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As a new type of rapid prototyping technology, 3D printing technology effectively solves the problems of large errors and waste of resources in traditional manufacturing technology. Compared with other technologies, DLP technology has the following advantages: high reliability, high brightness, rich and gorgeous colors, and is very suitable for por...
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Recently, 3D printing technology has become a practical method to realize products rapidly. It is suitable for making small quantities of products. Although it is capable of printing with a high level of geometric complexity, there is a lack of tensile strength due to its process where the products are printed layer by layer. However, this technolo...
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... This has the advantages of fast processing, low cost, and high resolution 10 . In dentistry, DLP printers can create objects such as restorations, implants, aligners, models, surgical guides, and splints 9,11 . ...
Three-dimensional (3D) printing, otherwise known as additive manufacturing in a non-technical context, is becoming increasingly popular in the field of dentistry. As an essential step in the 3D printing process, postwashing with organic solvents can damage the printed resin polymer and possibly pose a risk to human health. The development of water-washable dental resins means that water can be used as a washing agent. However, the effects of washing agents and washing times on the mechanical and biocompatibility properties of water-washable resins remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of different washing agents (water, detergent, and alcohol) and washing time points (5, 10, 20, and 30 min) on the flexural strength, Vickers hardness, surface characterization, degree of conversion, biocompatibility, and monomer elution of 3D printed samples. Using water for long-term washing better preserved the mechanical properties, caused a smooth surface, and improved the degree of conversion, with 20 min of washing with water achieving the same biological performance as organic solvents. Water is an applicable agent option for washing the 3D printing water-washable temporary crown and bridge resin in the postwashing process. This advancement facilitates the development of other water-washable intraoral resins and the optimization of clinical standard washing guidelines.
... [34,35] One of the widely used 3D printing technologies, digital light processing (DLP), is characterized by its high precision, low cost, and remarkable efficiency. [36][37][38] Leveraging this technology, macroscopically ordered hole electrode scaffolds can be precisely 3D printed layer by layer. [39,40] DLP technology holds great potential for enhancing hydrogen production efficiency under sustained high current densities and effectively controlling bubble behavior. ...
Alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) for scalable hydrogen production largely hinges on addressing the sluggish bubble‐involved kinetics on the traditional Ni‐based electrode, especially for ampere‐level current densities and beyond. Herein, 3D‐printed Ni‐based sulfide (3DPNS) electrodes with varying scaffolds are designed and fabricated. In situ observations at microscopic levels demonstrate that the bubble escape velocity increases with the number of hole sides (HS) in the scaffolds. Subsequently, we conduct multiphysics field simulations to illustrate that as the hole shapes transition from square, pentagon, and hexagon to circle, where a noticeable reduction in the bubble‐attached HS length and the pressure balance time around the bubbles results in a decrease in bubble size and an acceleration in the rate of bubble escape. Ultimately, the 3DPNS electrode with circular hole configurations exhibits the most favorable HER performance with an overpotential of 297 mV at the current density of up to 1000 mA cm ⁻² for 120 h. The present study highlights a scalable and effective electrode scaffold design that promotes low‐cost and low‐energy green hydrogen production through the ampere‐level alkaline HER.
... For 3D printing we opted for a Formlabs 3B+ printer. There has been extensive research comparing 3D print technology [4,6,7,10,[12][13][14]59]. These conclude that model position [13], anti-aliasing, grey-scale and blur [7,60] are the most influencing parameters. ...
... For 3D printing we opted for a Formlabs™Form 3B+ , as it has been validated in FDA-cleared workflows. There has been extensive research comparing 3D print technology [4,6,7,10,[12][13][14]59,62,63]. These conclude that model position [9,13], anti-aliasing, grey-scale and blur [7,60] are the most influencing parameters. ...
... More data of actual forces applied on distalizers, is needed to be able to build a reliable mathematical model, thus improving artificial intelligence and facilitating Additive Manufacturing. The 3D intra-oral scanners, 3D dental printers and biocompatible 3D printing resins available, facilitate the manufacturing in-office [2,12,14,59]. Even though breakage and debonding incidents were noted, they were caused by patient-admitted non-compliance during eating. ...
This papers objective is to describe a method of in-office 3D designing and 3D printing of a tooth-borne molar distalizer and create a library to easily reproduce the needed distalizers in a private orthodontic clinic. Research objectives were to design and 3D print molar distalizers, clinically use in orthodontic treatment settings, assess the strength and frequency of debonding and or breakage. The print resin used was Dental LT Clear V2 (RS-F2-DLCL-02) from formlabs. The 3D printer used was a Formlabs 3B+printer. 16 patients were treated with these 3D printed distalizers. Patients selected were between 11 Years and 49 Years old, Class II occlusion with no skeletal Class II values. The skeletal cephalometric values of the six patients were within the range of SNA = 81± 3º , SNB = 78 ± 3º , ANB = 3 ± 2º. The mean duration of the 3D printed appliance was 14.58 ± 4.31 weeks. The aim reached, was to position molars and canines in a dental Class I position. The combined failure rate was 0.94. A library of distalizers has been made of sizes between 16mm and 29mm, they are easy to print and easy to use in office.
... For 3D printing we opted for a Formlabs 3B+ printer. There has been extensive research comparing 3D print technology [4,6,7,10,[12][13][14]51]. These conclude that model position [13], anti-aliasing, grey-scale and blur [7,52] are the most influencing parameters. ...
... For 3D printing we opted for a Formlabs™Form 3B+ , as it has been validated in FDA-cleared workflows. There has been extensive research comparing 3D print technology [4,6,7,10,[12][13][14]51,54,55]. These conclude that model position [9,13], anti-aliasing, grey-scale and blur [7,52] are the most influencing parameters. ...
... More data of actual forces applied on distalizers, is needed to be able to build a reliable mathematical model, thus improving artificial intelligence and facilitating Additive Manufacturing. The 3D dental printers and biocompatible 3D printing resins available, facilitate the manufacturing in-office [2,12,14,51]. Even though breakage and debonding incidents were noted, they were caused by patient-admitted non-compliance during eating. ...
This papers objective is to describe a method of in-office 3D designing and 3D printing of a tooth-borne molar distalizer and create a library to easily reproduce the needed distalizers in a private orthodontic clinic. Research objectives were to design and 3D print molar distalizers, clinically use in orthodontic treatment settings, assess the strength and frequency of debonding and or breakage. The print resin used was Dental LT Clear V2 (RS-F2-DLCL-02) from formlabs. The 3D printer used was a Formlabs 3B+printer. 16 patients were treated with these 3D printed distalizers. Patients selected were between 11 Years and 49 Years old, Class II occlusion with no skeletal Class II values. The skeletal cephalometric values of the six patients were within the range of SNA = 81± 3º , SNB = 78 ± 3º , ANB = 3 ± 2º. The mean duration of the 3D printed appliance was 14.58 ± 4.31 weeks. The aim reached, was to position molars and canines in a dental Class I position. The combined failure rate was 0.94. A library of distalizers has been made of sizes between 16mm and 29mm, they are easy to print and easy to use in office.
... For 3D printing we opted for a Formlabs 3B+ printer. There has been extensive research comparing 3D print technology [4,6,7,10,[12][13][14]51]. These conclude that model position [13], anti-aliasing, grey-scale and blur [7,52] (7,41) are the most influencing parameters. ...
... It is also compatible with a wide range of bio-compatible, sterilizable materials manufactured in our FDA-registered, ISO 13485 certified facility. There has been extensive research comparing 3D print technology [4,6,7,10,[12][13][14]51,54,55]. These conclude that model position [9,13], anti-aliasing, grey-scale and blur [7,52] are the most influencing parameters. ...
... More data of actual forces applied on distalizers, is needed to be able to build a reliable mathematical model thus improving artificial intelligence and facilitating Additive Manufacturing. The 3D dental printers and biocompatible 3D printing resins 11 of 15 available, facilitate the manufacturing in-office [2,12,14,51]. Even though breakage and debonding incidents were noted, they were caused by patient-admitted non-compliance during eating. ...
This papers objective is to describe a method of in-office 3D designing and 3D printing of a tooth-borne molar distalizer and create a library to easily reproduce the needed distalizers in a private orthodontic clinic. Research objectives were to design and 3D print molar distalizers, clinically use in orthodontic treatment settings, assess the strength and frequency of debonding and or breakage. The print resin used was Dental LT Clear V2 (RS-F2-DLCL-02) from formlabs. The 3D printer used was a Formlabs 3B+printer. 16 patients were treated with these 3D printed distalizers. Patients selected were between 11 Years and 49 Years old, Class II occlusion with no skeletal Class II values. The skeletal cephalometric values of the six patients were within the range of SNA = 81± 3º , SNB = 78 ± 3º , ANB = 3 ± 2º. The mean duration of the 3D printed appliance was 14.58 ± 4.31 weeks. The aim reached, was to position molars and canines in a dental Class I position. The combined failure rate was 0.94. A library of distalizers has been made of sizes between 16mm and 29mm, they are easy to print and easy to use in office.
... DLP uses a projector and movable mirror DMD chip to project a model pattern onto photosensitive material, achieving highresolution printing of small, precise objects. 25 Inkjet printing, liquid materials form solid objects through a nozzle, using UV light or chemical reactions. It is versatile but limited for complex 3D or hollow structures. ...
In the contemporary era, technological advancements have emerged as a highly valuable asset. One area that hasexperienced a significant surge in utilization within the field of surgical practice is robotic surgery. However,despite the rapid and widespread adoption of robotic surgical systems, there exists a notable deficiency in thedevelopment of a comprehensive framework for training. To address this gap, an extensive literature review wasconducted focusing on training and benchmarks in the domain of robotic surgery. The objective of this researchendeavor is to furnish a roadmap for the cultivation of robotic surgical skills among novice surgeons with thenovel technology of 3D printed hydrogel bio-models. We aim to elucidate examples of efficacious educationaltools and techniques, underscore the utmost importance of simulation, and explore expert perspectives regardingthe potential of 3D-printed hydrogel bio-printed models and artificial intelligence in facilitating advancements inthe realm of robotic surgery training.
... For most desktop-level DLP 3D Printers, poor mechanical properties and limited precision are widespread problems. As a result, it restricts the use of photopolymers as functional materials [6]. Therefore, much attention is needed for developing techniques to improve photopolymers' mechanical characteristics in their applications. ...
As the recent trend of fabricating high-strength polymer has been gaining more attention in the market, researchers are exploring the possibility of using a 3D printing technique for the same. Vat-photopolymerization additive technology has good process capability and produces high-quality photopolymer parts with greater geometrical complexity. This paper proposes the vat-photopolymerization process to fabricate high-strength acrylate-based photopolymer composite with improved mechanical strength. The composite structures contain 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 wt percentages of 13 nm average-sized alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticle (NP) as the reinforcement and acrylate photopolymer as matrix material. The viscosities of all the prepared suspensions were measured to determine the printing properties of the prepared nanocomposites, and these values are within the feasible printing limit. Furthermore, the depth of cure and time of exposure to UV light were optimized to achieve the desired level of printing performance. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the alumina nanocomposites reveals that the addition of alumina NP has minimal influence on the thermal stability of the photopolymer matrix. To ascertain the mechanical strength of the 3D printed products, tensile tests are performed, and it was witnessed that 1.0% weight fraction of alumina-NP loaded specimen experienced the highest tensile strength amongst all the weight fractions of alumina-NP considered, and its value increased by ∼48% when compared against the pure acrylate polymer sample. The increase in strength values for the alumina-NP loaded specimen was explained using dynamic mechanical analysis and optical and scanning electron micrographs. A constitutive elastic-viscoplastic isothermal non-linear time-dependent material model is also developed to predict the post-yield strain-softening behavior of these nanocomposites. The weight fraction and optimal weight fraction of alumina nanoparticles are correlated using semi-empirical equations of various model parameters.
The interest in additive manufacturing technology of 3D printed composite is increasing owing to its potential applications with a wide variety of shapes and properties. Through digital light processing (DLP), the polymer-based thermally conductive composites with phase change material for heat management were fabricated. Diethylene glycol diacrylate (DEGDA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (BAPO) were selected as a monomer, oligomer, and photo-initiator for UV curable resins. Boron nitride was hydroxylated and grafted with PEG to improve the interfacial interaction between the filler and the matrix. Optimization of DLP parameters such as light intensity, exposure time, and operating temperature was performed to enhance the quality of the 3D-printed composite. The resulting composite exhibited a thermal conductivity of 0.916 W/(m·K) and mechanical strength of 7.36 MPa, which are 216% and 167% higher than those of the respective matrices. Moreover, the composite has a latent heat of 200.22 J/g. The advantages of the 3D-printed polymer-based phase change material composite for advanced electronic packaging were explored. This study opens a new era in the fabrication of organic PCMs with enhanced thermal conductivity via digital light processing.
