Table 2 - uploaded by Zuoxi Liu
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
This paper examines the GHG emission of industrial process in Shenyang city, in the Liaoning province of China, using the 2006 IPCC greenhouse gas inventory guideline. Results show that the total GHG emissions of industrial process has increased, from 1.48 Mt in 2004 to 4.06 Mt in 2009, except for a little decrease in 2008. The cement industry, and...
Similar publications
Active school commuting provides a convenient opportunity to promote physical activity for children, while also reducing car dependence and its associated environmental impacts. School-home distance is a critical factor in school commuting mode choice, and longer distances have been proven to increase the likelihood of driving. In this study, we co...
Citations
... In addition to these gases, GHG also contains other gases in smaller proportions. The industrial activities [2], energy production sector, Airways, Domestic appliances like refrigerators, Air Conditioners are the major contributors for the GHG emission Inventory. The fossil fuel burning claims as chief cause with 75% GHG emissions. ...
... Although the IPPU sector is considered to be less significant than the energy sector [2], with the increase in the size of the industrial section in Saudi Arabia, the IPPU sector is a potential source of increased GHG emissions in the atmosphere. Analyses of sustainability in different industrial processes have been reported for some countries [13][14][15][16][17]; however, little information in terms of GHG emissions from this sector, in Saudi Arabia, is available in the open literature. ...
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been experiencing consistent growth in industrial
processes and product use (IPPU). The IPPU’s emission has been following an increasing trend.
This study investigated time-series and cross-sectional analyses of the IPPU sector. Petrochemical,
iron and steel, and cement production are the leading source categories in the Kingdom. In recent
years, aluminum, zinc, and titanium dioxide production industries were established. During the
last ten years, a significant growth was observed in steel, ethylene, direct reduce iron (DRI), and
cement production. The growth of this sector depends on many factors, including domestic and
international demand, socioeconomic conditions, and the availability of feedstock. The emissions
from IPPU without considering energy use was 78 million tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) in 2020,
and the cement industry was the highest emitter (35.5%), followed by petrochemical (32.3%) and
iron and steel industries (16.8%). A scenario-based projection analysis was performed to estimate the
range of emissions for the years up to 2050. The results show that the total emissions could reach
between 199 and 426 million tons of CO2eq in 2050. The Kingdom has started initiatives that mainly
focus on climate change adaptation and economic divergence with mitigation co-benefits. In general,
the focus of such initiatives is the energy sector. However, the timely accomplishment of the Saudi
Vision 2030 and Saudi Green Initiative will affect mitigation scenarios significantly, including in the
IPPU sector. The mitigation opportunities for this sector include (i) energy efficiency, (ii) emissions
efficiency, (iii) material efficiency, (iv) the re-use of materials and recycling of products, (v) intensive
and longer use of products, and (vi) demand management. The results of this study will support the
Kingdom in developing an appropriate climate change mitigation roadmap.
... Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1051/1/012025 GHG emission reductions from industrial processes[12]. ...
Sustainable energy is the solution for long-term developments. It is easy to access a clean, affordable and reliable energy. This paper provides a review on sustainable design in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), including the telecommunication sector, energy in data centers and end user devices underlining unsustainable design practices. This paper also explains energy saving, direct impact assumptions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions, rebound effect, direct footprint of ICTs in reducing it. Dematerialization, plays an important role in reducing GHG emissions, are proposed in this paper. A literature review deals with extant reviews through the synergic relationship between economic prospects, sustainability and the ICT design. This paper introduces an econometric example to investigate the ICT effect on energy output, descriptive statistics of ICT, industry and energy saving. European Union (EU) depends on the ICT to reach to its energy and environmental targets. An expectation that differs from 50% to 125% of the total 20% greenhouse gas reduction is needed in 2020.
... (1) Carbon productivity CP it : The calculation of carbon productivity requires the CO 2 emission and GDP of each province. The determine carbon productivity, Kaya and Yokobori (1999) proposed that the ratio of GDP to carbon emissions can be calculated, and this has been widely applied by different institutes and research studies ( Liu et al., 2014;Jiang et al., 2018). GDP indicators can be obtained directly from China's statistical yearbook. ...
... Pertaining publications include those on fugitive emission from the mining industry (Cheng et al. 2011;Shao et al. 2016;Su et al. 2005;Warmuzinski 2008); oil and natural gas (Elgowainy et al. 2014;Elkin 2015;Motazedi et al. 2017;Park et al. 2010;Szklo and Schaeffer 2007;Schneising et al. 2014); fossil fuel GHG emissions from the manufacturing industry (Akbostanci et al. 2011;Griffina et al. 2018;Laurent et al. 2010;Lina and Xubc 2018;Pengab et al. 2018;Ren et al. 2014;Tian et al. 2013;Yuab et al. 2018); emissions from the mineral products, especially cement (Andrew 2018;Cai et al. 2016;Liu et al. 2015;Liu 2016;Rehan and Nehdi 2005;Shan et al. 2016); and metal Liu et al. 2016;Shi and Zhao 2016;Yang et al. 2018) and food (Garnett 2011) productions. Important information was brought during assessments of mitigation potential of the industrial processes on the reduction of GHG emissions (Garnett 2011;Hao et al. 2016;Laurent et al. 2010;Liu et al. 2014;Long et al. 2016;Park et al. 2010;Rehan and Nehdi 2005;Wu et al. 2016;Yu et al. 2016;Zhang et al. 2016). Furthermore, a recent special issue of Applied Energy was published on the recent trends of industrial emissions in developing countries . ...
Industrial processes cause significant emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere and, therefore, have high mitigation and adaptation potential for global change. Spatially explicit (gridded) emission inventories (EIs) should allow us to analyse sectoral emission patterns to estimate the potential impacts of emission policies and support decisions on reducing emissions. However, such EIs are often based on simple downscaling of national level emission estimates and the changes in subnational emission distributions do not necessarily reflect the actual changes driven by the local emission drivers. This article presents a high-definition, 100-m resolution bottom-up inventory of GHG emissions from industrial processes (fuel combustion activities in energy and manufacturing industries, fugitive emissions, mineral products, chemical industries, metal production and food and drink industries), which is exemplified for data for Poland. The study objectives include elaboration of the universal approach for mapping emission sources, algorithms for emission disaggregation, estimation of emissions at the source level and uncertainty analysis. We start with IPCC-compliant national sectoral GHG estimates made using Polish official statistics and, then, propose an improved emission disaggregation algorithm that fully utilises a collection of activity data available at the national/provincial level to the level of individual point and diffused (area) emission sources. To ensure the accuracy of the resulting 100-m resolution emission fields, the geospatial data used for mapping emission sources (point source geolocation and land cover classification) were subject to thorough human visual inspection. The resulting 100-m emission field even holds cadastres of emissions separately for each industrial emission category. We also compiled cadastres in regular grids and, then, compared them with the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). A quantitative analysis of discrepancies between both results reveals quite frequent misallocations of point sources used in the EDGAR compilation that considerably deteriorate high-resolution inventories. We also use a Monte-Carlo method-based uncertainty assessment that yields a detailed estimation of the GHG emission uncertainty in the main categories of the analysed processes. We found that the above-mentioned geographical coordinates and patterns used for emission disaggregation have the greatest impact on the overall uncertainty of GHG inventories from the industrial processes. We evaluate the mitigation potential of industrial emissions and the impact of separate emission categories. This study proposes a method to accurately quantify industrial emissions at a policy relevant spatial scale in order to contribute to the local climate mitigation via emission quantification (local to national) and scientific assessment of the mitigation effort (national to global). Apart from the above, the results are also of importance for studies that confront bottom-up and top-down approaches and represent much more accurate data for global high-resolution inventories to compare with.
... The emissions are calculated for 26 energy consumption sources including heat and electricity which are widely used in the industrial sector of China, as seen in Eq. (9). For this purpose, we adopted the method proposed by IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2006) which is widely applied by different institutes and research studies (Zhao et al. 2013;Jiang et al. 2018;Wu et al. 2016;Feng et al. 2013;Liu et al. 2014;Wiedmann et al. 2008). ...
Energy consumption and increasing CO2 emissions in China are mainly indorsed to the industrial sector. The objective of this study was to explore the main factors driving CO2 emissions in China’s industry throughout 1991–2016. Based on the log-mean Divisia index (LMDI) method, this study decomposes the change of industry-related CO2 emissions into energy structure effect, income effect, energy intensity effect, carbon emission, and labor effect. The core results indicate that CO2 emissions in China’s industry experienced a significant increase from 738.5 to 7271.8 Mt during 1991–2013, while it decreased to 6844.0 Mt in 2016. The income effect and labor effect are the top two emitters, which accounted for increases of 351.8 Mt and 57.8 Mt in CO2 emissions respectively. Additionally, the energy structure effect also played a role in increasing CO2 emissions. Energy intensity and carbon emission effects are the most important factors in reducing CO2 emissions. The policy suggestions about the different period-wise analyses in terms of economic growth, energy structure, and energy intensity are provided.
... EF glass refers to the emission factor of glass production and is 0.2 ton CO 2 /ton, according to IPCC (2006). CR refers to the cullet ratio and is assumed to be 0.4 according to Liu et al. (2014). ...
China has been the largest contributor to global carbon emissions since 2008, with its building and construction industry considered as one of the most significant sources. However, few studies have been conducted on analyzing the influencing factors of the carbon emissions following a life cycle perspective. This study aims to evaluate the carbon emissions of this industry from a life cycle perspective, including the extraction, manufacturing, construction and construction-related transportation, and building operation, using Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index. The key findings are: 1) the extraction and manufacturing of raw materials, and building operation are the two biggest contributors to the life cycle carbon emissions of the building and construction industry, accounting for 58% and 40% respectively; 2) the most effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions in the construction stage from 2000 to 2015 are to improve energy efficiency and lower emission factor; and 3) the most effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions in the building operation stage from 2000 to 2015 are to increase development density, improve emission factor, energy structure and industry structure. This study provides useful scientific evidence for policy makers to establish appropriate emission targets and relevant reduction strategies that are relevant to China's building and construction industry.
... Under these circumstances, a series of environmental issues such as water and soil erosion, biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas emissions, etc. have arisen, due to the over-consumption or inefficient use of natural resources. Furthermore, natural hazards affected by the trend of the global warming effect have frequently threatened the sustainability of China's crop production [28]. ...
With a growing demand for crop products in China, a great deal of local resources and industrial inputs are consumed including agricultural machineries, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and energies, which results in many environmental issues such as resource depletion, water pollution, soil erosion and contamination, and CO2 emissions. Thus, this study evaluated the trend of sustainability of China’s crop production from 1997 to 2016 in terms of emergy and further explored the driving forces using decomposition analysis methods. The results showed that the total emergy used (U) increased by 50% from 7.82 × 1023 in 1997 to 1.17 × 1024 solar emergy Joule (sej) in 2016. Meanwhile, the values of the emergy sustainability index (ESI) were all smaller than one with a declining trend year by year, indicating that China’s crop production system is undergoing an unsustainable development pattern. From the results of the ESI decomposition, the renewable resource factor (R/GDP) and land use factor (L/A) are two key factors impeding the sustainable development of the crop production system. Therefore, the increased capacity of renewable resources and enough labor forces engaged in crop production will be the key strategies for its sustainable development.
... IPCC (2006) is a typical bottom-up method that divides emission sources into four sectors: energy; industrial processes and product use (IPPU); agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU); and waste. However, the method is mainly suitable for and often used in national CE accounting (Guan et al., 2012(Guan et al., , 2014Liu et al., 2014Wang et al., 2014;Chen, 2015). Similarly, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (WRI/WBCSD, 2004) is also bottom-up. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to provide a typical example of accounting for the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in underdeveloped cities, especially for the Poyang Lake area in China. The accounting can increase public understanding and trust in climate mitigation strategies by showing more detailed data.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses the “Global Protocol for Community-scale greenhouse gas emission inventories (GPC)” method, a worldwide comparable framework for calculating urban CO2e emission (CE). The empirical case is an underdeveloped city, Nanchang, in China.
Findings
The results show the total CE of Nanchang, containing the electricity CE of Scope 2, grew rapidly from 12.49 Mt in 1994 to 55.00 Mt in 2014, with the only recession caused by the global financial crisis in 2008. The biggest three contributors were industrial energy consumption, transportation and industrial processes, which contributed 44.71-72.06, 4.10-25.07 and 9.07-22.28 per cent, respectively, to the total CE. Almost always, more than 74.41 per cent of Nanchang’s CE was related to coal. When considering only the CEs from coal, oil and gas, these CEs per unit area of Nanchang were always greater than those of China and the world. Similarly, these CEs per gross domestic product of Nanchang were always bigger than those of the world. Thus, based on these conclusions, some specific countermeasures were recommended.
Originality/value
This paper argues that the CO2e accounting of underdeveloped cities by using the GPC framework should be promoted when designing climate mitigation policies. They can provide more scientific data to justify related countermeasures.
... IPCC 2006 is a typical bottom-up method that divides emission sources into four sectors: energy; industrial processes and product use (IPPU); agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) and waste. However, the method is mainly suitable for and often used in the national CE accounting (Guan et al. 2012(Guan et al. , 2014Liu et al. 2014;Liu, Guan, et al. 2015;Wang et al. 2014;Chen 2015). Similarly, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (WRI/WBCSD 2004) is also bottom-up. ...
It is innovative to account for the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) of underdeveloped regions such as Nanning city of China. Meanwhile, the ‘Global Protocol for Community-scale greenhouse gas emission inventories (GPC)’ has been considered a worldwide comparable framework for calculating urban CO2e emission (CE). So, the CEs of Nanning were calculated during 1994–2015 by the GPC methodology in this paper. The results show the total CE of Nanning, containing the electricity CE of Scope 2, grew rapidly from 6.56 Mt in 1994 to 55.44 Mt in 2015, with an annual average increasing rate of 10.69% and amount of 2.33 Mt. The biggest three contributors were industrial energy consumption, transportation and industrial processes, which contributed 29.72–61.09, 10.75–41.87 and 7.40–14.99%, respectively, to the total CE. Almost always, more than 90.94% of Nanning’s CE was related to coal. When considering only the CEs from coal, oil and gas, both these CEs per unit area and per GDP of Nanning were always greater than those of the world, although less than those of China due to the underdeveloped status of Nanning in most years. So, it was necessary for Nanning to pursue the pattern of low-carbon development, and some corresponding countermeasures were recommended.
