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Endogenous levels of total SA (A), glucosylated SA (B), and free SA (C) in mustard seedling shoots during and following a 1-h temperature-acclimation treatment (45°C) in the dark (Accl D). Bars represent SE of at least three samples (n 3–10), each consisting of 10 to 15 seedlings. Control measurements taken during the course of the experiment showed no significant variation. Levels of free and glucosylated SA in controls kept in the dark for 1 h at 24°C were not significantly different from the controls kept in the light at 24°C, 1 and 2 h after dark treatment (data not shown). Asterisks indicate significant differences from controls (P 0.05). FW, Fresh weight.
Source publication
Heat-acclimation or salicylic acid (SA) treatments were previously shown to induce thermotolerance in mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings from 1.5 to 4 h after treatment. In the present study we investigated changes in endogenous SA and antioxidants in relation to induced thermotolerance. Thirty minutes into a 1-h heat-acclimation treatment glucosy...
Contexts in source publication
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... SA levels were determined in shoots of mustard seedlings during and following heat acclimation (Fig. 1). Total SA (free and glucosylated) was rapidly and significantly increased to more than 400% of control levels by 30 min after the start of the acclimation treatment (Fig. 1A). Following this abrupt increase, total SA declined toward control levels during the next 6 h. The increase and subsequent decline in total SA were mostly due to ...
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... SA levels were determined in shoots of mustard seedlings during and following heat acclimation (Fig. 1). Total SA (free and glucosylated) was rapidly and significantly increased to more than 400% of control levels by 30 min after the start of the acclimation treatment (Fig. 1A). Following this abrupt increase, total SA declined toward control levels during the next 6 h. The increase and subsequent decline in total SA were mostly due to changes in glucosylated SA (Fig. 1B), but changes in free SA were significant (Fig. 1C). Glucosylated SA levels rapidly increased to 550% of the controls during the first 30 ...
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... and glucosylated) was rapidly and significantly increased to more than 400% of control levels by 30 min after the start of the acclimation treatment (Fig. 1A). Following this abrupt increase, total SA declined toward control levels during the next 6 h. The increase and subsequent decline in total SA were mostly due to changes in glucosylated SA (Fig. 1B), but changes in free SA were significant (Fig. 1C). Glucosylated SA levels rapidly increased to 550% of the controls during the first 30 min after acclimation and then declined during the next 6 h (Fig. 1B). Free SA increased 60% above control levels during acclimation and was more than 200% of control levels 2 h after acclimation ...
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... to more than 400% of control levels by 30 min after the start of the acclimation treatment (Fig. 1A). Following this abrupt increase, total SA declined toward control levels during the next 6 h. The increase and subsequent decline in total SA were mostly due to changes in glucosylated SA (Fig. 1B), but changes in free SA were significant (Fig. 1C). Glucosylated SA levels rapidly increased to 550% of the controls during the first 30 min after acclimation and then declined during the next 6 h (Fig. 1B). Free SA increased 60% above control levels during acclimation and was more than 200% of control levels 2 h after acclimation (Fig. 1C). Levels of free SA remained significantly ...
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... toward control levels during the next 6 h. The increase and subsequent decline in total SA were mostly due to changes in glucosylated SA (Fig. 1B), but changes in free SA were significant (Fig. 1C). Glucosylated SA levels rapidly increased to 550% of the controls during the first 30 min after acclimation and then declined during the next 6 h (Fig. 1B). Free SA increased 60% above control levels during acclimation and was more than 200% of control levels 2 h after acclimation (Fig. 1C). Levels of free SA remained significantly higher than the controls after 6 h (Fig. ...
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... SA (Fig. 1B), but changes in free SA were significant (Fig. 1C). Glucosylated SA levels rapidly increased to 550% of the controls during the first 30 min after acclimation and then declined during the next 6 h (Fig. 1B). Free SA increased 60% above control levels during acclimation and was more than 200% of control levels 2 h after acclimation (Fig. 1C). Levels of free SA remained significantly higher than the controls after 6 h (Fig. ...
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... rapidly increased to 550% of the controls during the first 30 min after acclimation and then declined during the next 6 h (Fig. 1B). Free SA increased 60% above control levels during acclimation and was more than 200% of control levels 2 h after acclimation (Fig. 1C). Levels of free SA remained significantly higher than the controls after 6 h (Fig. ...
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... is the first report, to our knowledge, of increased SA levels during heat acclimation (Fig. 1). Conjugated SA accounted for most of the increase, as in other stresses (Yal- pani et al., 1994;Sharma et al., 1996;Chamnongpol et al., 1998). The magnitude of the increase in total SA during heat acclimation was similar to other short-term increases ( Sharma et al., 1996;Chamnongpol et al., 1998). The shortlived nature of the ...
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... is not a storage form but could fit the model of Seo et al. (1995), in which glucosylated SA was shown to be a less toxic and more water-soluble transport form of SA in the intercellular spaces. Glucosylated SA can be converted back to SA (Seo et al., 1995), and this mechanism may explain the increase in free SA 2 and 3 h after acclimation (Fig. 1C), because glucosylated SA was declining during the same ...
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... inhibition of SA accumulation at 32°C has been used to characterize the signaling pathway during tobacco mosaic virus infection of tobacco plants ( Malamy et al., 1992). In the present study SA levels in mustard increased at the higher temperature of 45°C, indicating that SA accumulation per se is not inhibited by heat treatment (Fig. 1). This implies that the thermosensitive point in N-genemediated elicitation of the hypersensitive response ( Mur et al., 1997) occurs upstream of SA ...
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Citations
... Plant Soil research to involve the up-regulation of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and the subsequent suppression of catalase activity (Dat et al. 1998). On the other hand, studies on G. max revealed that when subjected to both Al and SA treatments, the plants exhibited increased activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase. ...
Background
Aluminum (Al) toxicity poses a significant environmental stress factor, adversely affecting seed germination, crop establishment, quality, and production, primarily due to global soil acidification. Various methods have been explored to mitigate Al toxicity, either by excluding Al ions (Al³+) or accumulating them internally in plants. However, some methods have proven impractical due to their ineffectiveness and associated environmental hazards. Examining discoveries about these pathways is critical for capturing the state-of-the-art of the Al³+ response in plants, highlighting major findings, identifying research gaps, and posing new questions.
Scope
In this review, we discuss the past and current knowledge about the relationship between subcellular Al distribution and differential cell ultrastructure. We also explore environmentally friendly approaches that can effectively alleviate Al toxicity in both soil and plants. Beneficial effects of microorganisms on plants exposed to Al³+ stress are discussed, as well as bioaugmentation approaches, involving the addition of microbial cultures or genetically engineered organisms to accelerate the rate of Al contaminant breakdown in the soil.
Conclusion
Our coverage highlights upcoming studies that concentrate on exploring inter- and intraspecies variations in plant responses to Al stress. To enhance our understanding and pave the way for new molecular breeding targets to improve plant performance under Al stress, staying abreast of current and future insights into how plants adapt to Al stress is imperative.
Graphical abstract
... J.F. Dat and his colleagues applied very low concentrations of salicylic acid while growing seeds of Sinapis alba. [209] Results showed notable increase in concentrations of salicylic acid way beyond the used amount for growth, ascorbic acid, glutathione and antioxidant enzymes. In addition, to increase the yield of the extracted antioxidants, extracted seeds were pretreated by heating to 45 C for 1 h. ...
This is the fifth review in a series of articles that present the major medicinal activities and the phytochemistry of the most important wild edible plants of eastern Mediterranean region, which we named as the "Deca-plants" (D-P). The previous articles discussed the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial and/or antiviral activities. The antioxidant activities of the D-P vary from moderate to very strong, and due to their nutritional importance, this medicinal, biological property, give them special health relevance and importance. With antioxidant property, eating these plants help their consumers avoid and ease oxidative stress that contributes and is involved in almost all known diseases. Since antioxidant activity is one of the most tested activities of plant materials, the literature reports about it are numerous and the number of methods and tests is very large, so we had to limit our review to the major publications. The major phytochemicals responsible for the antioxidant activities of the D-P will be indicated. Finally, for comparison and usefulness, in the last part of this article, five Non-Deca-Plants with notable, reported antioxidant activity will be shortly reviewed, when the criteria of selection are wild and edible.
... Одними з перших досліджень, які довели значення вибору оптимальної концентрації екзогенної СК для застосування з метою підвищення термотолерантності, були роботи на проростках гірчиці Sinapis alba L. (Dat et al., 1998a;1998b). Однак тут варто зазначити порівняно високі концентрації використаної СК -від 10 до 500 мМ. ...
Salicylic acid (SA), as a secondary phenolic metabolite with phytohormonal activity, is an important component of the plant defense system against biotic and abiotic stresses. The scale of industrial synthesis of SA in the world is constantly growing, it is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of drugs and dyes, it is also used in cosmetology, food industry, plant biotechnology, etc. Recently, it has been considered as a promising growth-regulating agent in crop production for decreasing harmful effects of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Over the past two decades, numerous data have been published concerning the metabolic pathways of SA synthesis and its signaling in plant immunity. It regulates and affects various stages of plant ontogenesis and metabolism: seed germination, flowering, stomatal movements, pigment synthesis, photosynthesis and respiration, ethylene biosynthesis, thermoregulation, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, nutrient absorption, membrane integrity and functioning, nodulation in legumes, synthesis of secondary metabolites, general growth and development of plants. Numerous studies have confirmed that endogenous SA and/or its derivatives are involved in stress responses to heavy metals (HMs), hyper- and hypothermia, salinity, water deficiency, and, primarily, pathogenic infections. In parallel with fundamental studies of regulatory functions of SA and/or its derivatives, new ways of their exogenous application are constantly discovered. The use of low concentrations of exogenous SA (0.1–0.5 mM) for seed priming or foliar treatment is reported as an economically viable alternative approach for increasing plant tolerance from both economic and environmental points of view. Exogenous SA leads to an increase in endogenous SA levels that induces plant adaptive responses by changing phytohormonal status, increased synthesis of a number of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, phenolics, terpenes), by increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes. One of the main advantages of using SA in crop production is the ability to reduce the dosage of pesticides and fertilizers that are potentially harmful to the environment and human health. It is also reported that the use of SA in some cases may lead to negative results – growth retardation, sterility, and yield decrease; the causes of this phenomenon are actively investigated. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms of exogenic SA action and its use on various crops in different growing conditions. This review aims to analyze the recent data on SA, crop production, and biotechnology areas where it is possible to effectively apply the SA and/or its derivatives.
... It was hypothesized that wheat, maize, and green gram would be more tolerant to heat if their total GSH concentration was higher [71,72]. The increased GSH level in mustard seedlings under high temperatures was achieved by higher GR activity, which allowed for the removal efficiency of H 2 O 2 [73]. Furthermore, in apple plants at the reproductive stage, higher GSH levels improved their ability to acclimatize to heat stress. ...
Abstract: Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant tripeptide that can enhance plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. Its main role is to counter free radicals and detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in cells under unfavorable conditions. Moreover, along with other second messengers (such as ROS, calcium, nitric oxide, cyclic nucleotides, etc.), GSH also acts as a cellular signal involved in stress signal pathways in plants, directly or along with the glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems. While associated biochemical activities and roles in cellular stress response have been widely presented, the relationship between phytohormones and GSH has received comparatively less attention. This review, after presenting glutathione as part of plants' feedback to main abiotic stress factors, focuses on the interaction between GSH and phytohormones, and their roles in the modulation of the acclimatation and tolerance to abiotic stress in crops plants.
... It was hypothesized that wheat, maize, and green gram would be more tolerant to heat if their total GSH concentration was higher [71,72]. The increased GSH level in mustard seedlings under high temperatures was achieved by higher GR activity, which allowed for the removal efficiency of H 2 O 2 [73]. Furthermore, in apple plants at the reproductive stage, higher GSH levels improved their ability to acclimatize to heat stress. ...
Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant tripeptide that can enhance plant tolerance to biotic andabiotic stress. Its main role is to counter free radicals and detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS)generated in cells under unfavorable conditions. Moreover, along with other second messengers(such as ROS, calcium, nitric oxide, cyclic nucleotides, etc.), GSH also acts as a cellular signalinvolved in stress signal pathways in plants, directly or along with the glutaredoxin and thioredoxinsystems. While associated biochemical activities and roles in cellular stress response have beenwidely presented, the relationship between phytohormones and GSH has received comparativelyless attention. This review, after presenting glutathione as part of plants’ feedback to main abioticstress factors, focuses on the interaction between GSH and phytohormones, and their roles in themodulation of the acclimatation and tolerance to abiotic stress in crops plants.
... In the following sections, we will discuss each antioxidant enzyme in detail. Superoxide free radicals are produced at any location of the ETC; hence, SOD activation is evident in mitochondria, peroxisomes, and chloroplasts [52]. The Haber-Weiss reaction is ten thousand times faster than the natural process [14]. ...
Salt stress is a severe type of environmental stress. It adversely affects agricultural production worldwide. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most frequent phenomenon during salt stress. ROS are extremely reactive and, in high amounts, noxious, leading to destructive processes and causing cellular damage. However, at lower concentrations, ROS function as secondary messengers, playing a critical role as signaling molecules, ensuring regulation of growth and adjustment to multifactorial stresses. Plants contain several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that can detoxify ROS. The production of ROS and their scavenging are important aspects of the plant’s normal response to adverse conditions. Recently, this field has attracted immense attention from plant scientists; however, ROS-induced signaling pathways during salt stress remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the critical role of different antioxidants in salt stress tolerance. We also summarize the recent advances on the detrimental effects of ROS, on the antioxidant machinery scavenging ROS under salt stress, and on the crosstalk between ROS and other various signaling molecules, including nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, calcium, and phytohormones. Moreover, the utilization of “-omic” approaches to improve the ROS-regulating antioxidant system during the adaptation process to salt stress is also described.
... A plethora of literature data indicate that environmental stresses, including high temperatures, lead to oxidative bursts of O 2 -and/or H 2 O 2 in plants (Foyer et al., 1997;Dat et al., 1998;Valleĺian-Bindschedler et al., 1998). Accordingly, ROS produced in chloroplasts can work as plastid signals to activate the expression of genes coding for antioxidant enzymes and to fine-tune the stress-responsive apparatus for more effective adaptation to stresses (Sun and Guo, 2016). ...
Heat stress (HS) severely affects different cellular compartments operating in metabolic processes and represents a critical threat to plant growth and yield. Chloroplasts are crucial for heat stress response (HSR), signaling to the nucleus the environmental challenge and adjusting metabolic and biosynthetic functions accordingly. GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 (GUN1), a chloroplast-localized protein, has been recognized as one of the main players of chloroplast retrograde signaling. Here, we investigate HSR in Arabidopsis wild-type and gun1 plantlets subjected to 2 hours of HS at 45°C. In wild-type plants, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulate promptly after HS, contributing to transiently oxidize the cellular environment and acting as signaling molecules. After 3 hours of physiological recovery at growth temperature (22°C), the induction of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants prevents oxidative damage. On the other hand, gun1 mutants fail to induce the oxidative burst immediately after HS and accumulate ROS and oxidative damage after 3 hours of recovery at 22°C, thus resulting in enhanced sensitivity to HS. These data suggest that GUN1 is required to oxidize the cellular environment, participating in the acquisition of basal thermotolerance through the redox-dependent plastid-to-nucleus communication.
... Similarly, Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to T. asperellum Ism T5 volatile for 9 days, stimulate SA accumulation [117]. In recent years, experimental studies have found that application of exogenous SA induces biotic and abiotic stress [118][119][120][121][122], possibly by modulating antioxidative enzyme activities, thereby potentially reducing the damaging levels of ROS [120,123,124]. It is thus possible that alleviation of biotic or abiotic stress observed in plant-Trichoderma systems would involve SA in later stages of the interactions (Figure 1). ...
The current agriculture is facing various challenges to produce enough food to satisfy the need of the human population consumption without having a negative impact on the environment, human health and ecosystems. The exploitation of bioinoculants has been a crucial alternative for green agriculture. Bioinoculants have two great benefits: to promote plant growth by making essential nutrients available to crops and, to increase the tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses by inducing a long-lasting defense. Certain members of genus Trichoderma have been recognized as biocontrol agents, biofertilizers and stress alleviators for the plants. The use of Trichoderma spp. has also been extended to protect and stimulate growth of horticultural crops. Elucidating the plant signaling events triggered by Trichoderma is of high importance in order to understand the molecular basis involving plant protection against stresses. In this review, the signaling elements of the plants from Trichoderma perception through late defensive responses is discussed. Enhanced understanding how Trichoderma spp. activate defense will lead to improvement in the use of species of this genus to increase crop production with the consequent benefits for human health and care for the environment.
... The application of biostimulant at the dose of 0.5 kg ha −1 promoted nitrogen use under water-deficit conditions, similar to the samples with no drought stress conditions, due to the maintenance of the nitrate reductase enzyme's activity. Prolonged water-deficit periods can be harmful to plants, since they reduce the absorption and transport of water and nutrients, altering the concentration of several metabolic processes, such as the production of amino acids and carbohydrates [52]. The maintenance of CO2 assimilation under water-deficit conditions promoted by the dose of 0.5 kg ha −1 of the biostimulant may be related to the exogenous application of nutrients and amino acids [53]. ...
Drought stress is one of the most predominant environmental factors hindering soybean productivity. Therefore, the study of stress-mitigating strategies, such as the use of biostimulants, is important in order to mitigate this problem. This study investigated the effects of an exogenous application of biostimulants based on amino acids and macro- and micronutrients in the physiological, biochemical and productive responses of soybean cultivated under drought stress. Treatments consisted of T1—dose 0.0 kg ha−1 (control); T2—dose 0.0 kg ha−1 (with water-deficit stress); T3—dose 0.25 kg ha−1; T4—dose 0.5 kg ha−1; T5—dose 0.75 kg ha−1; T6—dose 1.0 kg ha−1 of biostimulant. Application of T4 maintained photosynthetic metabolism, with main action on stomatal conductance, and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase by 420%, catalase by 167% and ascorbate peroxidase by 695%. In addition, it increased the levels of proline by 106%, leaf area by 279% and the dry matter mass of the plants by 26%, which was reflected in a 22% increase in productivity. Therefore, application of the studied biostimulant at a dose of 0.5 kg ha−1 is recommended to effectively alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress on soybean.
... It has been reported that the application of exogenous SA enhances rice yield under high-temperature conditions [19], while inhibiting the synthesis of SA markedly reduced the level of thermotolerance in pea plants [20]. Furthermore, the biosynthesis of SA was increased under heat stress, as observed in many plant species, such as mustard [21], creeping bentgrass [22], grape [23], and melon [24]. These findings indicate that SA signalling is involved in heat acclimation in plants (See Table 1). ...
In recent decades, many new and exciting findings have paved the way to the better understanding of plant responses in various environmental changes. Some major areas are focused on role of phytohormone during abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid (SA) is one such plant hormone that has been implicated in processes not limited to plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stress. This review summarizes the various roles and functions of SA in mitigating abiotic stresses to plants, including heating, chilling, salinity, metal toxicity, drought, ultraviolet radiation, etc. Consistent with its critical roles in plant abiotic tolerance, this review identifies the gaps in the literature with regard to the complex signalling network between SA and reactive oxygen species, ABA, Ca2+, and nitric oxide. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying signalling networks that control development and stress responses in plants and underscore prospects for future research on SA concerning abiotic-stressed plants are also discussed.
