of this technology in agriculture.
... In some other cases, environmental factors played the important role in the distribution of endophytic fungi along with part of the host plant. Also, there is overlap in the distribution of the endophytic fungi among plant organs as many are non-tissue specific (Deshmukh et al. 2010;Kharwar et al. 2011a;Rajulu et al. 2016;Singh et al. 2017;Suryanarayanan and Vijaykrishna 2001;Suryanarayanan et al. 2011). It has also been established that mature tissues represent more diversity as compared to young ones . ...
Endophytic fungi not only help in the development of the plants but also produce bioactive compounds that have various therapeutic applications. They also improve the health of crops, protect from various diseases, and enable them to tolerate the abiotic as well as biotic stresses. Earlier, the focus of researchers regarding endophytic fungi was mainly confined to study their biodiversity but at present, the center of attention also includes exploration of their various traits or to exploit various activities and also to produce the similar bioactive compounds for which host plants are known. Endophytic fungi are also considered as one of the best sources to produce bioactive compounds on a large scale and also use to enhance the production of bioactive compounds employing epigenetic modification as well as coculture methods. In the future, the endophytic fungi can be exploited for bioremediation and bioleaching purposes. Endophytic fungi could be used in producing the pigments as well as in the field of nanobiotechnology. Modern genomic approaches like genome editing tools may help in exploring the novel aspects related to endophytic fungi. It is suggested that endophytic fungi should be considered as the reservoir of various biotechnological applications which may help in enhancing the bio-economy of our country.
... In contrast, Tao et al. (2008) reported that the diversity of endophytic fungi in the leaves of Bletillaochracea (Orchidaceae) was greater than that in the species' roots, and similar findings have also been reported by other studies (Fisher et al. 1994;Sun et al. 2011;Li et al. 2012;Zheng et al. 2013). In addition, Kharwar et al. (2011) reported that leaves of the medicinal plant Mansoa alliacea harbored greater colonization of endophytic fungi than stems, and Wang et al. (2007) studied the endophytic fungi of C. longepaniculatum using culture methods, reported that endophytic fungi were most abundant in roots but most diverse in leaves. Therefore, endophytic fungal communities can exhibit different distributions indifferent tissues of a single plant. ...
... However, few studies have investigated the diversity of endophytic fungi in the aromatic Lauraceae plant, and most of these studies have been completed classification by their morphological characteristics, rather than by molecular characterization. Wang et al. (2007), for exampale, reported that Phacodium, Sphaceloma, and Chromosporium dominate the endophytic communities of C. longepaniculatum roots, branches, and leaves, and Kharwar et al. (2011) reported that the endophytic community of Cinnamomum camphora is dominated by Phomopsis, Phyllosticta, and Pestalotiopsis but also includes several rare endophytic fungi, such as Arthrobotrys, Stachybotrys, Chaetophoma, Periconia, and Arthrinium. In addition, He et al. (2012) isolated 2861 endophytic fungi from C. camphoraleaves and grouped then into 39 OTUs, including 36 ascomycetes and three basidiomycetes, all of which were capable of decomposing C. camphora leaf litter in pure culture. ...
Cinnamomum longepaniculatum (Gamble) N. Chao is an important woody incense plant that contains volatile terpenoids and has been extensively cultivated in Yibin, China. However, the relationship between endophytic fungal diversity and C. longepaniculatum species remains unclear. Here, fungal taxa in different tissue samples were analyzed using Illumina-based sequencing of ITS1 region of fungal rDNA genes. Results showed that 476 OTUs were identified in all tissues of C. longepaniculatum, with 78 OTUs common among all tissues. Similarity cluster analysis indicated that these OTUs belong to 5 phyla and at least 18 genera, with a large number of OTUs remaining unidentified at family and genus levels. The fungal community in seeds exhibited the greatest richness and diversity, followed by those in branches, leaves, and roots, respectively. Unclassified Chaetosphaeriales (91.66%), Passalora (57.17%), and unclassified Ascomycota (58.79%) OTUs dominated in root, branch, and leaf communities, respectively, and other common groups in the branch community included unclassified Ascomycota (12.13%), Houjia (10.38%), and Pseudoveronaea (5.43%), whereas other common groups in leaf community included Passalora (11.43%) and Uwebraunia (8.58%). Meanwhile, the seed community was dominated by unclassified Ascomycota (16.98%), unclassified Pleosporaceae (15.46%), and Talaromyces (12.50%) and also included high proportions of unclassified Nectriaceae (7.68%), Aspergillus (6.95%), Pestalotiopsis (6.02%), and Paraconiothyrium (5.11%) and several seed-specific taxa, including Peniophora, Cryptodiscus, and Penicillium. These findings suggest that Yibin-native C. longepaniculatum harbors rich and diverse endophytic communities that may represent an underexplored reservoir of biological resources.
... There is no previous documentation of such compounds being produced by A. cupreus. Certain bioactive compounds like chaetoglobosin, chaetopyranin and globosumones AÀG was also reported in a species of Chaetomium with antibacterial properties (Kharwar et al., 2011). In addition to this, certain metabolites in ethyl acetate extract exhibited high electrochemical potential by cyclic voltammetric technique with probable antioxidant activity. ...
Endophytic fungi were isolated from leaf, bark, inflorescence, fruit and seed of medicinal plant Schleichera oleosa found in the Western Ghats region of Karnataka, India. The endophytic fungal occurrence was studied by isolating them on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, malt extract agar (MEA) medium and moist blotter (MB) and species richness and evenness of endophytic fungi were determined by diversity and evenness indices. Fungal isolates were characterized morphologically into 84 species from 34 genera of 18 families and 9 morphotypes of which Alternaria alternata, Arcopilus cupreus, Aspergillus niger and Corynespora cassiicola were dominant. The colonization frequency was high in leaf in the winter season on the PDA medium. The four fungal isolates A. cupreus, C. cassiicola, Phomopsis liquidambaris and Setosphaeria rostrata that showed antibacterial activity were characterized by ITS1–5.8s-ITS4 regions of rDNA. A. cupreus expressed high antibacterial and antioxidant activities by agar-well diffusion and cyclic voltammetry methods, respectively. The metabolite extracted in ethyl acetate inhibited all the tested bacterial strains. Antioxidant activity of the extract was revealed the high redox potential. The orbitrap high-resolution LC-MS was used for metabolite profiling. The ethyl acetate extract of A. cupreus yielded a large number of bioactive compounds such as [(3-Oxo-2-butanyl) sulfanyl]-3-phenyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone, quercetin, caffeic acid, isofraxidin, and citric acid with diverse functions like antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancerous activities. Compounds with pesticidal and phytohormone activities and industrial importance were documented. Results of the present work indicated that A. cupreus could be a promising source of bioactive compounds with a wide range of applications.
... Two isolates of endophytic fungi Alternaria alternata and Fusarium tricinctum from leaves of Solanum nigrum are producing some phytohormones that are able to enhance the plant growth . Many isolated endophytic fungi of medicinal plant are producing the antibacterial compounds (Keswani et al. 2016;Kharwar et al. 2011). Fusarium fujikuroi as endophyte associated with Taxus brevifolia is able to make gibberellins (Strobel and Daisy 2003). ...
An endophytic fungus is a very great microbe that can grow in all parts of plant, root, stem, leaf, and fruit. These fungi are alive inside the plant as symbiosis or mutualism. Through the life cycle of this type of fungi inside plant is coming from secreting secondary metabolite compounds that possible utilizing for plant and other fields. Many of these compounds can be a novel product. Therefore, this chapter offers the patents recently to show its importance for plants, industry, medicine, and ecosystem. Patents showed some of the novel isolates as genera Neotyphodium sp., Muscodor sp., Curvularia sp., and Fusarium sp. Also, many natural compounds were discovered as pyrrolizidine alkaloid, pericoannosin A, praeruptorin C, cytosporaphenone A, etc. There are many companies using these patents prepared in special formula to sell in international markets. This possibility is helpful to enhance the resistance of plants and humans from diseases without occurrence of any collateral damages. The international markets and research centers work together with patent may bring several new products of new strains or isolates and also new secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi to the markets. That can utilizing in different industries like as biopesticdes, and others that useful and to get the consumer confidence.
... Similarly, previous studies have demonstrated that colonization rate of endophytic fungi is more prevalent in leaves of Tinospora cordifolia (29.3%), Justicia adhatoda (69.3%) [61], and Mansoa alliacea (72.2%) [62] than in the other explored organs. In fact, this may be due to the large leaf area, which is directly exposed to the environment. ...
... In P. lactiflora, the fungal community of the stem was more diverse than those of the leaves and roots, coincident with previous studies (Kharwar et al. 2011). The high endophytic diversity in the stem may be because of the internal structure difference compared with root and leaf. ...
Endophytic fungi from Paeonia lactiflora Pallas, which is mainly distributed in China, were characterized and screened to identify those capable of producing paeoniflorin. A total of 101 isolates obtained from the roots, stems, and leaves of P. lactiflora. were grouped into 16 fungal taxa based on morphological traits and ITS sequences, indicating that endophytic fungi of P. lactiflora are abundant and diverse. The dominant endophytic fungi were Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Penicillium. Fungi recovered from leaves were more than roots and stems. The similarity index was highest between the stems and leaves (0.733), followed by the roots and leaves (0.615) and the stems and roots (0.563). Analyses of the fermentation extracts of 22 endophytic fungi by HPLC and Mass spectrometry revealed that three strains (R12, Alternaria tenuissima; S4, Aspergillus flavus, and R17 Penicillium commune) were able to produce paeoniflorin. Among the paeoniflorin-producing fungi, the yield of paeoniflorin from Aspergillus flavus S4 was 342.4 μg/L. And this strain could be used as candidates for the industrial production of paeoniflorin.
