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Among most serious threats of last two decades with reference to cotton crop in Pakistan is Cotton leaf Curl Virus. This disease inflicted huge losses not only to the cotton crop but also to the economy of Pakistan. It first appeared in 1967 on few plants in Multan and in 1992-93, caused a decline in production down to 9.05 million bales and during...
Citations
... The first time, it appeared in 1967 on a few cotton plants in Multan. Then from 1992 to 1994, this disease declined the production of about 17 million bales in Pakistan (Farooq et al. 2014). The distinctive symptoms of said virus are leave rolling (inward/upward), veins thinking, or swelling with leaf enations that ultimately leads to stunting growth of cotton plant (Farooq et al. 2014). ...
... Then from 1992 to 1994, this disease declined the production of about 17 million bales in Pakistan (Farooq et al. 2014). The distinctive symptoms of said virus are leave rolling (inward/upward), veins thinking, or swelling with leaf enations that ultimately leads to stunting growth of cotton plant (Farooq et al. 2014). The CLCu Multan Betasatellite is a major pathogenicity factor of this disease complex in Pakistan. ...
Cotton is a major cash crop that is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the globe. Cotton leaf curl virus disease is a major threat to lower the cotton yield in Pakistan. The present study aimed to predict the disease
severity at different potassium (K) dosses based on abiotic environmental factors with respect to two sowing times. Three potassium (K) doses (90, 60, and 30kg acre−1) were applied to observe the impact on disease severity. In control,
no extra K was applied. Two sowings were done at 15days intervals. Data was recorded using at seven days intervals after the appearance of the disease. A significant difference in disease severity was observed in K applied cotton plants
and between the two sowing times. Maximum disease severity was noticed in control plants and was found maximum where 90kg acre−1 K was applied. Maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, rainfall, and windspeed exhibited a negative relationship with disease severity. A positive relationship was seen between disease severity and relative humidity irrespective to sowing times. In 1st sowing, maximum air temperature (35–38°C), minimum air temperature (23–24°C), relative humidity (65–75%), rainfall (1–2mm), and windspeed (1.5–2.5km/h) significantly contributed in disease progression. In second sowing, maximum air temperature (34–36°C), minimum air temperature (19–21°C), relative humidity (75–78%), rainfall (0.5–1.5mm), and windspeed (1.5–2.5km/h) favoured the disease development.
... While Pakistan has been a major player in cotton production, it is worth noting that pest attack, drought, and the CLCuV cause a significant loss of yield every year. Over the past three decades, the yield of cotton has been reduced by 30-35% due to CLCuV, which resulted in direct economic consequences for Pakistan (Farooq et al., 2014;Hameed et al., 2014;Rosen et al., 2015;Rehman et al., 2019). The characteristic symptoms of cotton curl leaf disease include vein darkening, leaf curling, enation and vein swelling (Bananej et al., 2016). ...
Begomoviruses are contagious and severely affect commercially important fiber and food crops. Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) is one of the most dominant specie of Begomovirus and a major constraint on cotton yield in Pakistan. Currently, the field of plant genome editing is being revolutionized by the CRISPR/Cas system applications such as base editing, prime editing and CRISPR based gene drives. CRISPR/Cas9 system has successfully been used against biotic and abiotic plant stresses with proof-of-concept studies in both model and crop plants. CRISPR/Cas12 and CRISPR/Cas13 have recently been applied in plant sciences for basic and applied research. In this study, we used a novel approach, multiplexed crRNA-based Cas12a toolbox to target the different ORFs of the CLCuMuV genome at multiple sites simultaneously. This method successfully eliminated the symptoms of CLCuMuV in Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum. Three individual crRNAs were designed from the CLCuMuV genome, targeting the specific sites of four different ORFs (C1, V1 and overlapping region of C2 and C3). The Cas12a-based construct Cas12a-MV was designed through Golden Gate three-way cloning for precise editing of CLCuMuV genome. Cas12a-MV construct was confirmed through whole genome sequencing using the primers Ubi-intron-F1 and M13-R1. Transient assays were performed in 4 weeks old Nicotiana benthamiana plants, through the agroinfiltration method. Sanger sequencing indicated that the Cas12a-MV constructs made a considerable mutations at the target sites of the viral genome. In addition, TIDE analysis of Sanger sequencing results showed the editing efficiency of crRNA1 (21.7%), crRNA2 (24.9%) and crRNA3 (55.6%). Furthermore, the Cas12a-MV construct was stably transformed into Nicotiana tabacum through the leaf disc method to evaluate the potential of transgenic plants against CLCuMuV. For transgene analysis, the DNA of transgenic plants of Nicotiana tabacum was subjected to PCR to amplify Cas12a genes with specific primers. Infectious clones were agro-inoculated in transgenic and non-transgenic plants (control) for the infectivity assay. The transgenic plants containing Cas12a-MV showed rare symptoms and remained healthy compared to control plants with severe symptoms. The transgenic plants containing Cas12a-MV showed a significant reduction in virus accumulation (0.05) as compared to control plants (1.0). The results demonstrated the potential use of the multiplex LbCas12a system to develop virus resistance in model and crop plants against begomoviruses.
... Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a significant cash and fiber crop in Pakistan, contributing approximately 8.6 percent to agriculture and 1.8 percent to the country's GDP (Azhar et al., 2013;Farooq et al., 2014). In 2020, cotton was cultivated on 2,078,899 hectares in Pakistan,producing 3,454,334 tons with an average yield of 16,616 kg/hectare (FAO, 2021). ...
... Cotton is an economically important crop in Pakistan, serving as a source of cash for growers and producing fiber (Azhar et al., 2013;Farooq et al., 2014). Despite its value, the average yield of cotton is often insufficient due to the effects of various biotic and abiotic factors. ...
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) caused by Begomovirus(s) is economically important disease of cotton in Pakistan. Management of CLCuD using natural sources of resistance has great significance and is recognized as long term management strategy. In present study, we evaluated resistant potential of 33 cotton genotypes in agro-ecosystem of Sindh, Pakistan within thrice repeated experiments. Observations were taken at interval of 30 days after sowing on incidence and severity of CLCuD under field conditions. Then the disease index was calculated from values of initial observations on incidence and severity of the disease at each time point and finally Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was calculate for the disease index and presented as semi-quantitative estimate of the disease. Results showed that there was significant difference among AUDPC values of the disease index of tested genotype (LSD=41666, P=0,0000 and LSD=70297, P= 0.0000) during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Significantly highest AUDPC value was recorded in BT.CIM-678 (664109) followed by CRIS-585 (277732) and CRIS-613 (133917) and CRIS-522 (159272) during 2018. The remaining genotypes gave significantly lower AUDPC values. Similar results were obtained during next year of experiment. Therefore, it is concluded that cultivation of BT.CIM-678, CRIS-585, CRIS-613 and CRIS-522 should be avoided in agro-ecosystem of Sindh. Further studies should be conducted for eco-friendly management of the disease.
... Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) disease is one of the most serious obstacles to cotton production. It is caused by a group of viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus, which is spread by whiteflies and poses a severe danger to the cotton crop Farooq et al. (2014). It can be seen in Africa, Pakistan, and northwestern India Sat-tar et al. (2013). ...
In this study, an eco-epidemiological nonlinear deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) disease in cotton is developed and analyzed qualitatively using the stability theory of differential equations. We showed that all solutions of the model are positive and bounded with initial conditions in a certain meaningful set. The existences of unique CLCuV free and endemic equilibrium points are investigated and the basic reproduction number is also computed using next generation matrix method. Then, the conditions for the local and global asymptotic stability of these equilibrium points are established. The analysis shows that the system has locally and globally asymptotically stable CLCuV free when the basic reproduction number is less than one and locally and globally asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium point when the basic reproduction number is greater than one. The simulation result shows the agreement with the analytical results.
... Significantly, 2.7 folds and 1.1 folds higher incidence of CLCV were observed in June/late thermal regimes than April and May thermal regimes, respectively. The results could be explained that, in late sown crop, the favorable temperature (30-45 °C), humidity (70-80%), and wind speed (3-12 km/h) during July and August might increase the multiplication of virus in cotton crop (Khan et al. 1998;Farooq et al. 2014). Along with favorable environments, another possible factor for higher disease attack would be the less accumulation of heat units in late sown crop (Balabantaray et al. 2020;Javed et al. 2022). ...
... Significantly, 2.7 folds and 1.1 folds higher incidence of CLCV were observed in June/late thermal regimes than April and May thermal regimes, respectively. The results could be explained that, in late sown crop, the favorable temperature (30-45 °C), humidity (70-80%), and wind speed (3-12 km/h) during July and August might increase the multiplication of virus in cotton crop (Khan et al. 1998;Farooq et al. 2014). Along with favorable environments, another possible factor for higher disease attack would be the less accumulation of heat units in late sown crop (Balabantaray et al. 2020;Javed et al. 2022). ...
Different environmental conditions affect the phenology and insect/disease incidence in cotton crop. Studies on modulatory role of plant growth stimulants on cotton phenology, insect/disease incidence, and the bolls opening under various thermal regimes/sowing dates under field conditions are lacking. In this study, different growth stimulants, e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2-30 ppm), salicylic acid (SA-50 ppm), moringa leaf extract (MLE-30 times diluted), and ascorbic acid (AsA-70 ppm), were applied at squaring, flowering, and boll formation. June/late thermal regime showed higher incidence of CLCV, insect-infected bolls, and unopened bolls than April/early and May/normal sowing dates. Among the biostimulants, foliar spray of H 2 O 2 and SA (averaged across) reduced the incidence of CLCV, cotton boll worms, and unopened bolls by 25%, 30%, and 29% in June thermal regime than water-treated plants of respective sowing date. April thermal regime took more days for the accumulation of required growing degree days for all phenological components, i.e., days to squaring, flowering, boll splition, boll maturation period, and node number for first fruiting branch, while June thermal regime took less days to initiate these phenological stages. Foliar spray of H 2 O 2 and SA (averaged across) increased earliness at squaring and flowering by 12% and 7%, respectively under April thermal regime while MLE and AsA delayed earliness. The results indicate that exogenous application of SA and H 2 O 2 could improve cotton phenology but reduce the insect and disease incidence under field conditions.
... Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) belongs to the genus Gossypium of Malvaceae family and is one of the most important seed oil crops in the world (Ali et al., 2009;Farooq et al., 2014). It is a prime source of fiber and plays an important role in the socio-economic progress of many countries as more than 20 million farmers cultivate it as their main cash crop globally . ...
Cotton is grown all over the world including Asian countries. Severe foliar disease symptoms were observed on cotton in fields from different districts of cotton zone of the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Infected plant leaves were sampled from various areas and processed for the isolation of the causal organism. Fungal isolates were identified morphologically. The conidia of the fungus were observed oblong to ellipsoid, hyaline, and aseptate, but occasionally 1-septate with dimensions ranging from 2.7 to 7.8 × 1.6 to 3.5 μm. A total of two isolates were characterized further for genetic diversity. Both the isolates showed moderate reactions to the NaOH test for E metabolite. The pathogen was morphologically identified as Boeremia exigua. Further, the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and TUB gene of the fungal isolates were amplified and analyzed. The sequence of partial ITS and TUB showed 99% homology with the isolates of B. exigua. The pathogenicity test was performed on three months old cotton plants by using two isolates of B. exigua. After 15 days of inoculation, necrotic spots started developing on the leaves that were very similar to those observed in the field. The fungal pathogen was re-isolated from the leaves of all the inoculated plants, identified morphologically following Koch's postulates. This disease might be a potential threat to cotton production in Pakistan in the future. However, further studies are required to know the virulence, behavior, alternate hosts, and spreading nature of the pathogen.
... Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) illness is a major impediment to cotton production. It is caused by a genus of viruses known as Begomovirus, which is spread by whiteflies and poses a serious threat to the cotton crop Farooq et al. [8]. It can be seen in Africa, Pakistan, and northwestern India Sattar et al. [9]. ...
In this paper, we develop a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) disease in cotton. The models took into account both cotton and vector populations. Cotton populations are classified as susceptible (A) and infected (B). The vector population was further classified as susceptible (X) and infected (Y). We demonstrated that all model solutions are positive and bounded with initial circumstances from a specific meaningful set. The presence of unique CLCuV free and endemic equilibrium points is explored, and the basic reproduction number is calculated using the next generation matrix approach. The conditions for these equilibrium points' local and global asymptotic stability are then established. When the basic reproduction number is less than one, the system has a locally and globally asymptotically stable CLCuV free equilibrium point, and when the basic reproduction number is more than one, the system has a locally and globally asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium point. The simulation result agrees with the analytical results.
... The leaf is the most susceptible to diseases, which cause plant damage and death (Kumar et al. [6]). Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) disease is caused by a group of viruses in the genus Begomovirus, which is spread by whiteflies and poses a serious threat to the cotton crop (Farooq et al. [7]). It can be found in Africa, Pakistan, and Northwestern India (Sattar et al. [8]). ...
In this paper, the transmission dynamics of cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) disease in cotton plants was proposed and investigated qualitatively using the stability theory of a nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Cotton and vector populations were both taken into account in the models. Cotton population was categorized as susceptible (A) and infected (B). The vector population was also categorized as susceptible (C) and infected (D). We established that all model solutions are positive and bounded by relevant initial conditions. The existence of unique CLCuV free and endemic equilibrium points, as well as the basic reproduction number, which is computed using the next generation matrix approach, are investigated. The conditions for the local and global asymptotic stability of these equilibrium points are then established. When the basic reproduction number is less than one, the system has locally and globally asymptotically stable CLCuV free equilibrium point, but when the basic reproduction number is more than one, the system has locally and globally asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium point. The numerical simulation findings show that lowering the infection rate of cotton vectors has a significant impact on controlling cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) in the time frame given.
... Gemini viruses have a geminate shape and consist of encapsulated single stranded circular genome . Begomo viruses of the Family Gemini viridae induce the CLCuD in cotton (Malik et al., 2014). Begomo viruses are consists of two types of genomes i.e. monopartite and bipartite. ...
Cotton is the backbone of Pakistan's economy and plays important role in it. Over the years cotton has faced many issues which effected the total yield of the crop and ultimately the economy of the country. The CLCuD is one of the devastating issues that cotton has faced in the past and suffering from it in the present. It is a viral disease and transmitted by white fly sp. Bemisia.tabaci a sucking insect. The CLCuV belongs to the genus Begomo virus cause this disease and is difficult to control due to its recombination abilities i.e., ability to change the complete or partial genome, alternate host feature to travel in other crops due to mix cropping system and multiple strains in different regions of the world having a different genetic makeup. Scientists developed various techniques using modern and conventional approach to control the disease which showed significant impact on the controlling the CLCuV virus. Thus, considering vast benefits of these techniques, the study was undertaken to collect all the methods implemented by researchers to control the disease and increase the production of cotton fiber over the years.
