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![Electrochemical sensor: (A-B) schematic of an electrochemical E-DNA sensor consisting of recognition element, sensing electrode and interface circuit (A) prior and (B) after detection of target sample (Reproduced with Copyright permission from (2006) National Academy of Sciences, USA [38]).](publication/273954901/figure/fig4/AS:601746149756928@1520478870239/Electrochemical-sensor-A-B-schematic-of-an-electrochemical-E-DNA-sensor-consisting-of.png)
Electrochemical sensor: (A-B) schematic of an electrochemical E-DNA sensor consisting of recognition element, sensing electrode and interface circuit (A) prior and (B) after detection of target sample (Reproduced with Copyright permission from (2006) National Academy of Sciences, USA [38]).
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Recent advances in integrated biosensors, wireless communication and power harvesting techniques are enticing researchers into spawning a new breed of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices that have attracted significant interest from industry. Among these, it is the ones equipped with wireless capabilities that drew our attention in this review p...
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Context 1
... electrochemical sensor (ES) relies on electrical charge transfer between an electrode and the target biological or chemical sample. Typically, an electrochemical sensor consists of a set of sensing electrodes and an interface readout circuitry (Figure 8). The interface circuit is designed to detect and transduce minute electrical signals transduced by the electrodes. The electrodes are functionalized with biological receptors also called recognition elements (REs) capable of selectively binding to targeted molecule or cell surface-receptors. The main role of REs in electrochemical sensing is to undergo biophysical changes that occur as a result of their interactions with target molecules present in the analytes. These changes are then transduced to fluctuations in electrical parameters like electrical charge, dielectric property or conductivity. Figure 8 shows an example of a newly developed ES, based on a specific mechanism called target-induced strand-displacement that results in the production of a relatively small output current [39]. This method is mainly used for DNA detection with potential uses in handheld WBS. ...
Context 2
... electrochemical sensor (ES) relies on electrical charge transfer between an electrode and the target biological or chemical sample. Typically, an electrochemical sensor consists of a set of sensing electrodes and an interface readout circuitry (Figure 8). The interface circuit is designed to detect and transduce minute electrical signals transduced by the electrodes. The electrodes are functionalized with biological receptors also called recognition elements (REs) capable of selectively binding to targeted molecule or cell surface-receptors. The main role of REs in electrochemical sensing is to undergo biophysical changes that occur as a result of their interactions with target molecules present in the analytes. These changes are then transduced to fluctuations in electrical parameters like electrical charge, dielectric property or conductivity. Figure 8 shows an example of a newly developed ES, based on a specific mechanism called target-induced strand-displacement that results in the production of a relatively small output current [39]. This method is mainly used for DNA detection with potential uses in handheld WBS. ...
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Citations
... 20 Wireless POC devices or wearable sensors can continuously monitor biologically relevant parameters, metabolites, and bio-molecules, which can help treat morbid diseases like Alzheimer's. 21 In the past decade, the development of wearable electrochemical sensors for the detection of various bio-uids has provided new opportunities for the management of clinical data of patients with chronic illnesses like Parkinson's, and diabatic. 22 Wearable sensors and portable devices together have the potential to put forward a shi in health care from traditional methods to continuous monitoring of patients in the comfort of their home. ...
Neurological disorders can occur in the human body as a result of nano-level variations in the neurotransmitter levels. Patients affected by neuropsychiatric disorders, that are chronic require continuous monitoring of these neurotransmitter levels for effective disease management. The current work focus on developing a highly sensitive and personalized sensor for continuous monitoring of dopamine. Here we propose a wearable microneedle-based electrochemical sensor, to continuously monitor dopamine in interstitial fluid (ISF). A chitosan-protected hybrid nanomaterial Fe3O4–GO composite has been used as a chemical recognition element protected by Nafion antifouling coating layer. The morphological and physiochemical characterizations of the nanocomposite were carried out with XRD, XPS, FESEM, EDAX and FT-IR. The principle of the developed sensor relies on orthogonal detection of dopamine with square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometric techniques. The microneedle sensor array exhibited an attractive analytical performance toward detecting dopamine in phosphate buffer and artificial ISF. The limit of detection (LOD) of the developed sensor was observed to be low, 90 nM in square wave voltammetry and 0.6 μM in chronoamperometric analysis. The practical applicability of the microneedle sensor array has been demonstrated on a skin-mimicking phantom gel model. The microneedle sensor also exhibited good long-term storage stability, reproducibility, and sensitivity. All of these promising results suggest that the proposed microneedle sensor array could be reliable for the continuous monitoring of dopamine.
... When conductometric detection is used, the actions that are carried out by enzymes always result in changes to the ionic composition of the reacting solution. These changes are a direct consequence of the conductometric detection [26][27][28]. Observations made with conductometric sensing equipment have revealed that there has been a modification to the ionic part of the surrounding environment. The antigen-antibody combination coating on the electrode affects the conductivity of the electrolyte in which the immobilized enzyme is submerged, the biocatalytic activity of an enzyme that has been immobilized is reduced. ...
Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer found in the cell walls of plants and bacteria. Nanocellulose can be obtained from cellulose and bacteria. Nanocellulose can be found in different forms such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). In modern days, nanocellulose is used in various fields. Sensors are one of the fields where nanocelluloses are widely used. The application of nanocellulose into sensing devices resulted in a notable increase in the sensing power of those devices. In order to detect toxins and other biological components, a wide variety of sensors use various forms of nanocellulose. The addition of nanocellulose into these sensors results in significant improvements to the devices' sensing power as well as their selectivity and sensitivity. In this work, we studied various toxin sensors, biosensors and the use of nanocellulose in these sensors.
... Wearable sensors nowadays have been receiving considerable attention because of their great promise for continuous monitoring of a wide range of relevant parameters for health, fitness, and biomedical-related applications (Ghafar-Zadeh et al., 2015;Andreu Perez et al., 2015). Although most of the existing wearable technologies focus on monitoring physical parameters (e.g., motion, respiration rate, etc.), there is still tremendous interest in developing wearable sensors for important biomarkers relevant to health (Bandodkar et al. 2014). ...
Around 34 million Americans have Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), while 88 million adults have prediabetes. Unlike the traditional invasive needle method, our proposed salivary glucose-monitoring device, OMG, can facilitate self-monitoring through a noninvasive method via Bluetooth modulation using cost-effective material (Nafion, Polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS], Bluetooth chips). The electrodes designed were coated with Glucose Oxidase (GOx), where a biological redox reaction occurs after being in contact with salivary glucose. When the interdigitated electrode (IDE) connects to the Bluetooth circuit, the impedance changes and modulates the electromagnetic reflection from the course, reflecting it as the “change of resistance” (which is proportional to the glucose concentration). Afterward, commercial chemical methods, ex-vivo, and in-vivo styles were employed to assess viability and usability. Data were assessed by creating several different comparisons between OMG and existing alternatives. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images captured OMG GOx’s morphology, vector multimeters were used to collect data, and Glucose Assay Kits (Colorimetric) were used for OMG comparative analysis. NOREC (software) transfers measured fluctuations into graphical and numerical data. Testing results suggest that the trendline is reliable: R2 = 0.9292 for colorimetric and R2 = 0.9673 for our Performance Tests (ex-vivo and in-vivo), which was better than the gold standard: R2 = 0.8823. Further, we conducted multiple resistance tests, in which resistance and voltage significance was averaged to be p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively. The non-invasiveness and portability demonstrate the necessity of developing such applications and novel, cost-effective smartwatch-based alternatives.
... Thus, researchers have increasingly focused on the development of portable, easy-to-operate, and powerful electrochemical workstations. With a communication distance of 10-100 m, Bluetooth technology has a very high data transmission rate, is suitable for complex testing environments, and meets real-time data transmission needs [21][22][23]. ...
In the background of the rapid development of artificial intelligence, big data, IoT, 5G/6G, and other technologies, electrochemical sensors pose higher requirements for high-throughput detection. In this study, we developed a workstation with up to 10 channels, which supports both parallel signal stimulation and online electrochemical analysis functions. The platform was wired to a highly integrated Bluetooth chip used for wireless data transmission and can be visualized on a smartphone. We used this electrochemical test platform with carbon-graphene oxide/screen-printed carbon electrodes (CB-GO/SPCE) for the online analysis of L-tyrosine (Tyr), and the electrochemical performance and stability of the electrodes were examined by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The CB-GO-based screen-printed array electrodes with a multichannel electrochemical platform for Tyr detection showed a low detection limit (20 μM), good interference immunity, and 10-day stability in the range of 20-200 μM. This convenient electrochemical analytical device enables high-throughput detection and has good economic benefits that can contribute to the improvement of the accuracy of electrochemical analysis and the popularization of electrochemical detection methods in a wide range of fields.
... Finally, the device needs to be integrated with the miniaturized instrumentations, and a specific app/software need to be developed to record recognition element and biomarker interactions. The recent review exclusively discussed the integration of biosensing strategies with the electronics devices and wirelessly operated mobile phones for point-of-care diagnostic applications [245]. These sensor integration challenges could be overcome with the help of interdisciplinary approaches, specifically through collaborations between chemistry, electronics, computer, and nanofabrication experts. ...
Cancer is one of the major public health issues in the world. It has become the second leading cause of death, with approximately 75% of cancer deaths transpiring in low- or middle-income countries. It causes a heavy global economic cost estimated at more than a trillion dollars per year. The most common cancers are breast, colon, rectum, prostate, and lung cancers. Many of these cancers can be treated effectively and cured if detected at the primary stage. Nowadays, around 50% of cancers are detected at late stages, leading to serious health complications and death. Early diagnosis of cancer diseases substantially increases the efficient treatment and high chances of survival. Biosensors are one of the potential screening methodologies useful in the early screening of cancer biomarkers. This review summarizes the recent findings about novel cancer biomarkers and their advantages over traditional biomarkers, and novel biosensing and diagnostic methods for them; thus, this review may be helpful in the early recognition and monitoring of treatment response of various human cancers.
... [159c,160] These latest advances are dependent on the integration of biosensors with wireless electrical systems that gives birth to the attractive area of pointof-care diagnostics. [161] Such devices can extract physiological information from the body in real time and can be connected to cloud platforms and mobile phone apps where data analysis and artificial intelligence algorithms can be run over them so that they can provide meaningful information about health. Furthermore, mobile apps can also be virtually connected to healthcare for advice regarding therapeutic procedures. ...
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... Wearable biosensors (WB) are non-invasive natural sensors incorporated into different wearables, for example, watches, garments, gauzes, glasses, contact focal points, rings, etc. (Ghafar-Zadeh 2015). WB can also be a POC testing element as determining the disease. ...
In the healthcare sector, biosensors have been extensively used to detect pathogens, antigens, and biomarkers for different diseases/ailments from various biological samples like blood serum, plasma, urine, saliva, faecal matter, etc. Point-of-care (POC) biosensors are scaled down to compact devices that can detect diseases next to the patient to reduce the therapeutic turnaround time. Determination of blood sugar level for diabetes monitoring is the most widely used and commercially available, self-usable POC biosensor. Although biosensors exist for various diseases, there is still a challenge of making them POC because of characteristic requirements of the bioreceptors, such as the storage conditions, and fabrication techniques. Cardiovascular diseases, neural disease (stress), kidney disease, urinary tract infection, and other viral infections are some diseases that can be detected using a biosensor. POC biosensors are available for detecting some of these diseases. This book chapter discusses different POC biosensors for all the prominent diseases and conditions. A good number of rapid POC devices for mass testing and detection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were quickly developed, which helped in controlling the pandemic. Handheld electronic device systems to display the outputs and results of the biosensors are also available for many of the biosensors. The advancement of the Internet of things (IoT) made these biosensor devices linkable with a smartphone to make delivery of results possible for the doctors to analyse.
... Hastanın üzerinde yer alan ve klinisyenler tarafından uzaktan takip edilebilen kablosuz giyilebilir cihazlar sayesinde, hastaların fizyolojik parametrelerinde (kalp hızı, solunum hızı, vücut ısısı, kan oksijen satürasyonu, pozisyon, aktivite ve duruş) ve çevresel faktörlerde (dış sıcaklık, toksik gazların varlığı ve giysilerden geçen ısı akışı) bir değişiklik olduğunda uyarılar hızlı bir şekilde sağlık profesyonellerine iletilmektedir. Alzheimer, diyabet, Parkinson, iskemi, beyin kanseri gibi hastalıkların yönetiminde, erken uyarı sistemi sayesinde hastaların genel durumunda kritik bir değişiklik yaşandığında erken dönemde müdahale edilmesi sağlanarak yaşam süresi uzatılabilmektedir (Ghafar-Zadeh, 2015;Lin vd., 2017). The Apple Heart Study, anormal kalp ritimlerinin izlemiyle atrial fibrilasyon kaynaklı ölümlerin azaltılabileceği konusunda önemli başarılar göstermiştir. ...
Giyilebilir Sağlık Teknolojileri ve Hasta Güvenliği
... In [4], the basic fundamentals of WPT technologies like inductive coupling, magnetic resonant coupling, and electromagnetic radiation-based WPTs were discussed taking into account their strengths and associated drawbacks. In [5], the point of care diagnostic devices using CMOS for certain purposes of sensing were developed to be incorporated in the RF integrated biosensors. In [6], a 13.56 MHz WPT system for transmitting wireless power and certain DATA to an embedded biosensor was presented. ...
The process of transmitting power from one node to another via physical links without using wires is denoted as wireless power transfer (WPT). WPT plays an important role in medical applications for it offers the possibility of avoiding surgical operations during the replacement of embedded batteries in human body. In this paper, a WPT system for transferring power and DATA to deeply embedded biosensors is proposed. The system is designed such that it is capable of powering a biosensor simultaneously with DATA transmission from a transmitting coil located outside the human body at a distance of 100mm from the biosensor node. The simulation results have revealed the reception of a regulated DC voltage at the biosensor node of 1.2V, which is sufficient to charge a rechargeable embedded battery with an average DC current of 1.1mA. The results also reveal that the proposed system has succeeded in the extraction of the transmitted DATA at the biosensor side within a time of 30µs. The transmitter of the proposed WPT system is driven by a Class-E power source, which has accomplished a drain efficiency of 72% at an overall operating power of 6W. The proposed system is designed and verified on PSpice.
... Advances in electronics fabrication methods have enabled ultra-low cost, use-and-throw IoT sensors. These are reliably manufactured in bulk processes (5). There had been some hesitancy in utilizing the remote sensor monitoring or app-based care because there was a misconception that patients in rehabilitation may not be reliable or accept new technology. ...
Medicine in general is quickly transitioning to a digital presence. Orthopaedic surgery is also being impacted by the tenets of digital health but there are also direct efforts with trauma surgery. Sensors are the pen and paper of the next wave of data acquisition. Orthopaedic trauma can and will be part of this new wave of medicine. Early sensor products that are now coming to market, or are in early development, will directly change the way we think about surgical diagnosis and outcomes. Sensor development for biometrics is already here. Wellness devices, pressure, temperature, and other parameters are already being measured. Data acquisition and analysis is going to be a fruitful addition to our research armamentarium with the volume of information now available. A combination of broadband internet, micro electrical machine systems (MEMS), and new wireless communication standards is driving this new wave of medicine. The Internet of Things (IoT)(1) now has a subset which is the Internet of Medical Devices ([2], [3], [4], [5])- permitting a much more in-depth dive into patient procedures and outcomes. IoT devices are now being used to enable remote health monitoring, in hospital treatment, and guide therapies. This article reviews current sensor technology that looks to impact trauma care.
