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Electrochemical performances of NSC-750 symmetric supercapacitor: a CV curves at sweep rate of 50 mV s⁻¹ at various operation voltages: 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 V. b GCD profiles measured at current densities of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 A g⁻¹. c The calculated specific capacitances at various current densities. d Ragone plots of NSC-750 symmetric supercapacitor and the previously reported carbon-based symmetric supercapacitors (inset: digital photograph of a LED powered by a serials of three NSC-750 symmetric supercapacitors)
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On account of the limited energy density of carbon-based supercapacitors, the heteroatom-doped carbons with hierarchically porous structure are extensively developed. Unfortunately, the facile synthesis remains a huge challenge. Herein, a hierarchically porous N, S-codoped carbon is prepared by carbonizing the conducting polymer hydrogel of polyani...
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High-performance carbon materials for supercapacitors were prepared by a one-step molten salt carbonization of tobacco stem in molten carbonate. Physicochemical properties of the as-prepared carbon materials were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelect...
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... Khan et al. comprehensively explored the composite of PANI-PPy/AC and PANI-PEDOT/AC as a potential electrode material for energy storage and reported a specific capacitance of 586 F/g and 611 F/g at 1 A/g for PANI-PPy/AC and PANI-PEDOT/AC, respectively. Huang et al. conducted a study wherein they investigated the potential of a hydrogel synthesized from Polyaniline and Poly(styrene sulfonate) to derive hierarchically porous N, S-codoped carbon, as supercapacitor electrode material, and the assembled symmetric device delivered an energy density of 11.7 Wh/ kg with a power density of 250 W/kg [29]. Similarly, co-polymers of conducting polymers and their derived doped carbons have been explored in different applications and are potential candidates as electrode material for energy storage [30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. ...
The present investigation reported metal-free hierarchical porous and robust Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S) co-doped
carbon (NS-CoP@C) electrode for supercapacitor application. The NS-CoP@C was synthesized by single-step
carbonization and activation of thiourea co-doped aniline-pyrrole co-polymer (CoP). The thiourea acted as a
doping as well as activating agent. The data of three different electrode materials PANI-PPy co-polymer (CoP),
PANI-PPy co-polymer derived Carbon (CoP@C) and N, S co-doped carbon derived from PANI-PPy co-polymer
(NS-CoP@C) are compared in the present report. The electrode materials were initially characterized by various
spectroscopic techniques. It is observed that among the three electrode material, NS-CoP@C possess higher
specific surface area (SSA), high pore volume and hierarchal porous structure with a better mesopore-tomicropore volume ratio. In a three-electrode system, NS-CoP@C possesses a high specific capacitance of
344.2 F/g @ 0.5A/g. Moreover, NS-CoP@C electrode was used to fabricate an all solid-state (PVA-1 M H2SO4
polymer gel electrolyte) and aqueous (1 M H2SO4 electrolyte) symmetrical supercapacitor devices in the twoelectrode system. This NS-CoP@C electrode was used as both positive and negative electrode material in both
types of devices. Among them, the solid-state device operates at a wide potential window of 2 V, as a consequence delivering an implausible energy and power density of 45.25 Wh/kg and 1025.64 W/kg while maintaining a capacity retention of 90.1 % even after 8500 charge-discharge cycles. Hence, the excellent performance
of conducting PANI-PPy co-polymer-derived N, S co-doped carbon paved new ground for developing an alternative electrode for futuristic energy storage devices.
... PANI is one of the most promising conducting polymers, widely used in energy-related applications because of its easy synthesis and tunable electrical properties [15][16][17][18][19]. The research on PANI-based systems as an electrode material or as a component in triboelectric material in a TENG device is in progress. ...
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) open up a new technique for developing green power sources through effective harvesting and conversion of mechanical energy. This work develops a novel TENG with room temperature cured polyaniline (PANI) /polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. PANI/PDMS-based TENG exhibit an output voltage of 21.5 V, short-circuit current density of 0.8 mA/m² with 1.5 wt% of PANI nanorods in PDMS matrix. The addition of para-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA) doped PANI to the PDMS led to a more significant improvement of TENG output performance of the neat PDMS due to the electron donor-acceptor concept according to the triboelectric series. The effect of the concentration of PANI filler on the output performance of PANI/PDMS TENG is also analyzed. PANI/PDMS composites’ superior performances compared to neat PDMS are attributed to the intensified negative charges on PDMS from amine functional groups of PANI chains. Additionally, the ability of the prepared composite to light up the LEDs by simple finger tapping hints at the utility of the proposed composite material for power production by using unused mechanical energy from the ambient.
... [16] Compared to the traditional synthesis of conductive polymer, proton doping acid was an important parameter for polymerization. [17,18] The protonic acid can produce electron transfer with the nitrogen atom on the main chain of polyaniline, thus control the microstructure of polyaniline, make it have hollow porous structure, and improve the crystallinity of the samples. [19,20] Therefore, cycle stability and capacitance properties of polyaniline based materials can be improved by doping the protonic acid in the polymerization. ...
In this work, three‐dimensional (3D) nanostructures of polyaniline nano‐sheets, nano‐particles, nano‐nets and nano‐flowers were synthesized with valine, sulfuric acid, sodium acetate and L‐phenylalanine as doping acids, respectively. Conductive polyaniline with 3D nanostructure was proven as an excellent energy storage material because of its superior electrical properties and unique structure. The porous structure not only greatly improved the charge transfer efficiency and reduced the resistance, but also improved the cycle stability and energy storage of the electrode material. Polyaniline nano‐flowers doped with L‐phenylalanine (PANI‐NF) showed a maximum specific capacitance of 580 F g−1(I=0.5 A g−1), a maximum energy density of 53.9 Wh kg−1, and excellent cycle stability at high current density. Flower power: Polyaniline nano‐flowers doped with L‐phenylalanine (PANI‐NF) porous structures were prepared. The supercapacitor assembled with PANI‐NF symmetrical electrode showed maximum specific capacitance of 580 F g−1(I=0.5 A g−1), a maximum energy density of 53.9 Wh kg−1, and excellent cycle stability at high current density. It made an LED work continuously for more than 600 seconds after charging for 10 seconds.
A wide array of carbon materials finds extensive utility across various industrial applications today. Nonetheless, the production processes for these materials continue to entail elevated temperatures, necessitate the use of inert atmospheres, and often involve the handling of aggressive and toxic chemicals. The prevalent method for large‐scale carbon material production, namely the pyrolysis of waste biomass and polymers, typically unfolds within the temperature range of 500–700 °C under a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. Unfortunately, this approach suffers from significant energy inefficiency due to substantial heat loss over extended processing durations. In this work, we propose an interesting alternative: the carbonization of photothermal nanocellulose/polypyrrole composite films through CO2 laser irradiation in the presence of air. This innovative technique offers a swift and energy‐efficient means of preparing carbon materials. The unique interaction between nanocellulose and polypyrrole imparts the film with sufficient stability to retain its structural integrity post‐carbonization. This breakthrough opens up new avenues for producing binder‐free electrodes using a rapid and straightforward approach. Furthermore, the irradiated film demonstrates specific and areal capacitances of 159 F g⁻¹ and 62 μF cm⁻², respectively, when immersed in a 2 M NaOH electrolyte. These values significantly surpass those achieved by current commercial activated carbons. Together, these attributes render CO2‐laser carbonization an environmentally sustainable and ecologically friendly method for carbon material production.
The urgent need for sustainable energy development is contingent on pollution-free technologies, which has sparked widespread interest in exploring environmentally favorable methods employing inexpensive and abundant starting materials. In this study, 3D honeycomb-like hierarchical porous carbons were prepared using a green molten salt activation method, with renewable biomass waste cotonier catkin (CC) as the carbon source and non-toxic salt KHCO3 as the activating agent and were used as electrodes for supercapacitors. Specifically, the optimal CC-HPC-1:3 sample has a 3D honeycomb-like structure with a high specific surface area (970.5 m² g⁻¹) and a relatively applicable pore volume (0.54 cm³ g⁻¹) as well as abundant multi-heteroatoms doping (nitrogen: 3.64 at. %, oxygen: up to 11.22 at. %). As anticipated, the CC-HPC-1:3 electrode exhibits intriguing electrochemical properties in aqueous solution, including an excellent specific capacitance of up to 284.5 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹, good rate capacitive behavior (194.2 F g⁻¹ retain at 10 A g⁻¹) and low resistance. Notably, the assembled symmetric supercapacitors based on CC-HPC-1:3 carbon materials with a wide voltage window of 1.8 V result in a high energy density of 16.1 Wh kg⁻¹ at 180 W kg⁻¹ and good stability with a capacitance ratio >96 % after 10,000 cycles. Our work presented a very competitive strategy for synthesizing sustainable new green electrode materials for high-performance and low-cost energy storage devices due to the simple and environmentally friendly preparation of CC-HPC.
The recent and fast‐growing trends related to the development of wearable technologies have raised the need for efficient and high‐performance energy storage devices having extra features such as flexibility and lightweight. Polymer hydrogels, as viscoelastic lightweight porous nanostructures with tunable surface and structural properties, can play a crucial role in the design of these future energy storage devices. Herein, recent developments and progress in the use of polymer hydrogels to design flexible and wearable energy storage devices are presented and discussed. The 3D structure of polymer hydrogels and porous nanostructures based on these hydrogels provides a platform to design flexible supercapacitors, batteries, and personal thermal management devices. Herein, different types of polymer hydrogels are presented, and their main fabrication techniques are reported. Moreover, the main structural properties affecting the energy storage performance of polymer hydrogels are discussed. In addition to recent progress in the design of polymer‐hydrogel‐based wearable devices, recent developments in polymer hydrogels for flexible applications (batteries, supercapacitors, and thermal energy storage systems) are reviewed in detail.
In this study, we developed a strategy about synergistic enhancement and in-situ composite between polymer and carbon to prepare an electrode material for the high-performance supercapacitor. Specifically, Dobner polymerization was selected to synthesize a conjugated polyquinoline derivative (PQLD), and along with the simultaneous introduction of graphene oxide (GO) in the reaction system for a new in-situ electrode material (PQLD-GO). The strengthened intermolecular interactions among pyridine/carboxyl groups from PQLD and carboxyl/hydroxyl groups from GO, including π-π stacking, synergistically enhance the electron/ion transport and Faraday reactions of PQLD-GO composites. The experimental results showed that the electrochemical performance for PQLD-GO composites is reasonably optimized as the optimal amount of 10% GO. Far different from the specific capacitance of 20 F·g⁻¹ for pure PQLD and 21 F·g⁻¹ for pure GO, the specific capacitance of PQLD-GO-10% composite is as high as 320 F·g⁻¹ in the three-electrode test, indicating a significant synergistic enhancing effect. In the two-electrode measurement system, the energy density of PQLD-GO-10% is 7.4 Wh·kg⁻¹, and the power density is 125 W·kg⁻¹. Even after 10,000 cycles at 10 mV·s⁻¹, the specific capacitance of PQLD-GO-10% remained 87.9%. Furthermore, the synergistic effect between PQLD and GO was also revealed through several comparative experiments such as simple mixing, replacement of non-conjugated polyquinoline or carbon nanotube and so on.
Porous carbons with high specific surface area are critical engineering materials for current electrochemical capacitors (ECs) technology. Controlling the pore size distribution of porous carbons remains a significant challenge as it is a key aspect in many applications. Herein, we synthesized porous carbon as the electrode material of ECs by means of a two-step synthesis procedure using abandoned feathers as carbon precursor and potassium hydroxide as activating agent. The optimal sample (AFHPC-800–1:3) exhibited an ultra-high specific surface area (SBET) of 3474 m²/g and a huge total pore volume (VT) of 1.82 m³ g⁻¹ as well as abundant small mesopores ranging from 2 to 5 nm in size. The ECs based on the AFHPC-800–1:3 electrode exhibited an ultra-high specific capacitance (Csp) of up to 709F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹. More interestingly, a capacitance of 212F g⁻¹ was retained even at 100 A g⁻¹, demonstrating excellent high-rate capacitive performance. Furthermore, the symmetrical capacitor yielded an excellent energy density of 35.1 Wh kg⁻¹ when the specific power density was 625 W kg⁻¹, substantiating the potential of the small mesopores in promoting the overall capacitance and energy density of electrode materials.
