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Elsino€ e freyliniae (CBS 128204). A. Freylinia lanceolata. B. Leaf symptoms. C. Leaf spot. D–F. Conidiogenous cells. G. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Source publication
Species of Elsinoë are phytopathogens causing scab and spot anthracnose on many plants, including some economically important crops such as avocado, citrus, grapevines, and ornamentals such as poinsettias, field crops and woody hosts. Disease symptoms are often easily recognisable, and referred to as signature-bearing diseases, for the cork-like ap...
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Citations
... Economically important diseases of the common bean are a major problem causing crop production losses of up to 100% (Mahuku et al. 2002). Common beans are subjected to numerous biotic stresses from bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens that include scab disease, which is a common fungal disease among many other plant species and significantly reduces yield (Fan et al. 2017). Scab disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Elsinoë phaseoli, poses a significant economic threat to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) grain production and causes yield losses (Masheti 2019). ...
... These morphologies of the pathogen observed on infected plant tissue were synonymous with the Elsinoë spp. (Fan et al. 2017;Jayawardena et al. 2014). The majority of Elsinoe spp. ...
Introduction
Scab is a fungal disease of common beans caused by the pathogen Elsinoë phaseoli . The disease results in major economic losses on common beans, and there are efforts to develop integrated pest management strategies to control the disease. Modern computational biology and bioinformatics tools were utilized to identify scab disease resistance genes in the common bean by identification of genomic regions and genes associated with resistance to scab disease during natural infection in the field.
Methods
A diverse set of common bean accessions were analyzed for genetic association with scab disease resistance using a Genome-Wide Association Study design of infected plants and non-infected plants (controls). A fixed and random model circulating probability unification model of these two covariates that considers a minor allele frequency threshold value of 0.03 were deployed during the analysis. Annotation of genes proteins with significant association values was conducted using a machine learning algorithm of support vector machine on prPred using python3 on Linux Ubuntu 18.04 computing platform with an accuracy of 0.935.
Results
Common bean accessions tested showed varying phenotypes of susceptibility to scab disease. Out of 179 accessions, 16 and 163 accessions were observed to be resistant and susceptible to scab disease, respectively. Genomic analysis revealed a significant association on chromosome one SNP S1_6571566 where the protein-coding sequence had a resistant possibility of 55% and annotated to the Enhancer of Poly-comb like protein.
Conclusion
The significant differences in the phenotypic variability for scab disease indicate wide genetic variability among the common bean accessions. The resistant gene associated with scab disease was successfully identified by GWAS analysis. The identified common bean accessions resistant to scab disease can be adopted into breeding programs as sources of resistance.
... BLASTn search demonstrated that the sequence of AscoSK1 had 100% identity with Elsinoë phaseoli (GenBank Accession No. KX887266.1). Phylogenetic analysis clustered isolate AscoSK1 in the same clade as Elsinoë phaseoli ( Figure 4) (Fan et al., 2017). The ITS sequence of isolate AscoSK1 was deposited in GenBank (OR686938). ...
... Fungal communities in H17.ITS consisted of 19 out of 35 dominant genera showed the abundance of fungal diversity which possibly support the health of ripe fruits. Based on OTUs alignment analysis, some species were reported to have a role as plant pathogens such as Curvularia clavate (OTU41), Alternaria alternata (OTU34), Elsinoe pongamiae (OTU21), Diaporthe arengae (OTU41) (Fan et al. 2017;Lim et al. 2019;Kee et al. 2020). However many other genera which played different roles were also present, to maintain the good condition of fruits. ...
This study aimed to comprehend the diversity of the fungal community on Chokanan mango, a premium mango variety from Thailand which is widely cultivated in Indonesia, associated with stem end rot and anthracnose disease using high-throughput amplicon targeted metagenomics analysis by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Samples used in this study were freshly harvested healthy fruits at the age of 15-weeks (H15.ITS), healthy fruits after 2 weeks incubation (H17.ITS), 17-week old fruits (S17.ITS) with stem end rot symptoms, and 17-week old fruits (A17.ITS) with anthracnose symptoms. Results showed that the Basidiomycota phylum was dominant in the healthy fruits, while the Ascomycota phylum was found dominantly in sick fruits. Based on OTUs alignment of sequenced data, some species found to be dominantly associated with stem end rot disease in this study were Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum cordaticola and N. mangiferae. Dominant species which were associated with mango anthracnose disease were Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botryosphaeria corticis, Volutella sp., and Pseudofusicoccum violacearum. These fungal genera were not found to be dominant in healthy fruits at the same age indicating that specific genera contributed to developing postharvest diseases on mango differently. The findings confirmed that the fungal community associated with stem end rot and anthracnose disease on mango was unique, and specific species contributed in particular disease development. Since mango is an important global commodity, these research findings will contribute significantly to global biosecurity.
... Hence, it is important to use molecular tools to confirm the presence or absence of E. perseae in a country. The geographic distribution of E. perseae (i.e., the pathogen) and its association with avocado scab symptoms have been properly validated (i.e., through pathogen isolation and identification) in Florida (United States), Brazil, and Mexico (Correa Suárez 2019; Fan et al. 2017;Gañán-Betancur and Gazis 2023;Jenkins 1934a;Morales-García et al. 2023). ...
... Isolation of Elsinoe species in pure culture is challenging but critical for confirming the etiology of the disease (Fan et al. 2017). As with many other Elsinoe spp., the main challenge of isolating E. perseae is its slow growth rate (i.e., less than 1 mm of radial growth per day), which allows microbial contaminants (e.g., saprotrophs, endophytes) to overgrow the fungal colonies quickly. ...
... Other procedures used for the isolation of Elsinoe spp. are described by Fan et al. (2017). ...
Avocado scab, caused by the fungus Elsinoe perseae, is a major disease of avocado ( Persea americana). Diagnosis of avocado scab is hampered by the similarity that advanced symptoms have with fruit defects caused by other etiologies (e.g., mechanical injuries and insect feeding damage). The aims of this diagnostic guide were to establish key aspects of the identification of symptoms and signs of avocado scab in the field and laboratory and to provide guidance when conducting isolation, identification (i.e., based on morphological characteristics, molecular-based assays), maintenance, storage, and pathogenicity tests of the fungus E. perseae.
... Dothideomycetes is the largest class of ascomycete fungi (Haridas et al. 2020. Members of this class are known to have a wide range of ecological habitats and occur as plant pathogens (Fan et al. 2017), saprophytes (Jayasiri et al. 2019), endophytes (Bezerra et al. 2017a, b), epiphytes (Hongsanan et al. 2016), or are fungicolous (Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014), marine (Jones et al. 2020), lichenised or lichenicolous fungi (Zhang et al. 2020). Some of them are ubiquitous rockinhabiting fungi (Ruibal et al. 2009). ...
... Notes: Endosporiales is introduced here in Dothideomycetes based on our multi-locus phylogenetic inference (Fig. 1), to accommodate Endosporiaceae. The genus Endosporium was the first black meristematic fungus producing endoconidia proposed to be related to Myriangiales (Tsuneda et al. 2008), but differing morphologically and phylogenetically from the fungi included in this order (e.g., Myriangium and Elsinoe, Fan et al. 2017). Pem et al. (2019) introduced Endosporiaceae as an incertae sedis family within Dothideomycetes, justifying this decision based on their phylogenetic inference and morphological differences from all species in the class Dothideomycetes. ...
... However, several orders of Dothideomycetes still have numerous undescribed taxa and taxa with unresolved phylogenetic relationships (Liu et al. 2017, Haridas et al. 2020, Hogsanan et al. 2020, Ametrano et al. 2020, Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Among the Dothideomycetes, the order Myriangiales comprises two families, Myriangiaceae and Elsinoaceae, with the former having 11 genera and the latter two (Fan et al. 2017, Wijayawardene et al. 2022). Members of this order are mainly known from their sexual morphs, and their species occur as saprobes, parasites or endophytes (Dissanayake et al. 2014, Fan et al. 2017. ...
Meristematic fungi are mainly defined as having aggregates of thick-walled, melanised cells enlarging and reproducing by isodiametric division. Dothideomycetes black meristematic and meristematic-like fungi have been allied to Myriangiales, which currently has two accepted families, Myriangiaceae and Elsinoaceae, with fungi mainly regarded as pathogens, parasites, saprobes and epiphytes of different plant species. This study aimed to verify the phylogenetic position using four nuclear markers (SSU, LSU, ITS and RPB2) of the incertae sedis genera associated with Myriangiales, namely Endosporium, Gobabebomyces, Lembosiniella and Phaeosclera, and the new genus, Endophytium gen. nov. (including E. albocacti sp. nov. and E. cacti sp. nov.), established for endophytic fungi occurring in cacti in Brazil. Based on morphology, lifestyle and phylogenetic inferences, these black meristematic and meristematic-like fungi cannot be accommodated in Myriangiales. Combining these results, three new orders and two new families are introduced: Endophytiales ord. nov. (including Endophytiaceae fam. nov. for Endophytium gen. nov.), Endosporiales ord. nov. (including Endosporiaceae for Endosporium) and Phaeosclerales ord. nov. (including Phaeoscleraceae fam. nov. for Phaeosclera). Gobabebomyces and Lembosiniella remained incertae sedis due to their disposition in the phylogenetic tree, that moved among clades accordingly with the gene analysed. Our results show that the inclusion of endophytic fungi obtained from plants in dry forests can contribute to the discovery of new taxa, clarify the phylogenetic position of allied taxa and confer information to the estimation of national and global fungal diversity.
... Проявляється на вегетуючій частині рослини у вигляді круглих, овальних або непра-вильної форми, коричневих, чорних або темних плямах з білою серединою, діаметром до 5 мм. Ці плями темніють у міру зростання, а також можуть розширюватись, вкриваючи всю листову пластину [20]. Хвороба викликається грибами відділу Deuteromycota. ...
Мета. Встановити симптоматику прояву, поширення та розвиток плямистостей листя на різних за стійкістю сортах м’яти перцевої в різних фазах вегетації рослин. Матеріали та методика досліджень. Досліди проводили протягом 2021-2023 років в умовах навчально – наукової лабораторії «Демонстраційне колекційне поле сільськогосподарських культур» НУБіП України, на сортах м’яти: Посульська ліналоольна і Чорнолиста. Обліки проводили під час вегетації культури до першого та другого укосів. При проведенні фітопатологічної оцінки уражених рослин плямистостями визначали інтенсивність хвороб, встановлюючи окомірно бал ураження відібраних зразків м’яти перцевої за 5-бальною шкалою Кількість уражених рослин і ступінь ураження визначали за площею ураженої поверхні органів та інтенсивністю прояву інших ознак захворювання у відсотках наведених у шкалі та розраховували за формулами поширення та розвиток хвороби. Результати досліджень. Плямистості є одними з найпоширенішими хворобами рослин, у тому числі, лікарських культур. Ці хвороби уражують листову пластину рослини, викликають реакцію надчутливості, формуючи зони відмерлої рослинної тканини, чим порушують фізіологічні процеси, впливають на фотосинтез, дихання, транспірацію. Як наслідок, призводять до погіршення якості лікарської сировини та зменшують її кількість. При проведенні дослідів, нами було виявлено некротичні хвороби листя: антракноз (збудник – Sphalocema menthae) та альтернаріоз (збудник – Alternaria menthae) м’яти перцевої. Антракноз є небезпечною грибною хворобою, яка уражує багато різних господарських культур, включаючи рослини роду Mentha spp. Проявляється на вегетуючій частині рослини у вигляді круглих, овальних або неправильної форми, коричневих, чорних або темних плямах з білою серединою, діаметром до 5 мм. Ці плями темніють у міру зростання, а також можуть розширюватись, вкриваючи всю листову пластину. Збудник зимує на рослинних рештках у вигляді конідій чи міцелію. Розвитку антракнозу сприяє велика кількість опадів, висока відносна вологість повітря за помірної та високої температури. Альтернаріоз м’яти перцевої виявлявся під час проведення досліджень, як бура або чорна плямистість, на місці якої поступово відмирає рослинна тканина. Так само, як і збудник антракнозу, джерело інфекції альтернаріозу зберігається на рослинних рештках у вигляді конідій чи міцелію. Найбільшого розвитку антракноз досягав у 2023 р. на початку цвітіння і становив: поширення хвороби на сорті Чорнолиста 60.3% та на сорті Посульська ліна- лоольна 43.3% при розвитку хвороби 18.3% та 11.5%, відповідно. Альтернаріоз мав таку саму тенденцію, найбільш проявився у 2023 р. на сорті Чорнолиста поширення – 68.0% та розвиток – 19.7% на сорті Посульська ліналоольна поширення та розвиток становили 49.7% та 13.6%, відповідно. При проведенні обліків ураження м’яти перцевої антракнозом при відростанні рослини на другий укіс, за результатами трьохрічних даних нами відмічено зростання показників поширення та розвитку хвороби з 2021р. до 2023 р. на сорті Чорнолиста поширення від 16.3% до 36.7% та розвиток від 3.5% до 11.7%. На сорті Посульська ліналоольна поширення від 13.2% до 28.6%; розвиток від 4.8% до 8.2%. Висновки. При дослідженні розвитку та поширення плямистостей м’яти перцевої можемо стверджувати, що на сорті Посульська ліналоольна плямистості листя мають дещо менший розвиток та поширення, також проявляються вони на більш пізніших фазах вегетації рослин, ніж на сорті Чорнолиста. Це пов’язано з морфологічними та фізіологічними особливостями рослин, які потребують додаткових досліджень. За результатами трьохрічних досліджень відмічено зростання показників поширення та розвитку антракнозу та альтернаріозу м’яти перцевої майже вдвічі, що пов’язано з накопиченням джерела інфекції, і потребує моніторингу хвороб та проведення заходів захисту для зменшення накопичення збудників.
... Intercropping is usually practiced by small-holder farmers who do not produce commercially and is more prevalent in SVG [3]. Cassava is an essential component of food security in these islands [2,4], but it is susceptible to many fungal diseases [5]. ...
... We carefully observed the general fungal morphologies after culture by examining their colors, textures, and shapes [5,16]. The gross morphological characteristics of the suspected phytopathogens believed to be E. brasiliensis were then compared with the features of the available reference strain 395825, Centre for Agricultural and Biosciences International (CABI) [5]. ...
... We carefully observed the general fungal morphologies after culture by examining their colors, textures, and shapes [5,16]. The gross morphological characteristics of the suspected phytopathogens believed to be E. brasiliensis were then compared with the features of the available reference strain 395825, Centre for Agricultural and Biosciences International (CABI) [5]. Each isolate was subcultured onto PDA and described based on cultural morphologies. ...
Superelongation disease (SED) is a fungal disease that affects cassava in the Caribbean. The symptoms include the appearance of dry necrotic spots and lesions on the leaves, which may severely affect the plant yield. However, the primary causal pathogen is difficult to culture and isolate in the lab because of its slow growth and potential contamination from faster-growing organisms. In addition, the leaf symptoms can be confused with those caused by other pathogens that produce similar necrotic spots and scab-like lesions. There is also little or no information on the contribution of endophytes, if any, to disease symptoms in cassava, a plant where the disease is prevalent. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the fungal communities in cassava associated with SED symptoms by analyzing gross fungal morphology and performing metagenomics profiling. First, several individual pathogenic fungi were isolated and cultured from diseased cassava leaf tissues from seven locations in Barbados (BB). Both culture isolation and molecular community analyses showed the presence of several other fungi in the disease microenvironment of symptomatic cassava leaves. These included Fusarium, Colletotrichum, and Alternaria species and the suspected species Elsinoë brasiliensis synonym Sphaceloma manihoticola. Additionally, a community analysis using ITS2 amplicon sequencing of 21 symptomatic leaf tissues from BB, St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG), Trinidad and Tobago (TT), and Jamaica (JA) revealed that the disease symptoms of superelongation may also result from the interactions of fungal communities in the mycobiome, including Elsinoë species and other fungi such as Colletotrichum, Cercospora, Alternaria, and Fusarium. Therefore, we suggest that examining the pathobiome concept in SED in the future is necessary.
... The PCR reactions and conditions were the same as those used by Pham et al. (2021) and Fan et al. (2017). Amplified fragments of all loci were purified using ExoSAP-IT PCR Product Cleanup Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific). ...
... Blast searches (NCBI GenBank) showed that these isolates belonged to the genus Elsinoe, with the highest sequence similarity to Elsinoe necatrix. Elsinoe species included in the phylogenetic analyses were those that were most closely related to the Eucalyptus isolates from South Africa and within the same larger phylogenetic clade for the genus Elsinoe (Fan et al. 2017;Marin-Felix et al., 2019). For the phylogenetic analyses of each individual data set, the HKY + I model was selected for ITS and the GTR + I model for LSU, RPB2 and TEF1. ...
... The pathogenicity of the fungus was confirmed in an inoculation trial utilizing the same variety of Eucalyptus on which the disease was first found under field conditions. While scab diseases caused by species of Elsinoe are known on a number of crop plants (Fan et al., 2017;Marin-Felix et al., 2019;Li et al., 2021), these were not known on Eucalyptus until recently. This situation changed when a scab disease similar to the one described in this study emerged in Eucalyptus plantations in north Sumatra and for which the causal agent was described as E. necatrix (Pham et al., 2021). ...
A serious new disease of Eucalyptus was detected in South African plantations of these trees during the summer of 2021/2022. The first symptoms are minute dark spots on young leaves, petioles and shoots, becoming scab-like as the spots age. On highly susceptible Eucalyptus genotypes, leaves and shoots can become malformed leading to a ‘feathering’ appearance in the tree canopies and in the case of heavy infections, leaf and shoot death occur. Isolations made directly from developing scabs resulted in slow-growing cultures. These were identified, based on phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data for the ITS, LSU, TEF1 and RPB2 regions, as a novel species of Elsinoe (Elsinoaceae, Myriangiales), described here as E. masingae. Inoculations of an Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus nitens hybrid variety produced the same symptoms as those observed under natural conditions and the pathogen could be re-isolated from the emerging lesions. Elsinoe masingae is closely related to, but clearly distinct from, the recently described Elsinoe necatrix that causes a serious scab and shoot malformation disease on Eucalyptus in Indonesia. Field surveys revealed significant variation in the susceptibility of different Eucalyptus genotypes, with the most severely affected genotypes including an E. grandis × nitens and an E. grandis × urophylla hybrid variety and E. grandis. The disease has also been observed on Eucalyptus amplifolia and on Eucalyptus dunnii, which had mild infections. The observed variation in susceptibility of Eucalyptus planting stock should provide opportunities to avoid serious damage because of scab caused by E. masingae in the future.
... The genus Elsino€ e (Myriangiales, Ascomycota) encompasses plant pathogenic fungi that cause disease on many plants, including crops, ornamental plants, and even woody plants. The symptoms of the disease caused by Elsino€ e species can be seen by scabs that are often exhibited as raised, cork-like necrotic lesions on leaves and stems [1,2]. This genus was established by Raciborski [3] with the type species Elsino€ e canavaliae Racib. ...
... In the revision of Elsino€ e taxonomy, a total of 79 species were accepted in the genus Elsino€ e including new combinations transferred from the genus Sphaceloma [1,2,14]. In previous phylogenetic studies with multi genetic-loci, Elsino€ e species appear to be host-specific fungus, as 77 out of 81 species are confined to only one host species or genus [2]. ...
... In previous phylogenetic studies with multi genetic-loci, Elsino€ e species appear to be host-specific fungus, as 77 out of 81 species are confined to only one host species or genus [2]. The identification of Elsino€ e species is often difficult due to overlapping morphological characteristics, such as small conidia, similar conidiogenous cells, continuously expanding wide acervuli, and lacking fertile structure in nature [1]. Moreover, the establishment of pure culture was also challenging due to the slow growth of the isolates, and it is easily contaminated by other fungi [1]. ...
Elsinoë are plant pathogenic fungi that cause scabs, spotted anthracnose, and some morphological distortions on various plants, including woody plants, economically important crops, and ornamental plants. Taxonomical reexamination of Elsinoë species in Japan has not yet been conducted based on the modern species criteria. In this study, several Japanese isolates were reexamine based on the morphological and molecular-phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), large subunit gene (LSU)m and protein-coding gene such as RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2) and Translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef). Japanese isolates were divided into four clades and three new species, Elsinoë hydrangeae, E. sumire, and E. tanashiensis were proposed. One species, Sphaceloma akebiae, was transferred to the genus Elsinoë.
... Also see the phylogenetic trees in Crous et al. (2015) for the placement of this species. Notes: Elsinoe causes scab (or anthracnose) disease on numerous plant hosts (Fan et al. 2017). Elsinoe corni is the causal agent of spot anthracnose of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) in the USA, causing small, circular spots on bracts, petioles, peduncles, stems and leaves. ...
Nine new genera, 17 new species, nine new combinations, seven epitypes, three lectotypes, one neotype, and 14 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. New genera: Neobarrmaelia (based on Neobarrmaelia hyphaenes ), Neobryochiton (based on Neobryochiton narthecii ), Neocamarographium (based on Neocamarographium carpini ), Nothocladosporium (based on Nothocladosporium syzygii ), Nothopseudocercospora (based on Nothopseudocercospora dictamni ), Paracamarographium (based on Paracamarographium koreanum ), Pseudohormonema (based on Pseudohormonema sordidus ), Quasiphoma (based on Quasiphoma hyphaenes ), Rapidomyces (based on Rapidomyces narthecii ). New species: Ascocorticium sorbicola (on leaves of Sorbus aucuparia , Belgium), Dactylaria retrophylli (on leaves of Retrophyllum rospigliosii , Colombia), Dactylellina miltoniae (on twigs of Miltonia clowesii , Colombia), Exophiala eucalyptigena (on dead leaves of Eucalyptus viminalis subsp. viminalis supporting Idolothrips spectrum , Australia), Idriellomyces syzygii (on leaves of Syzygium chordatum , South Africa), Microcera lichenicola (on Parmelia sulcata , Netherlands), Neobarrmaelia hyphaenes (on leaves of Hyphaene sp., South Africa), Neobryochiton narthecii (on dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum , Netherlands), Niesslia pseudoexilis (on dead leaf of Quercus petraea , Serbia), Nothocladosporium syzygii (on leaves of Syzygium chordatum , South Africa), Nothotrimmatostroma corymbiae (on leaves of Corymbia henryi , South Africa), Phaeosphaeria hyphaenes (on leaves of Hyphaene sp., South Africa), Pseudohormonema sordidus (on a from human pacemaker, USA), Quasiphoma hyphaenes (on leaves of Hyphaene sp., South Africa), Rapidomyces narthecii (on dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum , Netherlands), Reticulascus parahennebertii (on dead culm of Juncus inflexus , Netherlands), Scytalidium philadelphianum (from compressed air in a factory, USA). New combinations: Neobarrmaelia serenoae , Nothopseudocercospora dictamni , Dothiora viticola , Floricola sulcata , Neocamarographium carpini , Paracamarographium koreanum , Rhexocercosporidium bellocense , Russula lilacina . Epitypes: Elsinoe corni (on leaves of Cornus florida , USA), Leptopeltis litigiosa (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum , Netherlands), Nothopseudocercospora dictamni (on living leaves of Dictamnus albus , Russia), Ramularia arvensis (on leaves of Potentilla reptans , Netherlands), Rhexocercosporidium bellocense (on leaves of Verbascum sp., Germany), Rhopographus filicinus (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum , Netherlands), Septoria robiniae (on leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia , Belgium). Lectotypes: Leptopeltis litigiosa (on Pteridium aquilinum , France), Rhopographus filicinus (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum , Netherlands), Septoria robiniae (on leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia , Belgium). Neotype: Camarographium stephensii (on dead leaf fronds of Pteridium aquilinum , Netherlands).
