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Drug-resistant bacteria and infectious diseases associated with biofilms pose a significant global health threat. The integration and advancement of nanotechnology in antibacterial research offer a promising avenue to combat bacterial resistance. Nanomaterials possess numerous advantages, such as customizable designs, adjustable shapes and sizes, a...
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... therapies present a promising alternative approach, as they have the ability to deliver precise and targeted treatments. This article provides an overview of recent research progress in the field of intelligent antimicrobial drug delivery systems that exhibit responsiveness to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli such as pH, enzymes, light, and ultrasound ( Figure 1). These stimuli can activate nanostructures to achieve the specific release of drug molecules at certain times and locations, thereby avoiding the development of drug resistance and reducing cellular toxicity. ...
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... process disrupts the dense biofilm matrix and simultaneously leads to the lysis of the bacterial cells. The high bactericidal efficacy is achieved through the combined effects of shape transformation and magnetic activation (Figure 10a). Liu et al. utilized MXene, Au, and polydopamine as raw materials with excellent photothermal properties to synthesize antibacterial agents (MXene@Fe 3 O 4 /Au/PDA) with excellent photothermal magnetic coupling properties (Figure 10b) [121]. ...
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... high bactericidal efficacy is achieved through the combined effects of shape transformation and magnetic activation (Figure 10a). Liu et al. utilized MXene, Au, and polydopamine as raw materials with excellent photothermal properties to synthesize antibacterial agents (MXene@Fe 3 O 4 /Au/PDA) with excellent photothermal magnetic coupling properties (Figure 10b) [121]. The antibacterial mechanism is primarily attributed to the direct transfer of heat generated by the photothermal effect of the nanosheet to the cell membrane. ...
Citations
... The results indicated that clusters of AgNPs were observed adhering to the surface of the bacterial cell walls, suggesting potential harm to the cell membranes [105]. This composite nanoparticle has been increasingly utilized as a promising and efficient antibacterial agent in recent years [106]. The addition of areca leaf extract to chitosan and chitosan/vanillin (CH/Vn) blend films has been shown to enhance the antibacterial activity of chitosan films [107]. ...
The dried, mature fruit of the palm tree species Areca catechu L. is known as the areca nut (AN) or betel nut. It is widely cultivated in the tropical regions. In many nations, AN is utilized for traditional herbal treatments or social activities. AN has historically been used to address various health issues, such as diarrhea, arthritis, dyspepsia, malaria, and so on. In this review, we have conducted a comprehensive summary of the biological effects and biomedical applications of AN and its extracts. Initially, we provided an overview of the constituents in AN extract. Subsequently, we summarized the biological effects of AN and its extracts on the digestive system, nervous system, and circulatory system. And we elucidated the contributions of AN and its extracts in antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial applications. Finally, we have discussed the challenges and future perspectives regarding the utilization of AN and its extracts as emerging pharmaceuticals or valuable adjuncts within the pharmaceutical field.
... The nano-antibacterial material is strongly adsorbed on the surface of bacteria, resulting in membrane depolarization. The interaction with bacterial cells is further enhanced through specific physicochemical interactions, thus interfering with the physiological activities of the bacteria, and resulting in cell membrane damage and ultimately killing the bacteria [126]. In addition to the antimicrobial effect that directly damages bacterial cells, metal ions and metal oxide nanoparticles (Ag, Cu, Al 2 O 3 , ZnO, etc.) can have a serious impact on the structure and function of bacterial cells when they are leached out of solution or dissolved, inducing the condensation of nucleic acids and thus inhibiting bacterial replication and growth [127]. ...
A variety of smart antibacterial antifouling strategies have been developed to prevent bacterial contamination of biological surfaces which function by reducing bacterial attachment and killing adherent bacteria. Recently, many smart coatings have been developed that respond to external environmental stimuli to release bacteria. The release of killed bacteria mostly involves a conformational change in the responsive polymer due to changes in external conditions such as pH, temperature, and light, which in turn affects the wettability and other properties of the smart surface. However, whether the functional surface can be repeatedly regenerated after the bacteria release is an important determinant of the practical applicability of smart antimicrobial surfaces. Thus, a regenerative smart antimicrobial strategy that combines bacteria-killing and releasing functions can be an effective strategy against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. Here, we introduce several stimulus responses such as pH, temperature, salt solution, light, sugar, or combination that can trigger the antibacterial function, further explain the killing/release mechanism and potential applications with examples, and finally, briefly describe other methods of bacterial release in addition to the stimulus-response. This work provides a brief outlook on the development of such smart antimicrobial strategies.
... Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1595 2 of 13 antibacterials, high efficiency, and low toxicity, and can play an antibacterial role by destroying bacterial cell membranes or interfering with bacterial physiological activity [8]. For example, A.F. Jafarova et al. [9] prepared environmentally friendly and non-toxic silver nanoparticles using biological methods and investigated their antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and the results showed that silver nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 50-100 nm can solubilize the bacteria and produce a good antibacterial effect. ...
Although amphiphilic chitosan has been widely studied as a drug carrier for drug delivery, fewer studies have been conducted on the antimicrobial activity of amphiphilic chitosan. In this study, we successfully synthesized deoxycholic acid-modified chitosan (CS-DA) by grafting deoxycholic acid (DA) onto chitosan C2-NH2, followed by grafting succinic anhydride, to prepare a novel amphiphilic chitosan (CS-DA-SA). The substitution degree was 23.93% for deoxycholic acid and 29.25% for succinic anhydride. Both CS-DA and CS-DA-SA showed good blood compatibility. Notably, the synthesized CS-DA-SA can self-assemble to form nanomicelles at low concentrations in an aqueous environment. The results of CS, CS-DA, and CS-DA-SA against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus showed that CS-DA and CS-DA-SA exhibited stronger antimicrobial effects than CS. CS-DA-SA may exert its antimicrobial effect by disrupting cell membranes or forming a membrane on the cell surface. Overall, the novel CS-DA-SA biomaterials have a promising future in antibacterial therapy.
... However, the efficiency of a single mode for antibiofilms is often low, and the combination of multiple materials can achieve the efficient multi-mode removal of a biofilm. Importantly, based on nanomaterials, intelligent antibacterial platforms can be designed in response to biofilm microenvironment (pH, GSH, H 2 O 2 , etc.) and external stimuli (light, electricity, magnetic, heat, sound, etc.) that can release drugs under specific stimuli or induce collaborative antibacterial mechanisms, which has attracted great attention in biofilm research [36]. ...
A biofilm is a microbial community formed by bacteria that adsorb on the surface of tissues or materials and is wrapped in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) such as polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. As a protective barrier, the EPS can not only prevent the penetration of antibiotics and other antibacterial agents into the biofilm, but also protect the bacteria in the biofilm from the attacks of the human immune system, making it difficult to eradicate biofilm-related infections and posing a serious threat to public health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new and efficient antibiofilm drugs. Although natural enzymes (lysozyme, peroxidase, etc.) and antimicrobial peptides have excellent bactericidal activity, their low stability in the physiological environment and poor permeability in biofilms limit their application in antibiofilms. With the development of materials science, more and more nanomaterials are being designed to be utilized for antimicrobial and antibiofilm applications. Nanomaterials have great application prospects in antibiofilm because of their good biocompati-bility, unique physical and chemical properties, adjustable nanostructure, high permeability and non-proneness to induce bacterial resistance. In this review, with the application of composite nanomaterials in antibiofilms as the theme, we summarize the research progress of three types of composite nanomaterials, including organic composite materials, inorganic materials and organic–inorganic hybrid materials, used as antibiofilms with non-phototherapy and phototherapy modes of action. At the same time, the challenges and development directions of these composite nanomaterials in antibiofilm therapy are also discussed. It is expected we will provide new ideas for the design of safe and efficient antibiofilm materials.
... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that the United States alone experiences over 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections annually, resulting in more than 35,000 deaths [13][14][15]. The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has placed humans in a precarious situation, further exacerbated by the lack of effective antibiotics [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have coexisted with bacteria for millions of years, and many AMPs unique membrane-activating mechanism suggests a lower likelihood of bacteria developing drug resistance [23][24][25]. ...
