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Effects of scFOS on sow back fat thickness during gestation and lactation. Sow back fat thickness was ultrasonically measured at 7 d before and 14 and 28 d after parturition in CTRL (open bars) and scFOS (filled bars) groups. Bars are mean values ± SEM; n = 16 at d -7; n = 17 at d 14 and d 28; # tendency to be different between the two groups, 0.05<P≤0.1.
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Peripartum nutrition is crucial for developing the immune system of neonates. We hypothesized that maternal short-chain fructooligosaccharide (scFOS) supplementation could accelerate the development of intestinal immunity in offspring. Thirty-four sows received a standard or a scFOS supplemented diet (10 g scFOS/d) for the last 4 weeks of gestation...
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The health benefits of young barley leaves, rich in dietary fiber, have been studied for several decades; however, their beneficial effects on the intestinal microenvironment remain to be elucidated. To investigate the effects of young barley leaf-derived dietary fiber (YB) on the gut microbiota and immunity, mice were fed an AIN-93G diet containin...
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... Oligosaccharide supplementation during pregnancy and lactation could enhance intestinal immune system development and body resistance in suckling piglets (Le Bourgot et al., 2014;Wan et al., 2018a). Accordingly, FOS supplementation of sows may decrease the diarrhea rate of weaned piglets by increasing immunity. ...
... Some in vitro studies have demonstrated that scFOS are more effective in stimulating SCFA production [41] and inducing an effective prebiotic effect than longer chains, such as oligofructose and inulin [42,43]. Previous studies have demonstrated that this source of scFOS is selectively fermented by gut microbiota, mainly promoting the growth of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Prevotella at the expense of E. coli growth, and scFOS are also able to increase the concentration of SCFA [44][45][46][47][48][49]. Moreover, this type of scFOS has been associated with changes in the immune response and with the enhancement of intestinal architecture in neonatal and weaned piglets [44,46,47,50,51]. ...
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of supplementing short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) combined or not with live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 47 on weanling pigs challenged with Escherichia coli F4+. We allocated ninety-six piglets to four experimental diets: control (CTR); supplemented with scFOS (5 g/kg Profeed® P95) (scFOS); S. cerevisiae Sc 47 (1 g/kg Actisaf® Sc 47 HR +) (YEA); or both (SYN). Parameters included: performance; E. coli F4+ detection; fermentation activity; inflammatory biomarkers; and ileal histomorphology. Our results showed that supplementing scFOS was able to reduce the incidence of diarrhea, and both supplements were able to lower counts of EHEC along the gut. Supplementing scFOS was mostly associated with changes in the gut ecosystem and increases in the lactobacilli population, while S. cerevisiae Sc 47 registered increases in the numbers of ileal intraepithelial lymphocytes. The synbiotic mixture showed the lowest diarrhea incidence and fecal scores, benefiting from complementary modes of action and possible synergistic effects due to a hypothesized yeast–LAB cross-feeding phenomenon in the foregut. In conclusion, our results evidence that supplementing scFOS or Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sc 47 is efficacious to fight post-weaning colibacillosis, and combining both could be beneficial in high-risk scenarios.
... FOS is one of the well-commercialized and investigated prebiotics that is selectively consumed by probiotic bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacteria) to increase butyrate production and/or proliferation of butyrate-producing microbes in healthy adult humans and animals [69]. Although it may vary within specific host contexts, probiotics containing lactic acid bacteria (e.g., Lactobacilli spp.) are generally regarded as the "good" bacteria by increasing butyrate production and are commonly used in probiotic supplements [70,71]. ...
The role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the brain on the developmental programming of hypertension is poorly understood. The present study explored dysregulated tissue levels of SCFAs and expression of SCFA-sensing receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a key forebrain region engaged in neural regulation of blood pressure of offspring to maternal high fructose diet (HFD) exposure. We further investigated the engagement of SCFA-sensing receptors in PVN in the beneficial effects of -biotics (prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic, and postbiotic) on programmed hypertension. Maternal HFD during gestation and lactation significantly reduced circulating butyrate, along with decreased tissue level of butyrate and increased expression of SCFA-sensing receptors, GPR41 and olfr78, and tissue oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in PVN of HFD offspring that were rectified by oral supplement with -biotics. Gene silencing of GPR41 or olfr78 mRNA in PVN also protected adult HFD offspring from programmed hypertension and alleviated the induced oxidative stress and inflammation in PVN. In addition, oral supplement with postbiotic butyrate restored tissue butyrate levels, rectified expressions of GPR41 and olfr78 in PVN, and protected against programmed hypertension in adult HFD offspring. These data suggest that alterations in tissue butyrate level, expression of GPR41 and olfr78, and activation of SCFA-sensing receptor-dependent tissue oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in PVN could be novel mechanisms that underlie hypertension programmed by maternal HFD exposure in adult offspring. Furthermore, oral -biotics supplementation may exert beneficial effects on hypertension of developmental origin by targeting dysfunctional SCFA-sensing receptors in PVN to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions in the brain.
... If maternal colostrum, milk quality and microbiota composition are influenced by diets, maternal dietary manipulation could be an effective way to improve offspring's health. Thus, previous studies have shown that probiotic and prebiotic supplementation during gestation and lactation could improve the quality of colostrum and milk, modulate gut microbiota and stimulate the development of intestinal immunity in newborns [27,28]. As previously mentioned, results of research demonstrated the beneficial impact of fibre-rich diets on the behaviour, welfare and performance of sows [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ad libitum access to compound feeds rich in fibre (ante partum (a.p.) and peri partum) on the DM intake, body mass development and performance of sows as well as excretion of Clostridium (C.) perfringens via sows’ faeces. From day 109 (d-7) of gestation, 25 of 48 sows (23 considered as control) received access to one of two different high-fibre pellets from d-7 until the second day post partum (p.p.) (d2) (fibre groups (FG) 1 and 2) in additional to a lactation diet. The additional DM intake of the high-fibre pellets a.p. was 2.13 ± 1.15 kg in FG 1 and 3.14 ± 0.68 kg in FG 2. This led to higher DM intake in the first lactation week and significantly lower losses of weight and back fat thickness during lactation. The bacterial counts of C. perfringens in sows’ faeces directly p.p. were 10 times lower in FG 1 and 100 times lower in FG 2 compared to the controls. High amounts of fibre led to higher DM intake throughout lactation, which had beneficial effects on sows’ body conditions. It seems that high fibre intake influenced the excretion of C. perfringens at parturition, which could improve the health of newborns.
... In addition, SCFA directly reduces a favorable intestinal pH and increases growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the foregut, leading to a dynamic balance of the gut microenvironment [3]. Previous researchers have reported that dietary supplementation of FOS in the last 4 weeks of gestation through to 4 weeks of lactation for sows accelerated the development of the intestinal immune system in offspring [4,5]. Dietary FOS treatment of new-born piglets for 2 weeks upregulated tight junction protein expression and increased microbial diversity in the colon, as well as promoted immune system development of piglets [6]. ...
... In the current study, FOS supplementation decreased the incidence of diarrhea, which agrees with the finding of Xu et al. [20]. Some publications demonstrated that optimized intestinal microbial composition and SCFA production were associated with the reduced diarrhea when weanling pigs were fed the FOS diet [4,5]. The SCFA promotes expres-sion of host defense peptides and regulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines by activating GPR and inhibiting HDAC activity to suppress the NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in improved intestinal immune function of weanling pigs [21]. ...
... Short-chain FOS supplemented in the diet of suckling piglets increased concentrations of acetic acid and butyric acid in the cecum [4]. However, in the current study, FOS provided to weanling pigs increased lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations in the ileum, but did not affect concentrations of acetic acid, butyric acid, or total SCFA. ...
This study was to illustrate the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on the antioxidant capacity, intestinal barrier function, and microbial community of weanling pigs. Results showed that FOS reduced the incidence of diarrhea (6.5 vs. 10.8%) of pigs (p < 0.05) but did not affect growth performance when compared with the control group. A diet supplemented with FOS increased ileal mRNA expression of occludin (1.7 vs. 1.0), claudin-1 (1.9 vs. 1.0), claudin-2 (1.8 vs. 1.0), and claudin-4 (1.7 vs. 1.0), as well as colonic mRNA expression of ZO-1 (1.6 vs. 1.0), claudin-1 (1.7 vs. 1.0), occludin (1.9 vs. 1.0), and pBD-1 (1.5 vs. 1.0) when compared with the control group (p < 0.05).
FOS supplementation improved the anti-oxidase activity and expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and decreased concentrations of D-lactate (3.05 U/L vs. 2.83 U/L) and TNF-α (59.1 pg/mL vs. 48.0 pg/mL) in the serum when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, FOS increased Sharpea, Megasphaera, and Bacillus populations in the gut when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Association analysis indicated that mRNA expression of occluding and claudin-1 in the ileal mucosa were correlated positively with populations of Sharpea and Bacillus (p < 0.05). Furthermore, mRNA expression of occludin and claudin-1 in the colonic mucosa were correlated positively with abundances of Sharpea, Lactobocillus, and Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FOS activated Nrf2 signaling and increased the expression of specific tight junction proteins, which were associated with reduced diarrhea incidence.
... In addition, SCFA directly reduces a favorable intestinal pH and increases growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the foregut, leading to a dynamic balance of the gut microenvironment [3]. Previous researchers have reported that dietary supplementation of FOS in the last 4 weeks of gestation through to 4 weeks of lactation for sows accelerated the development of the intestinal immune system in offspring [4,5]. Dietary FOS treatment of new-born piglets for 2 weeks upregulated tight junction protein expression and increased microbial diversity in the colon, as well as promoted immune system development of piglets [6]. ...
... In the current study, FOS supplementation decreased the incidence of diarrhea, which agrees with the finding of Xu et al. [20]. Some publications demonstrated that optimized intestinal microbial composition and SCFA production were associated with the reduced diarrhea when weanling pigs were fed the FOS diet [4,5]. The SCFA promotes expres-sion of host defense peptides and regulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines by activating GPR and inhibiting HDAC activity to suppress the NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in improved intestinal immune function of weanling pigs [21]. ...
... Short-chain FOS supplemented in the diet of suckling piglets increased concentrations of acetic acid and butyric acid in the cecum [4]. However, in the current study, FOS provided to weanling pigs increased lactic acid and acetic acid concentrations in the ileum, but did not affect concentrations of acetic acid, butyric acid, or total SCFA. ...
This study was to illustrate the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on the antioxidant capacity, intestinal barrier function, and microbial community of weanling pigs. Results showed that FOS reduced the incidence of diarrhea (6.5 vs. 10.8%) of pigs (p < 0.05) but did not affect growth performance when compared with the control group. A diet supplemented with FOS increased ileal mRNA expression of occludin (1.7 vs. 1.0), claudin-1 (1.9 vs. 1.0), claudin-2 (1.8 vs. 1.0), and claudin-4 (1.7 vs. 1.0), as well as colonic mRNA expression of ZO-1 (1.6 vs. 1.0), claudin-1 (1.7 vs. 1.0), occludin (1.9 vs. 1.0), and pBD-1 (1.5 vs. 1.0) when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). FOS supplementation improved the anti-oxidase activity and expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and decreased concentrations of D-lactate (3.05 U/L vs. 2.83 U/L) and TNF-α (59.1 pg/mL vs. 48.0 pg/mL) in the serum when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, FOS increased Sharpea, Megasphaera, and Bacillus populations in the gut when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Association analysis indicated that mRNA expression of occludin and claudin-1 in the ileal mucosa were correlated positively with populations of Sharpea and Bacillus (p < 0.05). Furthermore, mRNA expression of occludin and claudin-1 in the colonic mucosa were correlated positively with abundances of Sharpea, Lactobocillus, and Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05). In conclusion, FOS activated Nrf2 signaling and increased the expression of specific tight junction proteins, which were associated with reduced diarrhea incidence.
... scFOS induce a shift in the gut microbiota, favoring Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus spp., which efficiently ferment scFOS into short-chain fatty acids [43]. Additionally, scFOS supplementation influences the neonatal immune system by stimulating the secretion of immunoglobulin A, increasing activated T-cells and interferon γ [44,45], and improves performance in terms of body weight at weaning (in piglets with an average birth weight of 1.35 kg) [46]. However, most studies involving scFOS are based on maternal supplementation or supplementation of preterm, weaned, or piglets with a birth weight higher than 1 kg [43][44][45][46][47]. ...
... Additionally, scFOS supplementation influences the neonatal immune system by stimulating the secretion of immunoglobulin A, increasing activated T-cells and interferon γ [44,45], and improves performance in terms of body weight at weaning (in piglets with an average birth weight of 1.35 kg) [46]. However, most studies involving scFOS are based on maternal supplementation or supplementation of preterm, weaned, or piglets with a birth weight higher than 1 kg [43][44][45][46][47]. The effect of scFOS on LBW piglets with a birth weight below 1 kg remains unknown. ...
... Based on previous studies by Le Bourgot et al. [44,69], Apper et al. [47] and Ayuso et al. [46], scFOS (64.8 g/100 mL active product, Profeed L95, Beghin-Meiji, Tereos, Marckolsheim, France) were supplemented to the allocated piglets in a dosage of 1 g scFOS/day (1.54 mL scFOS Profeed L95 + 0.46 mL milk replacer; 2 mL in total). ...
The introduction of hyperprolific sows has resulted in more low birth weight (LBW) piglets, accompanied by higher mortality. A possible strategy to enhance the resilience and survival of LBW piglets is oral supplementation (drenching) of bioactive substances. This study evaluated the supplementation of bovine colostrum, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) or quercetin that were dissolved separately in a milk replacer. The study was divided into two sub-experiments. First, the milk replacer was compared with a sham drenched group. Secondly, each dissolved compound was compared with the milk replacer. The LBW piglets, defined as weighing between (mean litter birth weight −1*SD) and (mean litter birth weight −2.5*SD), were randomly allocated to the different treatments and drenched once a day for seven days. On day 1, 3, 9, 24 and 38, piglets were weighed and scored for skin lesions. Blood samples were collected on day 9 and 38 and analyzed to determine glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, urea, immunoglobulin G, insulin-like growth factor 1, and a standard blood panel test. There was no difference between sham drenched piglets and piglets that were drenched with milk replacer regarding any of the parameters. No effect was observed between the milk replacer group and any of the bioactive compounds either, except a higher mortality within the scFOS group. In conclusion, this study showed that drenching the evaluated bioactive compounds, in the used dosages, did not improve LBW piglets’ resilience or survival and more research is required to determine the effect of scFOS on small piglets.
... Due to the absence of maternal immunity in weaning piglets, biotic supplements including probiotics, fermented prebiotics and synbiotics should be considered to strengthen gut microbiota. In neonatal piglets and pregnant and lactating sows fed with prebiotics-supplemented diets, the activity of bacteria and intestinal immunity, in addition to immunity in piglets were significantly increased 62 . The strategy of using these biotics was to replace the AMR microorganism communities with good microorganism populations. ...
This study aimed to characterize the alteration of the fecal microbiome and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants in 24 piglets at day 3 pre-weaning (D. − 3), weaning day (D.0), days 3 (D.3) and 8 post-weaning (D.8), using whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Distinct clusters of microbiomes and AMR determinants were observed at D.8 when Prevotella (20.9%) was the major genus, whereas at D. − 3–D.3, Alistipes (6.9–12.7%) and Bacteroides (5.2–8.5%) were the major genera. Lactobacillus and Escherichia were notably observed at D. − 3 (1.2%) and D. − 3–D.3 (0.2–0.4%), respectively. For AMR, a distinct cluster of AMR determinants was observed at D.8, mainly conferring resistance to macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin ( mef A), β-lactam ( cfx A6 and aci 1) and phenicol ( rlm N). In contrast, at D. − 3–D.3, a high abundance of determinants with aminoglycoside (AMG) ( sat , aac (6') -aph (2''), aad A and acr F), β-lactam ( fus -1, cep A and mrd A), multidrug resistance (MDR) ( gad W, mdt E , emr A, evg S , tol C and mdt B), phenicol ( cat B4 and cml A4), and sulfonamide patterns ( sul 3) was observed. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) plot associated Escherichia coli with aac (6') -aph (2''), emr A, mdt B, cat B4 and cml A4 at D. − 3, D.0 and/or D.3 whereas at D.8 associations between Prevotella and mef A, cfx A6 and aci 1 were identified. The weaning age and diet factor played an important role in the microbial community composition.
... Seven-µm sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under a light microscope (Nikon Eclipse E400, Nikon Instruments, France) using image analysis software (NIS-Elements AR 3.0, Nikon Instruments) as described (26). Villus, crypt, and goblet cell numbers were measured in at least 15-20 well-oriented crypt-villus units per piglet. ...
Breast milk is the gold standard in neonatal nutrition, but most infants are fed infant formulas in which lipids are usually of plant origin. The addition of dairy lipids and/or milk fat globule membrane extracts in formulas improves their composition with beneficial consequences on protein and lipid digestion. The probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum (Lf) was reported to reduce transit time in rat pups, which may also improve digestion. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the addition of dairy lipids in formulas, with or without Lf, on protein and lipid digestion and on gut physiology and metabolism. Piglets were suckled from postnatal days 2 to 28, with formulas containing either plant lipids (PL), a half-half mixture of plant and dairy lipids (DL), or this mixture supplemented with Lf (DL+Lf). At day 28, piglets were euthanized 90 min after their last feeding. Microstructure of digesta did not differ among formulas. Gastric proteolysis was increased (P < 0.01) in DL and DL+Lf (21.9 ± 2.1 and 22.6 ± 1.3%, respectively) compared with PL (17.3 ± 0.6%) and the residual proportion of gastric intact caseins decreased (p < 0.01) in DL+Lf (5.4 ± 2.5%) compared with PL and DL (10.6 ± 3.1% and 21.8 ± 6.8%, respectively). Peptide diversity in ileum and colon digesta was lower in PL compared to DL and DL+Lf. DL and DL+Lf displayed an increased (p < 0.01) proportion of diacylglycerol/cholesterol in jejunum and ileum digesta compared to PL and tended (p = 0.07) to have lower triglyceride/total lipid ratio in ileum DL+Lf (0.019 ± 0.003) as compared to PL (0.045 ± 0.011). The percentage of endocrine tissue and the number of islets in the pancreas were decreased (p < 0.05) in DL+Lf compared with DL. DL+Lf displayed a beneficial effect on host defenses [increased goblet cell density in jejunum (p < 0.05)] and a trophic effect [increased duodenal (p = 0.09) and jejunal (p < 0.05) weights]. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the addition of dairy lipids and probiotic Lf in infant formula modulated protein and lipid digestion, with consequences on lipid profile and with beneficial, although moderate, physiological effects.
... Over the past few years, different strategies have been implemented to improve the survival chances of all, but especially of LBW piglets, such as sow-fixating farrowing crates [16], split suckling [17,18] or cross-fostering [19]. Another potential intervention that might benefit LBW piglets' survival is supplementary feeding to provide extra energy [20,21] or bioactive substances (colostrum, oligosaccharides, antioxidants, etc.) [22][23][24][25][26]. Piglets can be supplemented with (enriched) milk replacer or colostrum by providing a plastic dish, a bowl or a milk bar in the farrowing box [22,27]. ...
The increase in litter sizes in recent years has resulted in more low birth weight (LBW) piglets, accompanied by a higher mortality. A potential intervention to overcome this is drenching bioactive substances. However, if the act of drenching provokes additional stress in LBW piglets, it might counteract the supplement’s effect and be detrimental for the piglet’s survival. To study the effect of the drenching act, piglets from 67 sows were weighed within 4 h after birth. The mean litter birth weight (MLBW) and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. LBW piglets (n = 76) were defined as weighing between (MLBW-1*SD) and (MLBW-2.5*SD). They were randomly allocated to two treatments: “sham” (conducting the act of drenching by inserting an empty 2.5 mL syringe in the mouth during 20 s, once a day, d1 till d7; n = 37) or “no treatment” (no handling; n = 39). On day 1, 3, 9, 24 and 38, piglets were weighed and scored for skin lesions. Blood samples were collected on day 9 and 38 and analyzed to determine glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea, immunoglobulin G (IgG), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and a standard blood panel test. There was no difference between sham drenched and untreated piglets regarding any of the parameters. In conclusion, this study showed that drenching does not impose a significant risk to LBW piglets and can be applied safely during the first 7 days after birth.
