Fig 3 - uploaded by Huanyu Jin
Content may be subject to copyright.
Electrochemical characterization of the supercapacitors. (a) Cyclic voltammogram curves measured at a scan rate of 100 mV s À 1 for the supercapacitors with symmetric PCC and FCC electrodes. (b) CV curves of the FCC supercapacitor with the PVDF separator measured at scan rates of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mV s À 1 . (c) Galvanostatic charging and discharging curves of the piezo-supercapacitor measured at di ff erent current densities from 8 to 200 A m À 2 . (d) Calculated areal capacitance of the supercapacitor with PVDF separator based on galva-
Source publication
The integration of energy harvesting and energy storage device not only enables to convert ambient energy into electricity but also provides sustainable power source for various electronic devices and systems. It is highly desirable to improve the integration level and minimize unnecessary energy loss in the power-management circuits between energy...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... compressive process resulting from the mechanical impact. Fig. S1 † shows the output voltage prole of the PVDF lm with the opposite polarization. In addition, the magnitude of the piezoelectric potential is linearly proportional to the magnitude of the applied force. 36-38 The intense mechanical impact results in strong built-in electric-eld. Fig. 3(a) shows the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of the symmetric supercapacitors with FCC electrodes and PCC elec- trodes, with a sweep rate of 100 mV s À1 . The CV curve of the supercapacitor with the PCC electrodes shows almost negligible capacitance. The CV curve of the supercapacitor with the FCC electrodes shows a rectangular shape ...
Context 2
... helpful to achieve high charging-dis- charging rates. But the decrease of functional groups also reduces the capacity. Thus, the annealing temperature plays an important role in balancing the conductivity and the capacity of the supercapacitor electrode. In this work, we used the FCC electrodes annealed at 200 C as the supercapacitor electrode. Fig. 3(b) shows the CV curves of the piezo-supercapacitor with the PVDF separator. The shape of the CV curves is quasi-rect- angular at different scan rates, ranging between 10 and 500 mV s À1 , indicating the good electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor. Fig. S2(a) † shows the CV curves of the super- capacitor without the PVDF ...
Context 3
... separator. The shape of the CV curves is quasi-rect- angular at different scan rates, ranging between 10 and 500 mV s À1 , indicating the good electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor. Fig. S2(a) † shows the CV curves of the super- capacitor without the PVDF separator, exhibiting similar behavior with that of the piezo-supercapacitor. Fig. 3(c) shows the galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) curves of the piezo- supercapacitor, which were conducted between 0 and 1 V at different charge-discharge current densities. The device shows a stable isosceles triangle shape even at high current density, which again conrms an excellent capacitive behavior. The GCD curves of the ...
Context 4
... C m is the areal capacitance, I is the discharge current, Dt is the discharge time, S is the effective area of the FCC elec- trodes ($1 cm 2 ), and DV is the potential range during the discharge process. According to Fig. 3(d), the extracted areal capacitances of the supercapacitor with PVDF separator are 357.6, 337.2, 318.8, 287.2, 260.4, and 214 F m À2 at the current densities of 8, 20, 40, 80, 100, 120, and 200 A m À2 , ...
Similar publications
![Figure 1. Basic microbial fuel cells design. Adapted from [27].](profile/Nasir-Alfaraj/publication/313343586/figure/fig1/AS:458119244455936@1486235547619/Basic-microbial-fuel-cells-design-Adapted-from-27_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 5. Photograph of the MFC experimental setup. Adapted from [3].](profile/Nasir-Alfaraj/publication/313343586/figure/fig5/AS:458119244455940@1486235547780/Photograph-of-the-MFC-experimental-setup-Adapted-from-3_Q320.jpg)
In this paper, we report on and examine a key microscale energy-harvesting technology and a modern energy storage device: the microbial fuel cell and the supercapacitor. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts stored chemical energy in a fuel into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions, without combustion, providing an e...
Citations
... These results reduce dissolved oxygen levels in the water and produce toxic gases from decomposition. [24,25] Fishery processing waste like scales, bones, and skins constitute up to 30 % of Ca, Mg, P, Na, and S is the surface layer and it consists same collagens in animal tissue and is also united with human collagens [26]. Despite that, some of the oceanic bio-wastes are reused in the cosmetic, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. ...
... Fig. 5e Illustrates the long GCD analysis of the device at the maximum current density of 12 Ag − 1 it shows high capacitance retention of 108 % was obtained even after 5000 cycles. It indicates that the capacitance of the device increases at the beginning of the test due to the electrode self-activation process, and then degenerates gradually and remains about 108 % after 5000 cycles compared with the first cycle [24]. electrochemical stability of the device before and after the cyclic performance. ...
The single-device mechanism of energy conversion and storage is highly needed for continuously running electronic devices. It is not only for the conversion and storage of mechanical energy into electricity; it gives a solution for environmental problems. The development of the integrated device has attracted much attention due to its minimum space requirement, zero energy loss, and cost in power management. Here we analyzed the integrated function of simultaneous mechanical energy harvesting and storage devices using treated fish bones as an electrode and fins with scales as a piezo separator. This method it makes possible to benefit from the conductive network of the integrated device. The excessively fast self-charging properties of the device were analyzed by a mechanical-driven modulator. The smart capacitor delivers excellent specific capacitance, fast charging, and good cyclic stability at a continuous mechanical pressing (500 s) and it reaches 1.32 V in 10 s, with an outstanding current output of 7 mA. Moreover, impressive charging for mobile phones and smart watches can be achieved from the assembled 7 devices at a shoe heal. This work delivers an innovative approach to developing a comfortable, sustainable energy storage device for continuous monitoring sensors.
... The hybrid film is structured similarly to a piezo-electrochemical supercapacitor which is composed of three components: electrodes, an electrolyte, and a piezo-separator. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] In such a structure, the piezoseparator plays a role as both a separator and a generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy enabling selfcharging operation. In this work, we introduced the piezoelectric nanowire/microgel hybrid film as the piezo-separator which was also sensitive to glucose for dual-modal sensing of glucose and pressure. ...
... The proposed glucose sensor consisting of the piezoelectric NW/microgel hybrid film resembles the structure of a piezoelectrochemical supercapacitor ( Figures S9 and S10, Supporting Information). [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] The bottom electrode was composed of Au deposited silicon substrate while the top electrode was composed of Al foil with Kapton tape acting as a supporting layer. The NW/microgel hybrid film was then sandwiched between these two electrodes which acted as a separator that prevented an electrical shortage between the two electrodes. ...
Continuous monitoring of bio/physiological signals will play an essential role in personalized, patient‐centric medicine in the future healthcare industry. One of the challenges involves providing a sustainable, energy‐efficient operation for long‐term monitoring devices. The current technology based on power sources requires periodic replacement. Here, a hybrid film composed of a layer of piezoelectric nanowire (PVDFHFP) and a layer of microgel (pNIPAM‐APBA) is presented that continuously monitors glucose, does not rely on enzymes, is self‐charging, and decouples changes in read‐out signals due to glucose detection from the force is applied to activate self‐charging. By characterizing self‐charging/discharging properties, the operation and sensing mechanism for the nanowire/microgel hybrid film are proposed. A reasonable sensitivity of 70 mV mm⁻¹ with a high linearity value of R² = 0.9956 is observed. This work demonstrates the potential for use in a self‐charging wearable platform that enables continuous monitoring of bio/physiological signals.
... In this context, inorganic materials like lead zirconate titanate (PZT) [21], barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) [22], and zinc oxide (ZnO) [23] are extensively evaluated due to their enhanced piezoelectric constant, relatively high permittivity and ferroelectric properties. In addition, organic materials like PVDF, poly (vinylidene fluoridetrifluoro ethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) [24] and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [25] are widely investigated due to their flexible nature and better piezoelectric co-efficient. Furthermore, the perovskite structure of potassium sodium niobite (KNN) ceramics has helped in achieving improved piezoelectric properties due to its magnificent curie temperature and electrical properties [26][27][28][29]. ...
Currently, clean and sustainable electrical energy stands as the next greatest challenge for mankind. Despite substantial advancements in clean energy production, it is imperative to prioritize the development of practical energy storage technologies that align with the objectives of Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7). However, the existing battery and energy storage technologies rely largely on rare metals and cannot support the large production demands of society. Therefore, developing sustainable energy storage technology is currently a top scientific priority due to its critical importance. In this context, several nature-derived/inspired energy storage materials from plants, microbes, animal bodies, biomass, and natural minerals have received substantial attention due to their ease of fabrication, economic feasibility, and sustainability. Nevertheless, still there are some decent complexities associated while deriving nature-inspired materials through several biomimetic, activation, and carbonization methods. In this regard, the current review paper aims to describe the comprehensive concepts , characteristics, bio-mimetic synthesis strategies, and energy storage applications of numerous nature-inspired materials. In particular, special emphasis has been given to the storage performance, mechanism, and electrochemical profile assessment. Alongside this, various notions on nature-inspired design templates are discussed together with their mechano-biological perspectives and opportunities for further development.
... Additionally, a rectifier-based circuit is needed to transform the obtained AC into a DC signal for storage, which causes an increase in internal resistance and a decrease in the integration density of the manufactured power source, both of which result in unnecessary energy loss [12,13]. Many efforts have been made to directly transform mechanical energy into electrochemical energy in one step without the use of a rectification circuit in order to solve these problems [14,15]. ...
The development of an efficient mechanical to electric energy conversion system and its functional integration with an energy storage device for self-powered portable devices are advanced research fields. In the traditionalconfiguration, an additional energy harvesting device is connected with an energy storage device for developing a self-charging unit. As a result, large amount of energy is lost because of the external rectifiers. Moreover, this type of external circuit makes the system bulky and thus, limits the practical applications of such devices. In this work, nanoparticles of Zinc oxide (ZnO) are employed as a piezoelectric material, and are combined with an asymmetric device for developing a self-charging asymmetric piezo-supercapacitor. The developed asymmetric piezo-supercapacitor comprises of Ni and Mg-Co nanowires-based binder-free electrodes that were employed as the anode and cathode, respectively, as well as a ZnO-based separator as energy harvester along with KOH as electrolyte. The electrochemical results reveal tremendous cyclic stability with capacitive retention of 100% and 96.5% for Mg-Co and Ni nanowires array based electrodes even after 10,000 repeated GCD cycles, respectively. In addition, the device attained a maximum voltage of ∼99 mV as a result of the compressive force via thumb press. The proposed facile as well as cost-effective approach for smart self-chargeable power package supercapacitor provides new insights for developing next generation all-in-one energy harvesting and storage devices.
... To fulfill the needs of sustainable power requirements, R. Song et al. [48] developed a piezo-supercapacitor with PVDF film as a separator and an energy harvester that converts the mechanical vibrations in the electric field. Here, to assemble the flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor the PVDF film was overlayed with H 2 SO 4 /PVA gel electrolyte, and the functionalized carbon cloths (FCC) were used as the cathode as well as anode electrodes. ...
Due to developing technologies, the demand for energy devices has peaked rapidly which can be met with the help of energy harvesting and storage devices. The piezo-supercapacitors (PSCs) can simultaneously act as an energy harvester and storage unit in a single device that can be used in the application of wearable and
biomedical electronics. This review envisages the types of piezoelectric separators, electrolytes, and electrodes that have been developed in recent times. Also, the mechanism of energy production via the self-charging process is elucidated. For the fabrication of such devices, there arises a necessity to dive deep into the physical properties of the materials used in the electrodes and the separators. Moreover, the practical applications of the PSCs harvesting energy from spontaneous processes to function in several biomedical and wearable devices are explored.
... Several piezo (stress into electricity), tribo (friction into electricity), and thermoelectric (heat into electricity) materials are utilized to prepare the electrode materials to impart the energy harvesting characteristics [184,185]. For example, a self-charging supercapacitor is fabricated with the functionalized polyvinylidene fluoride polymer as piezoelectric material with the polyvinylalcohol/sulfuric acid electrolyte (Figure 12a) [186]. When a compressive strain is applied, the change in remnant polarization of PVDF film drives the redistribution of ions across the device, which leads to the generation of piezo potential (Figure 12b). ...
... atteries 2023, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 37 of 48 Figure 12. (a) Fabrication and (b) working mechanism of piezoelectric-based self-charging supercapacitor composed of PVDF film and PVA/H2SO4 polymer electrolyte over the carbon cloth substrate [186]. (c) Galvanostatic charge-discharge profile (at different conditions such as (i) initial, (ii) charging, (iii) equilibration & (iv) discharging stages) and the working mechanism of thermoelectricbased self-charging supercapacitor fabricated from the polyethylene oxide-sodium hydroxide electrolyte and CNT-based electrode materials [188]. ...
... The electrode and electrolyte materials are the heart of the energy storage devices, and they predominately determine the overall performance. For example, the specific capacitance, power density, and energy density of a device mainly [186]. (c) Galvanostatic charge-discharge profile (at different conditions such as (i) initial, (ii) charging, (iii) equilibration & (iv) discharging stages) and the working mechanism of thermoelectricbased self-charging supercapacitor fabricated from the polyethylene oxide-sodium hydroxide electrolyte and CNT-based electrode materials [188]. ...
The enormous demand for energy due to rapid technological developments pushes mankind to the limits in the exploration of high-performance energy devices. Among the two major energy storage devices (capacitors and batteries), electrochemical capacitors (known as ‘Supercapacitors’) play a crucial role in the storage and supply of conserved energy from various sustainable sources. The high power density and the ultra-high cyclic stability are the attractive characteristics of supercapacitors. However, the low energy density is a major downside of them, which is also responsible for the extensive research in this field to help the charge storage capabilities thrive to their limits. Discoveries of electrical double-layer formation, pseudocapacitive and intercalation-type (battery-type) behaviors drastically improved the electrochemical performances of supercapacitors. The introduction of nanostructured active materials (carbon-/metal-/redox-active-polymer/metal-organic/covalent-organic framework-based electrode materials), electrolytes (conventional aqueous and unconventional systems) with superior electrochemical stability and unprecedented device architectures further boosted their charge storage characteristics. In addition, the detailed investigations of the various processes at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces enable us to reinforce the present techniques and the approaches toward high-performance and next-generation supercapacitors. In this review, the fundamental concepts of the supercapacitor device in terms of components, assembly, evaluation, charge storage mechanism, and advanced properties are comprehensively discussed with representative examples.
... However, systems utilizing piezoelectric materials can harvest and use smaller-scale energy i.e., mechanical energy within microwatt to milliwatt range (Kouritem et al., 2022a;Mohamed et al., 2021). Recently, piezoelectric materials have been utilized to regulate a number of electrochemical processes (Lang et al., 2013;Baxter et al., 2010;Touach et al., 2017), including self-charging system (Xue et al., 2012;Ramadoss et al., 2015;Song et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2016;Parida et al., 2017;Lee et al., 2016;Kim et al., 2016), metal corrosion rate in the etchant solutions (Bermúdez et al., 1998;Kubel and Schmid, 1993;Holstein, 1997;Sones et al., 2002), catalytic rates Qian et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2011). Energy harvesting from the mechanical vibrations, heat, and light is still another area to be discovered. ...
This review article provides a detailed overview of the advanced applications of piezoelectric material in electrochemical processes. Energy harvesting, a potential topic, aims to transform ambient energy sources, including heat, light, and mechanical motion, into useful energy that would otherwise be wasted. This review focuses on an innovative and developing field that intends to connect-directly energy-harvesting devices and materials to the electrochemical systems. To regulate electrochemical processes in presence of piezoelectric materials, electrochemical reactions are dominantly influenced by produced electric charge under mechanical stress. In detail, the applications of piezoelectric material electrochemistry involved for dye degradation, hydrogen production, self-charging power cells, nanogenerator and water splitting is discussed under the umbrella of piezocatalysis. A very focused data is presented for piezo electrochemical hybrid systems from the future perspective and the potential applications for current enhancement induced by internal piezoelectric effect of the systems are also highlighted.
... Piezoelectric materials, which include ceramics, single crystals, composites and polymers, have recently been the main topic of research and development. These materials have been made in different forms of device structures, i.e., nanostructure (nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, and nanoparticles) [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and thin film for the development of piezoelectric nano/generators that will be used in a variety of fields. Their favorable properties, including high piezoelectric coefficient, durability, stretchability, and flexibility, made them ideal for various applications like wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoTs). ...
Energy harvesting from piezoelectric materials is quite common and has been studied for the past few decades. But recently, there have been a lot of new advancements in harnessing energy via piezoelectric materials. In this regard, several studies were carried out in analytical chemistry. This paper provides a detailed review of different piezoelectric materials, their structures, their fabrication processes, and their applications in analytical chemistry. Detection of the various gases percentage in ambient air is a valuable analytical chemistry technique. Additionally, the benefits of using piezoelectric materials, i.e., crystal for gas and liquid chromatography, virus detection including COVID-19 virus detection, water determination, trace metal analysis and the ability to measure micro weights with quartz crystal with some other applications are also described in this review. Energy harvesting is incredibly important and must be implemented on a large scale. So, developing self-powering devices can resolve the problems, and piezoelectric materials are gaining interest day by day because these materials help in energy generation.
... [193] and also piezoelectric biomaterials like fish swim bladder [194]. This piezoelectric based electrochemical process is also explored in the case of selfpowered pseudocapacitive supercapacitor [195][196][197], Na-ion battery [198], electric doublelayered supercapacitor [199][200][201][202]. Solid piezo-electrolyte based composite can also be introduced in SCPC where this layer simultaneously acts a piezo potential source and electrolyte [187]. ...
The book reviews our current knowledge of piezoelectric materials, including their history, developments, properties, process design, and technical applications in such areas as sensors, actuators, power sources, motors, environmental and biomedical domains. Piezoelectric materials will play a crucial role in the development of sustainable energy systems.
... For example, the piezoelectric material could be employed as a separator or an electrolyte to store energy. Alternative techniques have been used to prepare the piezoelectric material for fabricating devices, including vapour induced phase separation, mixed-oxide sintering, ultrasound irradiation, solvent film casting, and electrospinning [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. PVDF is an important piezoelectric material. ...
... According to the literature review, PVDF film is commercially used as a separator for building supercapacitors. Song et al. [26] utilized PVDF film and an electrolyte of sulphuric acid (H2SO4)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVDFbased piezoelectric materials have also been documented to be synthesized using other solvents. ...
The book reviews our current knowledge of piezoelectric materials, including their history, developments, properties, process design, and technical applications in such areas as sensors, actuators, power sources, motors, environmental and biomedical domains. Piezoelectric materials will play a crucial role in the development of sustainable energy systems.
