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Electron micrographs of the ileum in 42-day old piglets. (A1) SEM of the ileal mucosa of a Duan-NaiAn-treated piglet showing intact and clearly visible villi. (A2) SEM of the ileal mucosa of a yeast-treated piglet showing localized mucus residues and partial slough of epithelium. (A3) SEM of the ileal mucosa of a control piglet showing a large number of adhering mucus, partial villi damaged, and slough of the epithelium. (B1) TEM of the ileal villi of a Duan-Nai-An -treated piglet showing clear, intact and dense microvilli (indicated by an arrow). (B2) TEM of the ileal villi of a yeast-treated piglet showing intact microvilli (indicated by an arrow). (B3) TEM of the ileal villi of a control piglet showing fractured and sloughed microvilli (indicated by an arrow). (C1) TEM of the ileal lamina propria of a Duan-Nai-An-treated piglet showing well developed lymphocytes with abundant endoplasmic reticulum (indicated by ▲). (C2) TEM of the ileal lamina propria of a yeast-treated piglet showing well developed lymphocytes (indicated by an arrow). (C3) TEM of the ileal lamina propria of a control piglet showing necrosis and chromatin margination of lymphocytes (indicated by an arrow).
Source publication
Post-weaning diarrhea commonly occurs in piglets and results in significant economic loss to swine producers. Non-antibiotic measures for managing post-weaning diarrhea are critically needed. Duan-Nai-An, a probiotic produced from the yeast fermentation of egg whites, was previously shown to optimize intestinal flora and reduce the incidence of cli...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Under SEM, the ileal mucosa of the Duan-Nai-An group piglets were clear with thick, healthy and intact villi (Fig. 8A1). The ileum of the yeast-treated group also had mucus at the surface, but the villi were thick (Fig. 8A2). However, a large amount of mucus at the mucosal surface, thin villi with partial loss were observed in the control piglets (Fig. ...
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... Under SEM, the ileal mucosa of the Duan-Nai-An group piglets were clear with thick, healthy and intact villi (Fig. 8A1). The ileum of the yeast-treated group also had mucus at the surface, but the villi were thick (Fig. 8A2). However, a large amount of mucus at the mucosal surface, thin villi with partial loss were observed in the control piglets (Fig. ...
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... Under SEM, the ileal mucosa of the Duan-Nai-An group piglets were clear with thick, healthy and intact villi (Fig. 8A1). The ileum of the yeast-treated group also had mucus at the surface, but the villi were thick (Fig. 8A2). However, a large amount of mucus at the mucosal surface, thin villi with partial loss were observed in the control piglets (Fig. ...
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... TEM, there were also differences in ileal structures among the groups at 42 days of age. The ileal epithelium of the Duan-Nai-An-treated piglets was intact with dense and uniform microvilli that were perpendicular to the apical surface of mucosa (Fig. 8B1). A large number of lymphocytes were present in the lamina propria and well-developed small lymphocytes were also visible (Fig. 8C1). The microvilli of yeast-treated piglets were neatly (Fig. 8B2) and lymphocytes in lamina propria were well developed (Fig. 8C2). In contrast, the control group showed severe loss of epithelial microvilli ...
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... in ileal structures among the groups at 42 days of age. The ileal epithelium of the Duan-Nai-An-treated piglets was intact with dense and uniform microvilli that were perpendicular to the apical surface of mucosa (Fig. 8B1). A large number of lymphocytes were present in the lamina propria and well-developed small lymphocytes were also visible (Fig. 8C1). The microvilli of yeast-treated piglets were neatly (Fig. 8B2) and lymphocytes in lamina propria were well developed (Fig. 8C2). In contrast, the control group showed severe loss of epithelial microvilli (Fig. 8B3). Although many lymphocytes were seen in the lamina propria, many of them showed lesions such as mitochondrial swelling, ...
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... ileal epithelium of the Duan-Nai-An-treated piglets was intact with dense and uniform microvilli that were perpendicular to the apical surface of mucosa (Fig. 8B1). A large number of lymphocytes were present in the lamina propria and well-developed small lymphocytes were also visible (Fig. 8C1). The microvilli of yeast-treated piglets were neatly (Fig. 8B2) and lymphocytes in lamina propria were well developed (Fig. 8C2). In contrast, the control group showed severe loss of epithelial microvilli (Fig. 8B3). Although many lymphocytes were seen in the lamina propria, many of them showed lesions such as mitochondrial swelling, nuclear condensation, and chromatin margination (Fig. ...
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... dense and uniform microvilli that were perpendicular to the apical surface of mucosa (Fig. 8B1). A large number of lymphocytes were present in the lamina propria and well-developed small lymphocytes were also visible (Fig. 8C1). The microvilli of yeast-treated piglets were neatly (Fig. 8B2) and lymphocytes in lamina propria were well developed (Fig. 8C2). In contrast, the control group showed severe loss of epithelial microvilli (Fig. 8B3). Although many lymphocytes were seen in the lamina propria, many of them showed lesions such as mitochondrial swelling, nuclear condensation, and chromatin margination (Fig. ...
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... (Fig. 8B1). A large number of lymphocytes were present in the lamina propria and well-developed small lymphocytes were also visible (Fig. 8C1). The microvilli of yeast-treated piglets were neatly (Fig. 8B2) and lymphocytes in lamina propria were well developed (Fig. 8C2). In contrast, the control group showed severe loss of epithelial microvilli (Fig. 8B3). Although many lymphocytes were seen in the lamina propria, many of them showed lesions such as mitochondrial swelling, nuclear condensation, and chromatin margination (Fig. ...
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... were neatly (Fig. 8B2) and lymphocytes in lamina propria were well developed (Fig. 8C2). In contrast, the control group showed severe loss of epithelial microvilli (Fig. 8B3). Although many lymphocytes were seen in the lamina propria, many of them showed lesions such as mitochondrial swelling, nuclear condensation, and chromatin margination (Fig. ...
Citations
... One promising alternative studied in the literature includes the use of probiotics, defined as live microorganisms that, when ingested in adequate quantities, impart advantageous effects on the host's health (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2002; Hill et al., 2014), more specifically, yeast strains, into the nursery phase diet to mitigate diarrhea and improve productivity (Boontiam et al., 2022). Yeast strains have shown immense potential for providing positive nutritional benefits in swine (Chaucheyras-Durand & Durand, 2010), and recent work by Zhaxi et al. (2020) indicates that certain yeast strains, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae can influence the intestinal microbiota by outcompeting bacteria for adhesion sites. Thus, limiting bacterial proliferation, enhancing IgA secretion in the intestinal mucosa, and improving the integrity of the intestinal wall (Zhaxi et al., 2020). ...
... Yeast strains have shown immense potential for providing positive nutritional benefits in swine (Chaucheyras-Durand & Durand, 2010), and recent work by Zhaxi et al. (2020) indicates that certain yeast strains, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae can influence the intestinal microbiota by outcompeting bacteria for adhesion sites. Thus, limiting bacterial proliferation, enhancing IgA secretion in the intestinal mucosa, and improving the integrity of the intestinal wall (Zhaxi et al., 2020). These physiological benefits are associated with enhanced productive performance and a reduction in the occurrence of diarrhea (Bontempo et al., 2006;Kiros et al., 2018). ...
... The first 10 cm of intestines after the pylorus were considered the duodenum, and jejunum samples were collected approximately 55 cm from the end of the duodenum. Samples were prepared using the method Zhaxi et al. outlined (Zhaxi et al., 2020). A microscope equipped with a camera and the ImageJ software was utilized to measure parameters such as villi height, crypt depth, and the villus: crypt ratio. ...
O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar duas cepas comerciais de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (designadas como CHY1 e CHY2) sob a saúde intestinal e desempenho de leitões desmamados desafiados com Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica durante a fase de creche. Um total de 192 leitões com peso médio 6,70 ± 0.92 quilogramas foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos: um controle negativo (C) sem desafio de E. coli e sem suplementação da levedura; um controle positivo (CH) com desafio de E. coli e sem a suplementação da levedura; e dois grupos com a suplementação das dietas com as cepas comerciais das leveduras intituladas CHY1 e CHY2, juntamente ao desafio de E. coli. O desafio envolveu a inoculação de duas doses de E. coli F4 (106 UFC/ml e 109 UFC/ml) nos leitões e uma inoculação de solução salina para o grupo C. Amostras de tecido intestinal, sangue e conteúdo cecal foram coletadas nos 11º, 28º e 42º dias do experimento. Todas as variáveis foram submetidas a análise de variância e quando detectada diferença significativa pelo teste de F (p<0,05), o teste de Tukey foi aplicado para comparar as médias. Para a avalição da ocorrência de diarreia, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi aplicado e quando as variáveis foram rejeitadas ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, o teste de Dunn foi conduzido como uma análise post-hoc para comparações múltiplas (p<0,05) com significância estatística nesse nível. Leitões desmamados suplementados com CHY1 apresentaram métricas de desempenho superiores, incluindo maior ganho de peso diário (aumento de 15.3%), peso vivo (aumento de 3.4%), consumo de ração diário (aumento de 9.5%) e melhor eficiência alimentar (aumento de 12.3%) até os 28 dias de experimento em comparação com o grupo CH. Não foram observados efeitos dos tratamentos sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos mensurados, morfologia intestinal ou ácidos graxos de cadeia curta presentes no conteúdo cecal. Ambos os grupos tratados com leveduras apresentaram melhor desempenho durante os períodos mais desafiadores. No entanto, a cepa de levedura CHY1, especificamente, contribuiu para um melhor desempenho dos leitões nos primeiros 28 dias, sem induzir alterações na morfologia intestinal.
... Considering that the intestinal mucosa is more intact, the higher the villi and the nutrient absorption capacity (Zhaxi et al., 2020). Such results are promising for fish nutrition, because there is an association between intestinal villi importance and the nutrition and health of animals. ...
The use of probiotics and exogenous enzymes in fish feed is a promising alternative to improve animal performance. This study evaluated the feasibility of applying Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its enzymes as supplements in the diet for juvenile tilapia. The effect of adding different concentrations of Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its enzymes in food on zootechnical development, intestinal morphometry of animals was analyzed. The bacteria could be recovered from the intestines of animals, demonstrating its ability to survive gastric and bile acids. The comparative study of SMIA-2 with commercial products showed a significant effect on individual food intake, final weight and weight gain in all treatments. Gut length, villus height and intestinal coefficient were an advantage of SMIA-2 compared to commercial products and the control group. Therefore, the inclusion of Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 and its enzymes in fish feed may represent a viable alternative to improve animal development and significantly increase intestinal villi, contributing to nutrient absorption and animal health.
... The increase in villi height can enlarge the absorption area of small intestine, which is conducive to absorbing more nutrients [45]. Crypt depth reflects the cell formation rate, and the shallower crypt indicates increased cell maturation rate and secretion function [46]. Thus, higher villus height to crypt depth ratio indicates an increased absorptive capacity and cell formation rate to maintain the intestinal health. ...
Simple Summary
Salmonella infection is an urgent problem in animal husbandry, which causes salmonellosis in livestock and poses threats to human health through contaminated livestock products. As an alternative to antibiotics, probiotics play an important role in maintaining animal health. However, some probiotics, such as lactic acid bacteria, have limitations in storage and hostile environments. In this context, exploring the bacterial components or metabolites of probiotics has gradually drawn more research interest, and these are termed “postbiotics”. This study investigated the antibacterial effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) postbiotics and compared the effects to the live bacteria on intestinal health and autoimmunity in mice challenged with Salmonella. The results showed LP culture supernatant directly inhibited Salmonella growth and pathogenicity. LP postbiotics (the heat-killed bacteria and metabolites) showed similar or even superior effects to the active probiotic against Salmonella in mice. Furthermore, we found that LP postbiotics alleviated Salmonella infection via modulating bacterial pathogenicity, autophagy and inflammatory response. These results provide a theoretical basis for the protection of LP postbiotics against Salmonella and help to further explore its role in animal husbandry.
Abstract
Our study aimed to explore the effects of postbiotics on protecting against Salmonella infection in mice and clarify the underlying mechanisms. Eighty 5-week-old C57BL/6 mice were gavaged daily with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP)-derived postbiotics (heat-killed bacteria, LPBinactive; culture supernatant, LPC) or the active bacteria (LPBactive), and gavaged with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST). The Turbidimetry test and agar diffusion assay indicated that LPC directly inhibited Salmonella growth. Real-time PCR and biofilm inhibition assay showed that LPC had a strong ability in suppressing Salmonella pathogenicity by reducing virulence genes (SopE, SopB, InvA, InvF, SipB, HilA, SipA and SopD2), pili genes (FilF, SefA, LpfA, FimF), flagellum genes (FlhD, FliC, FliD) and biofilm formation. LP postbiotics were more effective than LP on attenuating ST-induced intestinal damage in mice, as indicated by increasing villus/crypt ratio and increasing the expression levels of tight junction proteins (Occludin and Claudin-1). Elisa assay showed that LP postbiotics significantly reduced ST-induced inflammation by regulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines (the increased IL-4 and IL-10 and the decreased TNF-α) in serum and ileum (p < 0.05). Furthermore, LP postbiotics inhibited the activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by decreasing the protein expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1, and the gene expression of Caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18. Meanwhile, both LPC and LPB observably activated autophagy under ST infection, as indicated by the up-regulated expression of LC3 and Beclin1 and the downregulated p62 level (p < 0.05). Finally, we found that LP postbiotics could trigger an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway to induce autophagy. In summary, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-derived postbiotics alleviated Salmonella infection via modulating bacterial pathogenicity, autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in mice. Our results confirmed the effectiveness of postbiotics agents in the control of Salmonella infection.
... One potential strategy is probiotic supplementation, which has been shown to promote the general health of pigs [36]. However, most studies have focused on the effects of feeding probiotics on post-weaning outcomes [37] [38] [39]. Here, we focused on the effects of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ...
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the potential immunomodulatory effect of maternal supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (Scb) from late gestation until the end of lactation on the immune phenotype of her progeny. Eighteen sows were fed 2 boluses per day of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CMCN-1079 (probiotic; PRO, n = 9) or placebo (CON, n = 9) starting at gestational day (GD) 84 and continuing until 21 days post-farrowing (end of lactation). Sow blood samples were collected every 7 days post-supplementation during gestation and 24-h post-farrowing and end of lactation. Blood samples were taken from 84 female pigs (n = 42 per sow treatment group) at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days old to assess innate and adaptive immune measures. Minimal effects of Scb supplementation were found on sow immune status during gestation and lactation, except for PRO-treated sows that had enhanced neutrophil function (P < 0.05) overall and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation after 51 days of treatment (P < 0.0001). Overall, pigs from PRO-treated sows had higher C5a- and IL-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis, NK cytotoxicity, and mitogen-induced B-lymphocyte proliferation than those from CON sows (P < 0.05; TRT). Supplementation had minimal effect on the sows but postnatal maternal exposure to Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii supplementation modulated the immune status of the progeny beyond the lactation period resulting in those from PRO-treated sows having more enhanced neutrophil function and B-cell proliferative response in the short term. Therefore, these data imply that including yeast probiotics in maternal diets may have carry-over effects in priming offspring’s immune function, especially neutrophil function and B-cell proliferation in the short term.
... A signifi cant decrease in pro-infl ammatory cytokines was observed at the end of the treatment period. Zhaxi et al. [15] demonstrate that yeast(s) improve the development of intestinal structures and immune lymphoid tissues and promote intestinal health in weaned piglets. ...
The intestinal microbiota is an ecosystem where bacteria, archaea, viruses, and protists, are entangled, but not alone. We take microbiota as the bacterial community because, in many historical papers, the probes to detect other organisms in the intestine were rarely used. But in addition, unicellular fungi or yeasts do exist in microbiota, their assembly is called the mycome or fungiome, and it can reach the size and number of our human cells. The bacteria are far more numerous. For a long time, the whole was taken for a nest of pathogens, but in fact, yeasts adapted and evolved as symbiotic cells helping not only our digestion, but also angiogenesis, tissue growth, vitamin synthesis, and our nervous, endocrine, immune systems and even our detoxification system. Much of what we swallow is or will become fermented, like bread, cheese, or wine. Since the beginning of agriculture, our food is eaten lightly by microbiota including yeasts first in plants not treated by pesticides. Natural yeasts still unknown are in hundreds of types or species at the very least, bringing in particular during their work of fermentation a multiplicity of aromas that play a role in the famous detoxification; but the usual diet only provides a few strains of these yeasts. In yeasts like in all cells, ubiquitous cytochrome P450 detoxifying enzymes form a vast family also involved in cell respiration, which is stimulated to some extent by the aromas and other signals secreted. Yeasts could attract and coordinate bacteria to eliminate in part chemical pollutants.
... Moreover, an increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes was also seen in pigs receiving the yeast. Weaning stress has been associated with decreases in these cells and an increased apoptosis, and Bontempo et al. and Zhaxi et al. [64,66] reported that a greater number of lymphocytes in the intestine could represent an enhanced intestinal mucosa immunity. Taking this into account, the moderate increase observed in the IEL with the probiotic could be regarded as a positive effect. ...
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of supplementing short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) combined or not with live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 47 on weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli F4+. We allocated ninety-six piglets to four experimental diets: control (CTR); supplemented with scFOS (5 g/kg Profeed® P95) (scFOS); S. cerevisiae Sc 47 (1 g/kg Actisaf® Sc 47 HR +) (YEA); or both (SYN). Parameters included: performance; E. coli F4+ detection; fermentation activity; inflammatory biomarkers; and ileal histomorphology. Our results showed that supplementing scFOS was able to reduce the incidence of diarrhea, and both supplements were able to lower counts of EHEC along the gut. Supplementing scFOS was mostly associated with changes in the gut ecosystem and increases in the lactobacilli population, while S. cerevisiae Sc 47 registered increases in the numbers of ileal intraepithelial lymphocytes. The synbiotic mixture showed the lowest diarrhea incidence and fecal scores, benefiting from complementary modes of action and possible synergistic effects due to a hypothesized yeast–LAB cross-feeding phenomenon in the foregut. In conclusion, our results evidence that supplementing scFOS or Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 47 is efficacious to fight post-weaning colibacillosis, and combining both could be beneficial in high-risk scenarios.
... Probiotics are non-pathogenic microorganisms that can provide health benefits to the host when ingested in sufficient amounts [15], the positive effects of probiotics have been demonstrated to promote intestinal microflora balance and improve growth performance in weaning pigs [16][17][18] and growing and finishing pigs [19][20][21]. ...
A total of 200 26-day-old crossbred weaning piglets ((Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc; 6.55 ± 0.62 kg) were used in a 6-week experiment to evaluate the effects of adding probiotics complex supplementation (Syner-ZymeF10) with high and low ZnO diets on the performance of weaning pigs in 42 days. Pigs were randomly allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and they were supplemented with two concentration level of ZnO with 3000 ppm and 300 ppm and probiotics complex supplementation with 0 and 0.1%. There were ten replicate pens per treatment with five pigs per pen (two gilts and three barrows). Pigs fed diets with 3000 ppm ZnO had a higher BW during the overall period and ADG during d 8–21, d 22–42, and overall period than pigs receiving 300 ppm ZnO diets (p < 0.05), as well as a G: F which tended to increase on d 8–21 and overall period (p < 0.1) and decreased tendency on faecal gas emission of methyl mercaptans and acetic acid concentration (p < 0.1). Dietary probiotics complex supplementation had decreased the E. coli count (p < 0.05) and tended to increase the Lactobacillus count (p < 0.1). Dietary probiotics complex supplementation and different level of ZnO supplementation had no significant effect on the nutrition digestibility and faecal score (p > 0.05). In conclusion, probiotic supplementation reduced the fecal E. coli counts and tended to improve Lactobacillus counts. There were no interactive effects between ZnO and probiotic complex supplementation on all the measured parameters.
... 1,32 In the present study, supplementation of W. anomalus 13611 significantly decreased the diarrhea rate of piglets compared with the CON group, and previous studies also reported that yeast and its derivatives could reduce the diarrhea incidence of weaned pigs. [33][34][35] Among the documented research studies and applications, W. anomalus has been employed as a bioprotective agent in food to enhance the ...
Weaning stress commonly damages the intestinal barrier of mammals, resulting in gut microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal illness, and even severe diarrhea. Probiotics are used as a nutritional strategy to promote the health of humans and animals and the gut microbiota balance. Here Wickerhamomyces anomalus was applied as a probiotic supplement to a weaned piglet model to investigate its impacts on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, inflammation response, and intestinal health. Supplemental 1 g kg-1 108 cfu g-1W. anomalus 13611 significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR), alleviated diarrhea, improved the apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and gross energy (GE), increased the concentration of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and catalase (CAT) in serum, and decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in serum. Importantly, supplementation of W. anomalus 13611 also improved the gut microbiota, decreasing the relative abundance of Oxalobacteraceae, enriching the relative abundances of Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus, and increasing the relative abundances of two species of Lactobacillus (helveticus and delbrueckii). In conclusion, W. anomalus 13611 could effectively promote growth performance and alleviate diarrhea in a model of weaned piglets, which may be related to improved antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory response, and alteration in the structure of the gut microbiota.
... The gut bacterial community was significantly shaped by Duan-Nai-An, whereas the fungal gut community was not affected. In addition, Zhaxi et al. [102] demonstrated that Duan-Nai-An (2 × 10 8 CFU/mL, 10 mL/day) as a dietary supplement helped to maintain and improve the morphology and structure of mucosal epithelial cells as well as the integrity of the intestinal mucosa in the small intestine of weaning piglets. In line, dietary supplementation with Candida utilis (1 × 10 9 CFU/mL, 1 mL), alone or in combination with yucca schidigera extract, improved growth performance, reduced diarrhoea rates, improved animal antioxidant capacity by increasing T-SOD, T-AOC, and CAT activity, enhanced gut morphology and absorption capacity (increased ileal villus height, villus height/crypt depth), improved intestinal integrity by increasing the concentrations of jejunal occludin and β-definsin-2, and increased microbial diversity in the caecum of weaned piglets [100]. ...
In many countries, medical levels of zinc (typically as zinc oxide) are added to piglet diets in the first two weeks post-weaning to prevent the development of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). However, high levels of zinc constitute an environmental polluting agent, and may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria. Consequently, the EU banned administering medical levels of zinc in pig diets as of June 2022. However, this may result in an increased use of antibiotic therapeutics to combat PWD and thereby an increased risk of further AMR development. The search for alternative measures against PWD with a minimum use of antibiotics and in the absence of medical levels of zinc has therefore been intensified over recent years, and feed-related measures, including feed ingredients, feed additives, and feeding strategies, are being intensively investigated. Furthermore, management strategies have been developed and are undoubtedly relevant; however, these will not be addressed in this review. Here, feed measures (and vaccines) are addressed, these being probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, proteobiotics, plants and plant extracts (in particular essential oils and tannins), macroalgae (particularly macroalgae-derived polysaccharides), dietary fibre, antimicrobial peptides, specific amino acids, dietary fatty acids, milk replacers, milk components, creep feed, vaccines, bacteriophages, and single-domain antibodies (nanobodies). The list covers measures with a rather long history and others that require significant development before their eventual use can be extended. To assess the potential of feed-related measures in combating PWD, the literature reviewed here has focused on studies reporting parameters of PWD (i.e., faeces score and/or faeces dry matter content during the first two weeks post-weaning). Although the impact on PWD (or related parameters) of the investigated measures may often be inconsistent, many studies do report positive effects. However, several studies have shown that control pigs do not suffer from diarrhoea, making it difficult to evaluate the biological and practical relevance of these improvements. From the reviewed literature, it is not possible to rank the efficacy of the various measures, and the efficacy most probably depends on a range of factors related to animal genetics and health status, additive doses used, composition of the feed, etc. We conclude that a combination of various measures is probably most recommendable in most situations. However, in this respect, it should be considered that combining strategies may lead to additive (e.g., synbiotics), synergistic (e.g., plant materials), or antagonistic (e.g., algae compounds) effects, requiring detailed knowledge on the modes of action in order to design effective strategies.
... 39 -65. julio-septiembre 2022 El uso de probióticos en lechones mejora las cualidades del epitelio intestinal, aumentando el tamaño de las vellosidades y de las criptas; esto implica que mejora la superficie de absorción de nutrientes (Zhaxi et al., 2020). También mejoran la secreción de moco intestinal, otorgando una barrera adicional más consistente a partir de la modulación de la fosforilación de proteínas citoesqueléticas y de unión estrecha (Liao & Nyachoti, 2017;Shin et al., 2019). ...
Introducción. Durante mucho tiempo, los antibióticos fueron la herramienta principal para mejorar el crecimiento de los cerdos, pero actualmente están en estudio varios suplementos que pueden reemplazarlos para evitar el impacto en salud pública derivado de su uso. Objetivo. El objetivo de la presente revisión es sintetizar una lista descriptiva de los principales suplementos alimenticios empleados en la dieta porcina que permite reducir el uso de antibióticos en las explotaciones comerciales. Metodología. La búsqueda y revisión de documentos se fundamentó en una macro recolección de la literatura científica disponible; para la redacción se esquematizaron los conceptos clave y se excluyeron datos poco relevantes o imprecisos. Resultados. Entre estas alternativas se destacan los fitobióticos, que son compuestos químicos derivados de plantas como el tomillo, el orégano y el ajo. Otro grupo son los probióticos, microorganismos vivos que son administrados en dosis adecuadas para otorgar un beneficio al hospedador mediante la regulación del microbiota y la inmunidad intestinal; principalmente abarcan bacterias y levaduras que hacen sinergia con otro tipo de suplementos, los prebióticos, que son sustratos que proveen energía para los probióticos. Se destacan también algunos ácidos orgánicos y compuestos minerales. Conclusiones. Por diversos mecanismos de acción, todos estos suplementos podrían tener un efecto similar a los antibióticos, al disminuir la colonización de patógenos que merman el desarrollo y aumentar el aprovechamiento del alimento, mejorando aspectos como la reproducción y la salud general. La implementación de los suplementos descritos es relevante, considerando el rol de la producción animal en la generación de resistencias a antibióticos, enmarcado en el concepto de One Health.
