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... it may be inferred from the established walking kinematics and EMG literature, that the movements during seated cycling or elliptical stepping possess similarities to walking with analogous biomechanics and muscle coordination components [23]. While a walking movement trace, (Figure 6), [24] was noted to be more similar to elliptical stepping movement than cycling, the muscle activation patterns from our study indicated that there were broad similarities in the leg muscle activation sequences of all three movements [25,26,27]. In particular, muscle timing and activation similarities were identified in rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris in Winter's study [28] compared to the elliptical stepping muscle activation pattern of the current investigation. ...
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Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine whether fear of re-injury is manifested in joint kinematics and muscle activation patterns during landings of a standardized rebound side-hop (SRSH), or in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), among individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).
Methods
In this cross-se...
Background: The central nervous system (CNS) is optimizing arm movements to reduce some kind of cost function. Simulating parts of the nervous system is one way of obtaining accurate information about the neurological and treatment of neuromuscular diseases. The primary purpose of this paper is to model and control the human arm in a reaching movem...
Introduction: Characterization of residual neuromotor capacity after spinal cord injury (SCI) is challenging. The current gold standard for measurement of sensorimotor function after SCI, the International Society for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) exam, seeks to determine isolated intentional muscle activation, however...
Due to the high prevalence of neck pain, considerable attention is paid to the function of cervical flexor muscles. Although the deep and superficial cervical flexor muscles have been evaluated, the impact of hyoid muscles on cervical flexion is still not well known. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the activation of hyoid muscles during physiol...
Citations
... • For BF: (i) BF30: isometric KF at 30 • KF in prone position [41], (ii) BF45: isometric KF at 45 • KF in prone position [43], (iii) BF60: isometric KF at 60 • KF in prone position [44], (iv) BF90: isometric KF at 90 • KF in prone position. • For GL: (i) GLStr: isometric plantar flexion at 0 • KF in sitting position [41], (ii) GL10: isometric plantar flexion at 100 • KF in sitting position [45], (iii) GLSta: isometric plantar flexion at 0 • KF, fully extended ankle in unipedal standing position [46], (iv) GLPro: isometric plantar flexion at 0 • KF in prone position [47]. Each MVC position was performed for around 3-4 s and repeated at least 3 times. ...
This study presents an alternative method of normalizing Surface Electromyography (EMG) signals, which provide valuable insights into the musculoskeletal properties of the human body. Traditional normalization through the peak maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) method may result in variable outcomes due to its dependence on pre-processing steps such as smoothing and window length. To address this issue, the study standardizes the EMG pre-processing steps by using non-linear techniques, namely recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) and heterogeneous RQA (HRQA). RQA, specifically HRQA, functions as EMG feature extractors to explore the nonlinear dynamical system and state space trajectories of chaotic EMG signals. Principal component analysis (PCA) and kernel PCA (KPCA) were further applied to the RQA and HRQA results to obtain data with more information. The results show that the first principal components (PC1 and KPC1) of HRQA have a very strong relationship with peak MVC (ρ > |0.90|, p < 0.001), indicating their potential compared to the traditional EMG normalization technique for lower limb muscle groups. Additionally, the study investigated the dynamic differences among isometric MVC movements in lower limb muscle groups and found that the RQA and HRQA methods indicated a greater separation for detecting these differences compared to peak MVC. This study offers a valuable method for assessing the musculoskeletal characteristics of individuals who may have difficulty with activities like walking or providing maximum force during EMG data collection, such as those suffering from Parkinson's disease or walking disabilities. This enhances our understanding of their musculoskeletal properties.
... The subject's maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) for the four muscles were measured for muscle activation normalization. In this study, three trials were conducted for each muscle at every MVC testing position [42,43]. A 30-s rest period was observed between two trials. ...
Wearable robots, sometimes known as exoskeletons, are incredible devices for improving human strength, reducing fatigue, and restoring impaired mobility. The control of powered exoskeletons, on the other hand, is still a challenge. This necessitates the development of a technique to simulate exoskeleton–wearer interaction. This study uses a two-dimensional human skeletal model with a powered knee exoskeleton to predict the optimal lifting motion and assistive torque. For lifting motion prediction, an inverse dynamics optimization formulation is utilized. In addition, the electromechanical dynamics of the exoskeleton DC motor are modeled in the lifting optimization formulation. The design variables are human joint angle profiles and exoskeleton motor current profiles. The human joint torque square is minimized subject to physical and lifting task constraints. Then, the lifting optimization problem is solved by the gradient-based sparse nonlinear optimizer (SNOPT). Furthermore, the optimal exoskeleton torque is implemented through a two-phase control strategy to provide optimal assistance in lifting. Experimental validations of the optimal control with 6 Nm and 16 Nm maximum assistive torque are presented. Both 6 Nm and 16 Nm maximum optimal assistance of the exoskeletons reduce the mean values of vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and latissimus dorsi muscle activations compared to the lifting without the exoskeleton. However, the mean value of the vastus medialis activation is increased by a small amount for the exoskeleton case, although its peak value is reduced. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed lifting optimization formulation and control strategy are promising for powered knee exoskeleton for lifting tasks.
... The cycling literature is filled with reports of EMG analyses for better understanding of the way muscles work when cycling, e.g., during pedaling exercises [32,44], regarding the variations of seat tube angle on muscle activation [45], according to the design of the bicycle frame [42], and during upright cycling [45,46], elliptical cycling [46,47], recumbent cycling [48,49], treadmill cycling [50], and uphill cycling [51]. Specifically considering the activity of the muscles of the upper limbs during cycling, we can observe studies related to: lumbar erector spinae [32,50,51], the latissimus dorsi (LD) [32,52], the brachioradialis [32,52,53], biceps brachii [32,[51][52][53], anterior deltoid [32], triceps lateralis [32], triceps brachii [51][52][53], upper trapezius [53], rectus abdominis [51], flexor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum (ED), and flexor digitorum [32]. ...
The cycling literature is filled with reports of electromyography (EMG) analyses for a better understanding of muscle function during cycling. This research is not just limited to performance, as the cyclist’s goal may be rehabilitation, recreation, or competition, so a bicycle that meets the rider’s needs is essential for a more efficient muscular activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the contribution of the activity of each of the following muscles: TD (trapezius descending), LD (latissimus dorsi), GM (gluteus maximus), and AD (anterior deltoid) in response to different bicycle-rider systems (handlebar height; bicycle frame length) and intensities in a bicycle equipped with a potentiometer. Surface EMG signals from muscles on the right side of the body were measured. A general linear model test was used to analyze the differences between muscle activation in the test conditions. Effect sizes were calculated using a partial Eta2 (η2). The level of significance was set at 0.05. Muscle activation of different muscles differs, depending on the cycling condition (Pillai’s trace = 2.487; F (36.69) = 9.300; p < 0.001. η2 = 0.958), mostly during low intensities. In high intensities, one specific pattern emerges, with a greater contribution of GM and TD and weaker participation of LD and AD, enhancing the cycling power output
... Several studies compared muscular effort during exercise on elliptical trainers and treadmill, although only during lowintensity exercise, i.e., walking (5,7,11,21). However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated how muscular activation differs when exercising at moderate-to-high submaximal workloads. ...
Eken, MM, Withers, A, Flanagan, K, Burger, J, Bosch, A, and Lamberts, RP. Muscular activation patterns during exercise on the treadmill, stepper, and elliptical trainer. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1847-1852, 2022-Because of the low-impact, the stepper and elliptical trainer are popular alternatives to running when runners sustain running-related injuries. Muscular effort is expected to be lower during exercise on the stepper and elliptical trainer compared with running. The aim of this study was to quantify this by comparing muscular effort when exercising at similar moderate-to-high exercise intensities on a treadmill, stepper, and elliptical trainer. Seventeen well-trained runners (V̇o2max: 53.3 ml·min-1·kg-1 [male: n = 9], 44.8 ml·min-1·kg-1 [female: n = 8]; average peak treadmill running speed: 18.7 km·h-1 [male], 16.3 km·h-1 [female]) performed exercise at submaximal levels (60%-70%-80% of peak workload) on the treadmill, stepper, and elliptical trainer. Peak workload was determined during peak exercise tests on separate days. Surface electromyography was recorded from lower extremity muscles. Root-mean-squared (RMS) values were calculated and compared between exercise modalities and submaximal levels. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Root-mean-squared levels of lower extremity muscles were significantly reduced during exercise on the stepper and elliptical trainer compared with treadmill running (p < 0.05, except for quadriceps (p > 0.05). Overall, similar RMS levels were found on stepper and elliptical trainer (p > 0.05), whereas in several cases higher RMS levels were found on the stepper compared with elliptical trainer (p < 0.05). These findings support clinical expectations that exercise on the stepper and elliptical trainer reduces muscular effort up to 60% compared with (treadmill) running, and therefore can be effective training modalities during rehabilitation from running-related injuries by restricting impact on lower extremities.
... Several studies compared muscular effort during exercise on elliptical trainers and treadmill, although only during lowintensity exercise, i.e., walking (5,7,11,21). However, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated how muscular activation differs when exercising at moderate-to-high submaximal workloads. ...
... Pedaling motions are not only common in cycling sports, but are also widely used in the rehabilitation of impaired muscles [10,11]. A clinical study has verified the effectiveness of cycling as a rehabilitative exercise [12]. There are several commercially available rehabilitation devices that employ the cycling motion for lower limb exercise, including NuStep [13], THERA-Vital [14], MOTOmed [15] and RehaMove [16]. ...
The muscles of the lower limbs directly influence leg motion, therefore, lower limb muscle exercise is important for persons living with lower limb disabilities. This paper presents a medical assistive robot with leg exoskeletons for locomotion and leg muscle exercises. It also presents a novel pedal-cycling actuation method with a crank-rocker mechanism. The mechanism is driven by a single motor with a mechanical structure that ensures user safety. A control system is designed based on a master-slave control with sensor fusion method. Here, the intended motion of the user is detected by pedal-based force sensors and is then used in combination with joystick movements as control signals for leg-exoskeleton and wheelchair motions. Experimental data is presented and then analyzed to determine robotic motion characteristics as well as the assistance efficiency with attached electromyogram (EMG) sensors. A typical muscle EMG signal analysis shows that the exercise efficiency for EMG activated amplitudes of the gluteus medius muscles approximates a walking at speed of 3 m/s when cycling at different speeds (i.e., from 16 to 80 r/min) in a wheelchair. As such, the present wheelchair robot is a good candidate for enabling effective gluteus medius muscle exercises for persons living with gluteus medius muscle disabilities.
... Leg pedaling exercises, such as cycling, are widely accepted as a therapeutic modality for stroke and spinal cord injured patients because they increase muscle strength and endurance. 11 Several studies have focused on the clinical efficacy of cycling exercises for the improvement of leg muscle function and coordination, finding that the cycling motion is an effective rehabilitation exercise. 12,13 In particular, Handa et al. developed the Profhand wheelchair, which helps motor function rehabilitation of the lower limbs using pedal cycling. ...
This article presents a design of novel wheelchair with a leg exoskeleton for locomotion that can be powered by user legs through a cycling action. In addition, the control system is designed with leg-motion assistance for lower limb muscles to perform exercise during wheelchair motion, targeting elderly persons and users with partial hemiplegia. The simulation results characterize the dynamic operation in three possible modes, fully active, fully passive, and user passive–active action.
... Leg pedaling exercises such as bicycling are generally preferred to increase muscle strength and endurance. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand the development of leg muscle function and coordination and the clinical impact of cycling exercise [10]. ...
Purpose: The study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of three different types of exercise: bicycling, plyometric and weight on aerobic and anaerobic power. Material: Sample size 30 students recreational athletes aged 23,19 years. The athletes were divided into 3 groups of 10 subjects (bicycle, plyometric, weight). The program for 6 weeks included: 3 different exercises planned for 30 minute/3 days/week. Body weight, vertical jump and 20-meter shuttle running tests were measured for each group. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS21.0: arithmetic averages and standard deviations; the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to determine the differences between the groups; the Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the group which result in the difference among the groups; Wilcoxon 's t test was used to determine pretest posttest differences within the groups. Results: As a result of the research, it was determined that the increase in the aerobic power levels of the bicycle and plyometric groups was significant (p0.05). Conclusions: The different exercises practiced by all three groups significantly increased anaerobic power levels. When the aerobic and anaerobic power values of the three groups in each study were examined, it was found that only the increase of weight and plyometric groups was high level in favor of the weight group in terms of posttest aerobic power.
... In this work, we examine under desk elliptical trainers in terms of work performance and user experience, motivated by the lack of prior evaluation in controlled and field trials. The kinematic and muscle activation patterns of desk elliptical trainers are quite different from those of cycling [27]. Furthermore, no prior studies have qualitatively evaluated how and why people use active workstations and investigated their use in general. ...
... Even this performance decrease became insignificant after four weeks of elliptical trainer usage. This difference may result from the fact that elliptical trainers provide more stable bodily movements than stationary cycles, although the pedaling of elliptical trainers results in more muscle activation than cycling [27]. This may also be explained by the reduction of dual-task interference, because participants would become practiced in the use of elliptical trainers after four weeks of deployment [49]. ...
Prolonged inactivity in office workers is a well-known contributor to various diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular dysfunction. In recent years, active workstations that incorporate physical activities such as walking and cycling into the workplace have gained significant popularity, owing to the accessibility of the workouts they offer. While their efficacy is well documented in medical and physiological literature, research regarding the user experience of such systems has rarely been performed, despite its importance for interactive systems design. As a case study, we focus on active workstations that incorporate under desk elliptical trainers, and conduct controlled experiments regarding work performance and a four week long field deployment to explore user experience with 13 participants. We investigate how such workouts influence work performance, when and why workers work out during working hours, and the general feelings of workers regarding usage. Our experimental results indicate that while work performance is not influenced, the cognitive load of tasks critically influences workout decisions. Active workstations were alternatively used as mood enhancers, footrests, and for fidgeting, and there exist unique social and technical aspects to be addressed, such as noise issues and space constraints. Our results provide significant implications for the design of active workstations and interactive workplaces in general.
... submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.muscular activation patterns during cycling in an ergometer measured with a customized EMG system were generally consistent with equivalent measures reported in the literature.11,19,20 In particular, comparison of polar diagrams (Figure 4) with those presented inFigure 5of Momeni et al 20 for a workload of 50 W shows that in this study, muscle activations occurred in shorter periods of the travel path but that the relative position during the period of muscle activation is similar to that described inMomeni et al. factor as a function of Mas level (for healthy participants Mas =0). ...
Objective
Cycling on a recumbent ergometer constitutes one of the most popular rehabilitation exercises in cerebral palsy (CP). However, no control is performed on how muscles are being used during training. Given that patients with CP present altered muscular activity patterns during cycling or walking, it is possible that an incorrect pattern of muscle activation is being promoted during rehabilitation cycling. This study investigated patterns of muscular activation during cycling on a recumbent ergometer in patients with CP and whether those patterns are determined by the degree of spasticity and of mobility.
Methods
Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of lower leg muscle activation during cycling on a recumbent ergometer were performed in 14 adult patients diagnosed with CP and five adult healthy participants. EMG recordings were done with an eight-channel EMG system built in the laboratory. The activity of the following muscles was recorded: Musculus rectus femoris, Musculus biceps femoris, Musculus tibialis anterior, and Musculus gastrocnemius. The degree of muscle spasticity and mobility was assessed using the Modified Ashworth Scale and the Gross Motor Function Classification System, respectively. Muscle activation patterns were described in terms of onset and duration of activation as well as duration of cocontractions.
Results
Muscle activation in CP was characterized by earlier onsets, longer periods of activation, a higher occurrence of agonist–antagonist cocontractions, and a more variable cycling tempo in comparison to healthy participants. The degree of altered muscle activation pattern correlated significantly with the degree of spasticity.
Conclusion
This study confirmed the occurrence of altered lower leg muscle activation patterns in patients with CP during cycling on a recumbent ergometer. There is a need to develop feedback systems that can inform patients and therapists of an incorrect muscle activation during cycling and support the training of a more physiological activation pattern.
