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To better understand the role of gender in intimate partner violence (IPV) outside the developed world, this report compares the experiences of married men and married women with spousal violence, the most common form of IPV, using data from two sub-Saharan African countries, Ghana and Uganda. The analysis finds that spousal violence is relatively...
Citations
... The findings demonstrate that men in both countries are more likely to experience psychological violence than physical violence. This is consistent with another study conducted in Ghana and Ugandan (Kishor & Bradley, 2012). Another study from Rwanda indicated that the prevalence of psychological violence was 7.3% in the preceding year; 4.3% had experienced physical violence and 1.5% sexual violence (Umubyeyi et al., 2014). ...
... Men who support wife-beating may be in relationships with bilateral violence. As the literature on IPV suggests, the three covariates are associated with a significantly higher likelihood of both men and women experiencing violence (Kishor & Bradley, 2012;Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000;Wang et al., 2009). The associations between these three factors and men experiencing violence appear to be consistent in Cameroon and less so in Sierra Leone. ...
There is a lack of research on how global intimate partner violence (IPV) has impacted men, especially in patriarchal societies of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study used data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Cameroon and Sierra Leone after 2010 to examine the prevalence and predictors of IPV victimization among married or cohabiting men aged 15 to 59 years. We chose to examine factors related to IPV victimization separately in each country to highlight the importance of not generalizing results from one SSA country to another or to SSA as a whole. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors associated with physical, psychological, and sexual IPV victimization. In Cameroon, 26.5% of men reported psychological victimization, 24.4% reported physical victimization, and 2.3% reported sexual victimization in the year before the survey. The corresponding proportions of male victims in Sierra Leone were 23.4%, 14.9%, and 2.7% respectively. Men in both countries experienced more psychological violence than physical or sexual violence. The prevalence of IPV varied by age, education, ethnicity, witnessed father beating his mother, wife's alcohol consumption, and approval of wife-beating. In both countries, reporting IPV victimization was related to exposure to father beating mother, alcohol consumption, ethnicity, and approval of wife-beating. Implications of these findings suggest that it is important to consider the influence of contextual and structural factors in understanding the vulnerability of men to IPV victimization. The inconsistent patterns and socio-cultural variation within countries suggest that a multilayer approach should be used to prevent and respond to IPV against men.
... Seventeen percent had experienced physical violence in the past year. Fifteen percent of women reported first sexual experience as forced against their will, while 19% of women have ever experienced sexual violence 27,28 . ...
... This study assessed measurement equivalence of items developed to measure women's experience of violence perpetrated by a male partner. A focus on women's victimization is justified by research identifying men as the predominant, although not the only, perpetrators of IPV, especially in LMICs (Kishor & Bradley, 2012;Kishor & Johnson, 2004). It is also supported by evidence that violence perpetrated by men is of greater severity and accompanied by more severe health impact than partner violence perpetrated by women (Kishor & Bradley, 2012). ...
... A focus on women's victimization is justified by research identifying men as the predominant, although not the only, perpetrators of IPV, especially in LMICs (Kishor & Bradley, 2012;Kishor & Johnson, 2004). It is also supported by evidence that violence perpetrated by men is of greater severity and accompanied by more severe health impact than partner violence perpetrated by women (Kishor & Bradley, 2012). The What Works items measuring women's experience of IPV were adapted from the World Health Organization's (WHO) Multicountry Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Against Women. ...
In lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs), studies of interventions to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) are expanding, yet measurement equivalence of the IPV construct-the primary outcome in these investigations-has not been established. We assessed the measurement equivalence of physical and sexual IPV item sets used in recent trials in LMICs and tested the impact of noninvariance on study inference. With data from four intervention trials (N = 3,545) completed before 2020, we used multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis to assess invariance across arms, over time, and across studies. We also calculated average treatment effects adjusting for covariate imbalance to assess concordance with published results. Most items functioned equivalently within studies at baseline and end line. Some evidence of longitudinal noninvariance was observed in at least one study arm in three studies, but did not meaningfully affect latent means or effect-size estimates. Evidence of partial invariance across studies at baseline and strict invariance over time was observed. Common measures of physical and sexual IPV were valid for measuring intervention impact in these samples. The study highlights the need for harmonized use of the tested scale, content validity assessments, and routine measurement equivalence testing to ensure valid inferences about intervention effectiveness.
... Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global crisis affecting individuals and societies irrespective of racial, socio-economic, religious, and cultural backgrounds. Globally, about one-third of women have ever experienced IPV, but knowledge of its prevalence among men is scant (WHO 2017;Kishor & Bradley 2012;Kolbe & Buttner 2020). A study by Ringwald et al. (2020) in one of Kenya's informal settlements suggests high prevalence of IPV among men, and in a study using the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, Tenkorang (2021a) reported about 6.8, 3.6, and 20.1% of Kenyan men had experienced physical, sexual, and emotional/psychological violence, respectively. ...
Very few studies examine the help-seeking behaviors of male survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Kenya or sub-Saharan Africa more generally. Using nationally representative cross-sectional data from 1,458 male survivors and multinomial logit models, we examined what influences men’s decision to seek help after experiencing IPV. Results show the majority of male survivors did not seek help. Those who did so turned to informal rather than formal sources. The severity of physical violence was the most robust and consistent predictor of help-seeking. Male survivors of severe physical abuse had higher odds of seeking help from informal support networks than not seeking help. Compared to the uneducated, highly educated men were significantly more likely to seek help from formal support networks than to not seek help at all. Sensitization programs are required to educate male survivors of IPV on available sources of support. In particular, barriers to help-seeking must be removed to encourage male survivors to find support.
... This study found that rural married women from East and Southern Africa (ESA) are more exposed to the different types of spousal violence (except emotional violence) than those of West and Central Africa (WCA). Previous studies have shown that all types of SV are more prevalent among married women in ESA than WCA, especially in rural settings in Uganda, Burundi and Tanzania (Kishor & Bradley, 2012;Ahinkorah et al., 2018;Mahenge & Stöckl, 2020). A recent study in Tanzania revealed that four out of ten women had experienced SV and only half had sought help in the case of severe SV (Mahenge & Stöckl, 2020). ...
Spousal violence (SV) is a global problem for women and its elimination is one of the prime targets of Sustainable Development Goal-5. Data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of seventeen countries, representing two sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regions (East and Southern Africa [ESA] and West and Central Africa [WCA]), were used to examine the relationship between all types of SV and women’s empowerment status among rural married women aged 15–49 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore adjusted associations, and a relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII) were used to measure the inequality in experiencing SV by rural women based on their overall empowerment position. Within the period 2015–2019, the reported rate of SV was higher in the ESA (physical SV: 33.55%; sexual SV: 16.96%; any type of SV: 46.14%) than the WCA countries (physical SV: 27.80%; sexual SV: 7.63%; any type of SV: 40.83%), except for emotional SV (WCA: 31.28% vs ESA: 29.35%). In terms of overall empowerment status, rural WCA women were slightly ahead of their counterparts in the ESA region (46.09% and 44.64%, respectively). For both ESA and WCA countries, women who didn’t justify violence and who had access to health care (except physical SV in WCA) showed negative but significant association with all types of SV in the adjusted analysis. Conversely, economic empowerment significantly increased the odds of experiencing physical and any type of SV in both regions. The significant risk ratios obtained from RII, for any SV were 0.83 and 1.09, and the β-coefficients from SII were –0.082 and 0.037 units, respectively, in ESA and WCA. Multi-sectoral microfinance-based intervening programmes and policies should be implemented regionally to empower women, especially in the economic, socio-culture, health care accessibility dimensions, and this will eventually reduce all types of spousal violence in rural SSA.
... Conversely, those women who belonged to the poor household economic condition are less likely to experience IPV daily and more likely to experience IPV for three to four days a week. Some previous pieces of literature from India and elsewhere also concluded similar results, where it has been seen that women's experience to IPV increases with lowering down the wealth status of the respondent and vice versa (Dalal & Lindqvist, 2012;Das & Basu Roy, 2020;García-Moreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise, & Watts, 2005;Kishor & Bradley, 2012;Rivera-Rivera et al., 2004). But this result is indecisive because previous kinds of literature have also shown that experience of IPV varies nonlinearity with household wealth (Bamiwuye & Odimegwu, 2014). ...
Worldwide the incidents of intimate partner violence (IPV) have increased due to lockdowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims to identify the association between IPV and different socio-economic factors of women & their most recent partner during the COVID-19 pandemic in returnee migrant worker families in Balurghat Block (area 363.9 sq. km), Dakshin Dinajpur district, West Bengal, India. A total of 159 ever-married women were included in this present study, whose husbands were engaged as workers elsewhere at least two years before the lockdown. The result of the multinomial logistic regression model revealed that, after controlling for other variables, the women who had the poorest wealth background were 37% more likely (RRR: 1.37; 95% CI [1.18, 1.47]) to experience IPV almost every day in a week than those who had a middle wealth background. Conversely, the women who had the poorest wealth background were 37% (95% CI [0.57, 0.82]) less likely to experience IPV for three to four days in a week. Furthermore, the women whose partners were currently unemployed were 21% more likely (RRR: 1.21; 95% CI [1.16, 1.36]) to experience IPV almost every day in a week than those whose husbands were currently employed. The women whose husband’s had a loan were 26% more likely (RRR: 1.26; 95% CI [1.25, 1.33]) to experience IPV for three to four days in a week than those whose husbands did not have any loans. The likelihood to experience IPV almost every day in a week is higher among those women whose husbands attain weekly (31%) loan instalment pattern and consume alcohol daily (31%). Interventions are needed at the grassroots level and some economic planning is required at an urgent basis.
... Intimate partner violence (IPV) presents a substantial public health concern and violation of women's human rights. Appropriately, a substantial and growing body of literature documents the prevalence and patterns of such violence [1][2][3][4][5][6] . In addition, IPV is also associated with a number of adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes. ...
... Prior factor analyses confirm that each of the items load robustly onto their respective form of violence (MacQuarrie, Winter, and Kishor 2013, 2014). Emotional, physical, and sexual forms of violence is captured through the use of an abbreviated version of the conflict tactics scales (CTS) [40][41][42] , which refer to specific behavioral acts, regardless of whether they are understood to constitute violence in a given cultural setting 4 . For each of these items, ever-married women report whether they have ever experienced that item, whether and how frequently they have experienced it in the past 12 months. ...
This study examined the effect of advanced rice production technologies on household economic development among smallholder farmers in Kilombero valley, Tanzania in terms of farmers’ ability to get three meals per day, ability to educate children and ability to own assets like a TV. The study employed the causal-effect survey design. A total of 100 smallholder rice farmers from four wards were sampled through simple random sampling. Twenty smallholder farmers among the 100 sampled farmers who previously received certificates of appreciation as successful users of advanced rice technologies were sampled through purposive sampling as key informants. Data were collected using questionnaire which aimed to capture effect of utilization of new rice production technologies on household economic development among farmers (adopters). Spearman’s rho Correlation coefficient-test was used to analyse data and test the hypotheses. The study concludes that utilization of advanced rice production technologies positively affected the household economic development in that, as farmers utilized improved rice seeds, site-specific-nutrient technology, direct-seeded-rice technology and pests and diseases technologies, their quality of life improved. It is therefore recommended that site-specific-nutrient technology, direct-seeded-rice technology and pests and diseases technology need to be considered by farmers for improved outcomes.
... Intimate partner violence (IPV) presents a substantial public health concern and violation of women's human rights. Appropriately, a substantial and growing body of literature documents the prevalence and patterns of such violence [1][2][3][4][5][6] . In addition, IPV is also associated with a number of adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes. ...
... Prior factor analyses confirm that each of the items load robustly onto their respective form of violence (MacQuarrie, Winter, and Kishor 2013, 2014). Emotional, physical, and sexual forms of violence is captured through the use of an abbreviated version of the conflict tactics scales (CTS) [40][41][42] , which refer to specific behavioral acts, regardless of whether they are understood to constitute violence in a given cultural setting 4 . For each of these items, ever-married women report whether they have ever experienced that item, whether and how frequently they have experienced it in the past 12 months. ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) may interfere with women's contraceptive use. This study analyzed IPV and discontinuation while still in need (DWSIN) using detailed contraceptive calendar data from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey and measures of IPV experience in the same 12-month observation period. Using multivariable regression analysis, it examined three forms of violence separately-emotional, physical, and sexual violence-and any IPV combined among 1,437 married women age 15-49 who were using a contraceptive method twelve months prior to the interview. DWSIN varied with the form of violence assessed. Emotional violence (odds ratio (OR) = 2.13, p <0.01) and any IPV (OR=1.88, p <0.05) were strongly, positively associated with higher odds of DWSIN. Sexual violence was weakly associated with higher odds of DWSIN, while there was no detected association with physical violence. Integrating IPV screening into family planning counseling may reduce DWSIN and support women to achieve their reproductive aspirations.
... Several studies have shown that GBV in sub-Saharan Africa is pervasive (Kishor and Bradley 2012;MacQuarrie et al. 2014). Senegal ranks number 162 on the UNDP Human Development Index, placing it among the lowest in the world for gender equality (UNDP 2018). ...
Gender-based violence is associated with an array of negative health outcomes for women and limits their opportunities to fully participate in society. Only recently have studies begun to explore the interconnectedness of emotional, physical and sexual gender-based violence. This qualitative study sought to understand how men and women in Senegal perceive various forms of gender-based violence, their connections, and who could best promote change among perpetrators of violence. Community focus group discussions that used structured exercises adapted from Participatory Learning and Action group activities were carried out in urban and rural settings in seven regions of Senegal. Groups were sampled for maximum variation within rural and urban settings in each region (n = 28 groups and n = 267 participants). Male and female groups in both urban and rural settings described each form of violence similarly. Examples of emotional violence centered around home finances, neglect, and dependency. Emotional violence between male and female spouses escalated to physically and sexually violent behaviors, uniquely directed at women and girls. Physical violence was described in two levels: acceptable and unacceptable. Sexual violence was described as common within households but unreported. Economic considerations cross-cut each form of violence. The findings from this study contribute to conceptual definitions and understandings of GBV from a community perspective to better inform programmatic and communication approaches for the reduction of GBV in Senegal. Challenges will remain until the global community can more effectively address equitable access to financial resources among the world’s poorest.
... For lifetime prevalence rates, almost one in every three men had perpetrated some form of physical IPV. Our lifetime prevalence rates are far much higher than findings by Kishor and Bradley, who using data from nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys in Ghana found a lifetime physical IPV perpetration of 16.3% [40]. However, this Demographic and Health Survey data did not have measures for sexual IPV perpetration. ...
Background
Evidence-based interventions are essential in the prevention of violence against women (VAW). An understanding of risk factors for male perpetration of VAW using population-based research is crucial for developing such interventions. This study is a baseline assessment of a two-arm unmatched cluster randomised controlled trial (C-RCT), set up to assess the impact of a Rural Response System (RRS) intervention for preventing violence against women and girls in Ghana. This study aims at assessing past year prevalence and risk factors for sexual or physical intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration among men.
Methods
The population-based survey involved 2126 men aged 18 and above living in selected communities in 4 districts in the central region of Ghana. Logistic regression techniques were used to determine risk factors for sexual or physical IPV perpetration. All models adjusted for age of respondent and took into account the study design.
Results
Half of the men had perpetrated at least one form of violence against their intimate partners in their lifetime while 41% had perpetrated sexual or physical IPV. Majority (93%) of the men had been in relationships in the 12 months preceding the survey, and of these, 23% had perpetrated sexual or physical IPV. Childhood factors associated with sexual or physical IPV included witnessing abuse of mother (aOR:1.40(1.06–1.86)), and neglect (aOR:1.81(1.30–2.50)). Other major risk factors for IPV perpetration were: having multiple partners (aOR:1.76(1.36–2.26)), (involvement in transactional sex (aOR:1.76(1.36–2.26)), substance use (aOR:1.74(1.25–2.43)) and gender inequitable attitudes (aOR:0.94(0.91–0.97)).
Conclusion
Childhood violence experience and witnessing, risky behaviour (multiple partners, transactional sex, substance use) and gender inequitable attitudes are major risk factors for sexual or physical IPV perpetration. Perpetration of sexual or physical IPV tend to co-occur with non-partner violence and emotional IPV perpetration. Interventions targeting these factors are critical in reducing IPV.
