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Effects of pH value (A) and concentration of AC À (B) on the mycelial growth of M. fruciticola. Bars represent standard deviations of the means according to three independent experiments. pH 3( ), pH 4( ), pH 5( ), pH 6( ), pH 7( ).
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Chitosan (CS) and oligochitosan (OCS), as natural antifungal agents, have been primarily used as alternatives to synthetic chemical fungicides to control postharvest diseases of fruits. The effectiveness of these two agents on the growth of Monilinia fructicola to control brown rot has not yet been reported. Both spore germination and mycelial grow...
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Fruit softening and quality management is very important to reduce postharvest losses in peach. Present study was conducted to observe the effect of harvest location and cultivars on peach fruit softening and quality during ripening at ambient conditions (30±1°C and 60-65% RH). Fruit harvested from Sillanwali exhibited significantly higher ethylene...
‘Loring’ peach trees ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were treated with a 1% thiourea + 2% KNO 3 (TUK) mixture during “late rest” when 589 chill units had accumulated and 1 week following rest completion, when 691 chill units had accumulated. Applications made during “late rest” terminated rest of both flower and lateral vegetative buds before the con...
A field experiment was carried out at the Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab during the year. The response of peach nursery plants to different doses of nitrogen and plant densities was studied. Three levels of nitrogen, 0, 57 and 114 kg/hectare were used along with four different planting densities i.e. 536, 804, 1005 and 1072 seedlings per plo...
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... The multifunctional role pre-and post-harvest (coating) applications of CHI in horticultural crops has been recently reviewed [47]. The notable efficacy of chitosan against different plant pathogens was previously confirmed in many host-pathogen interactions, including the Prunus persica-Monilia fructicola pair [48,49]. In grapes, when chitosan was sprayed during the pre-bunch closure and veraison stages, the inhibition of Botrytis cinerea growth and the suppression of bunch rot were observed [50]. ...
Taphrina deformans is the causal agent of leaf curl, a serious peach disease which causes significant losses in peach production worldwide. Nowadays, in order to control plant diseases, it is necessary to adopt novel and low-cost alternatives to conventional chemical fungicides. These promising strategies are targeted at eliciting host defense mechanisms via priming the host through the consecutive application of plant immunity inducers prior to pathogen challenge. In this study, we investigated whether chitosan or yeast cell wall extracts could provide enhanced tolerance against leaf curl in two-season field trials. Furthermore, we addressed the possible molecular mechanisms involved beyond the priming of immune responses by monitoring the induction of key defense-related genes. The efficacy of spraying treatments against peach leaf curl with both inducers was significantly higher compared to the untreated control, showing efficacy in reducing disease severity of up to 62.6% and 73.9% for chitosan and yeast cell wall extracts, respectively. The application of chitosan in combination with copper hydroxide was more efficient in reducing disease incidence and severity, showing efficacy values in the range of 79.5–93.18%. Peach plantlets were also spray-treated with immunity inducers three times prior to leaf inoculation with T. deformans blastospores in their yeast phase. The relative expression levels of nine key defense and priming genes, including those encoding members of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and hub genes associated with hormone biosynthesis, were monitored by RT-qPCR across three days after inoculation (dai). The results indicate that pre-treatments with these plant immunity inducers activated the induction of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) defense signaling pathways that may offer systemic resistance, coupled with the upregulation of genes conferring direct antimicrobial effects. Our experiments suggest that these two plant immunity inducers could constitute useful components towards the effective control of T. deformans in peach crops.
... Our in vitro study reflects the importance of in vitro tests to screen the best concentrationcompound combination for possible implementation in in vivo studies. Previous studies reported the concentration-dependent inhibitory effectiveness of chitosan and oligochitosan on the mycelial growth and spore germination of M. fructicola [49]. Additionally, in vivo postharvest studies evidenced that the control of brown rot caused by M. fructicola was higher at a concentration of 0.5% compared to that of 0.05% [50]. ...
Use of novel alternative compounds in agriculture is being promoted to reduce synthetic pesticides. An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of chitosan hydrochloride (CH) and COS (chito-oligosaccharides)-OGA (oligo-galacturonides) at concentrations of 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.025%. COS-OGA at 1% and 0.5% concentrations completely inhibited mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Monilinia fructigena, and Monilinia fructicola. Further, complete inhibition was observed with 0.25% COS-OGA for M. fructigena and M. laxa. Inhibition for B. cinerea, M. fructicola, A. alternata, and A. brassicicola at 0.25% COS-OGA was 86.75%, 76.31%, 69.73%, and 60.45%, respectively. M. laxa and M. fructigena were completely inhibited by CH concentrations of 1–0.25% and M. fructicola by concentrations of 1–0.5%. At CH 0.25%, inhibition for M. fructicola, A. brassicicola, A. alternata, and B. cinerea was 93.99%, 80.99%, 69.73%, and 57.23%, respectively. CH showed effective antibacterial activity against foodborne Escherichia coli. COS-OGA had higher antioxidant activity than CH when assessed by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Our findings offer insights into the antimicrobial efficacy and mechanisms of action of these novel compounds, which have the potential to serve as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. In vivo investigations are required to validate the prospective application of these treatments for pre- and postharvest disease management.
... gloeosporioides) in mango (Zhu et al., 2008), bitter rot (C. acutatum) in apple (Felipini & Piero, 2009), brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) in peach (Yang et al., 2012), blue mold (Penicillium expansum) in apple (Darolt et al., 2016), and late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in potato (Huang et al., 2021). ...
Scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum var. gilo) is a Solanaceae with an appreciated peculiar bitter taste, which plays a significant role in family farming in Brazil. Fruit anthracnose is the main pre- and postharvest disease that affects scarlet eggplant in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chitosan-based coating on in vitro inhibition of Colletotrichum tamarilloi and anthracnose control of scarlet eggplant fruits. Chitosan was dissolved in a 2% citric acid solution at 40°C and then homogenized with potato dextrose agar (PDA), and poured into Petri dishes, as follows: 1) PDA + 0.1% chitosan, 2) PDA + 0.2% chitosan, 3) PDA + 0.3% chitosan, 4) PDA + 0.4% chitosan, and 5) pure PDA as control. Discs of 5 mm diameter of pure fungus culture were placed on the center of the culture medium in the plates. The plates were then maintained in BOD at 25°C and 12-h photoperiod for 10 days. Colony characteristics, mycelial growth rate, and mycelial growth inhibition were evaluated. Afterward, the effect of chitosan coating was evaluated in fruit inoculated or not with C. tamarilloi. The treatments were: T1) uncoated and injured uninoculated fruits, T2) uncoated and inoculated fruit, T3) fruits coated with 0.1% chitosan and inoculated, T4) fruits coated with 0.2% chitosan and inoculated, and T5) fruits coated with chitosan at 0.3% and inoculated. For inoculation, 15 μL of a conidial suspension (2 x 10⁵ conidia/mL) were deposited on an injury caused by a needle, and the fruits were coated by immersion into the different concentrations of chitosan gel. Fruits were placed on expanded polystyrene trays. Fresh weight loss, the mean incidence of disease, and lesion diameter were measured. All concentrations of chitosan reduced the in vitro growth of C. tamarilloi. The treatment T4 reduced the severity of anthracnose but did not prevent its incidence in scarlet eggplant fruits.
Keywords:
Solanum aethiopicum; postharvest disease; vegetable; polysaccharide-based coating
... OCH, as nontoxic and biodegradable elicitor, can inhibit pathogen growth and induce disease resistance of plants (Kim and Rajapakse, 2005). It has been reported that OCH can control postharvest brown rot of peaches as a natural fungicide (Yang et al., 2012). The application of OCH can reduce the susceptibility of ginger (Zingiber officinale) to rhizome rot (Fusarium oxysporum) during storage (Liu et al., 2016). ...
Our previous study showed that postharvest treatment of tomato with Pichia caribbica along with oligochitosan
(OCH) significantly alleviated postharvest black spot of tomato fruit compared with P. caribbica alone. This study
was to explore the effect of combined application of OCH and P. caribbica on disease resistance of tomato fruits
through analyzing the activities of disease resistance-related enzymes, as well as transcriptome analysis of the
fruit gene expression. Our findings indicated that P. caribbica, together with OCH, improved the activities of key
enzymes associated with disease resistance in tomato fruit. Moreover, the combined application further upre�gulated the expression of genes involved in α-linolenic acid metabolism, the signal transduction pathways such as
Ca2+, MAPK and plant hormone signaling pathways, resistant substance synthesis, and ROS metabolism, which
improved the fruit disease resistance. Considering the significance of these results, OCH hold great potential for
use in microbial biocontrol strategies against postharvest tomato diseases.
... Oligochitosan showed a significant impact on controlling fruit brown rot; it could boost antioxidant and defense-related enzymes activities, accelerate the corresponding gene transcript expression, and also delay fruit senescence and softening [57]. Oligochitosan remarkably activated phenylpropanoid pathway metabolism and induced defense responses against green and blue mold in citrus fruit [58,59]. Wang et al. [60] proposed that primary metabolites induced by oligochitosan behave as the source of energy and signaling or as substrate molecules that have indirect or direct roles in defense reactions against Geotrichum candidum, also known as sour rot, in citrus fruit. ...
... Oligochitosan show significant impact on controlling fruit brown rot; it could boost antioxidant and defe related enzymes activities, accelerate the corresponding gene transcript expression, also delay fruit senescence and softening [57]. Oligochitosan remarkably activated nylpropanoid pathway metabolism and induced defense responses against green blue mold in citrus fruit [58,59]. Wang et al. [60] proposed that primary metabolite duced by oligochitosan behave as the source of energy and signaling or as substrate m ecules that have indirect or direct roles in defense reactions against Geotrichum candid also known as sour rot, in citrus fruit. ...
Chitosan is illustrated in research as a stimulant of plant tolerance and resistance that promotes natural defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stressors, and its use may lessen the amount of agrochemicals utilized in agriculture. Recent literature reports indicate the high efficacy of soil or foliar usage of chitin and chitosan in the promotion of plant growth and the induction of secondary metabolites biosynthesis in various species, such as Artemisia annua, Curcuma longa, Dracocephalum kotschyi, Catharanthus roseus, Fragaria × ananassa, Ginkgo biloba, Iberis amara, Isatis tinctoria, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare ssp. Hirtum, Psammosilene tunicoides, Salvia officinalis, Satureja isophylla, Stevia rebaudiana, and Sylibum marianum, among others. This work focuses on the outstanding scientific contributions to the field of the production and quality of aromatic and medicinal plants, based on the different functions of chitosan and chitin in sustainable crop production. The application of chitosan can lead to increased medicinal plant production and protects plants against harmful microorganisms. The effectiveness of chitin and chitosan is also due to the low concentration required, low cost, and environmental safety. On the basis of showing such considerable characteristics, there is increasing attention on the application of chitin and chitosan biopolymers in horticulture and agriculture productions.
... In addition, the effective control of treatments containing NCs may be related to the coating that NCs promote on the surface of nectarines; this coating provides a barrier against external elements, in addition to protecting against moisture loss. 35 Yang et al. 35 described the effect of both chitosan or oligochitosan as natural antifungal agents against Monilinia fructicola, controlling the brown rot of peach, acting in this article as a polymeric material used to produce the capsules and as a natural preservative, contributing positively to antifungal activity. Chitosan also demonstrated ability to control the postharvest decay and elicits defense response in kiwifruit. ...
... In addition, the effective control of treatments containing NCs may be related to the coating that NCs promote on the surface of nectarines; this coating provides a barrier against external elements, in addition to protecting against moisture loss. 35 Yang et al. 35 described the effect of both chitosan or oligochitosan as natural antifungal agents against Monilinia fructicola, controlling the brown rot of peach, acting in this article as a polymeric material used to produce the capsules and as a natural preservative, contributing positively to antifungal activity. Chitosan also demonstrated ability to control the postharvest decay and elicits defense response in kiwifruit. ...
Infections in fruits caused by fungi reduce the quantity and quality of food for human consumption, in addition to causing economic losses. In this sense, this study aimed to address the effects of eugenol nanocapsules (NCs) based on chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose in protecting nectarines against Monilinia fructicola, a brown rot agent, a worldwide important disease. NCs were prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly starting from an anionic template and deposition with up to two polymeric layers. The hydrodynamic diameters ranged from 158 nm (nanoemulsion), 360 nm (one polymeric layer) to 398 nm (two polymeric layers). NCs presented, during the in vitro release, the release of eugenol following a first order process. In addition to being in the region of stability (zeta potential ca. |30| mV), the capsules showed good adhesion to the nectarine surface. In relation to brown rot, the eugenol NCs with chitosan proved to be the best formulation compared to nanoemulsion and NCs with two polymeric layers for its control, increasing the probability that the fruits remain without symptoms, even after 7 days. Therefore, this study demonstrated that chitosan NCs containing eugenol could be an alternative to preserve fruit for longer periods in post-harvest.
... The highest APX value was recorded in the sample treated with 0.2 mM SA for 10 min while the lowest was recorded in the fruits treated with distilled water for 10 and 15 minutes and 0.1 mM salicylic acid treated samples for 10 minutes. The decrease in salicylic acid-treated catalase activity was in contrast to the results of [37], who found that postharvest treatment of peach fruit with 1.0 mM SA for 10 minutes, alone or in conjunction with ultrasonic therapy, increased antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, APX) [7]. However, the current results agree with [38], who reported the diminished catalase activity during the ripening phase of bananas under salicylic acid treatment. ...
African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) is considered a rich source of bioactive and nutritive chemicals, including flavonoids, phenolics, and carotenoids. This research was conducted to explore the effect of salicylic acid treatment on sugar levels in addition to non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants activities of Chrysophyllum albidum fruits during ambient storage. For this purpose, ripe, healthy fruits of C. albidum were treated with varying doses of salicylic acid (0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.4 mM) for 5, 10, and 15 min at each concentration. The treated fruits were kept at 28 ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of 90 ± 5% for 15 days. The total flavonoids, total phenols, and ascorbic acid of salicylic acid-treated fruits increased considerably compared to untreated fruits after the storage period. When compared with other treated samples, the untreated control samples exhibited the highest overall sugar content, non-reducing sugar content, reducing sugar content, and catalase activity. On the other hand, 0.4 mM salicylic acid treatment for 15 minutes resulted in the highest phenol, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid contents, while 0.4 mM salicylic acid treatment for 15 minutes resulted in the highest value of carotenoids content. Furthermore, salicylic acid treatments preserved ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. The results showed that 0.2 and 0.4 mM salicylic acid treatments for 15 minutes were the most effective in retaining the investigated fruit biochemical features.
... In addition, the study also found that chitosan can directly inhibit plant pathogenic bacteria (Rubina et al. 2017). Yang et al. (2012) added different concentrations of chitosan to PDA medium for cultivation of Monilia fusticola. The results showed that when chitosan concentration was 2 mg/mL, the organelles of M. fusticola were reduced, and the cavity was increased. ...
... The results showed that when chitosan concentration was 2 mg/mL, the organelles of M. fusticola were reduced, and the cavity was increased. When the concentration was 4 mg/mL, the cells of peach rot were seriously damaged, which was mainly caused by the invasion of extracellular material or the leakage of intracellular protoplasm due to the rupture of the cell wall (Yang et al. 2012). Falcón et al. (2008) studied the effects of chitosan on tobacco (Phytophthora capsici) Table 2. ...
In the perspective of return to nature, using scientific and technical progress for improved living standards, people began to search for solutions to alleviate environmental pollution. Researchers intend to make clean, affordable products that are gentle yet effective. Chitosan derived from the exoskeleton of crustaceans, cuticles of insects, cell walls of fungi, and some algae are renowned for many decades to exhibit biotic properties, especially anti-microbial characteristics. Here we review each ingredient for sourcing organic chitosan, with clean raw materials that can make pure, rich, and powerful products working naturally. Our study elaborates advances and utilization of chitosan for industrial production of control-release fertilizers by physical, chemical, and multifaceted formulations such as water-retaining super absorbent, polyacrylic acid, and resins. Plant growth-promoting properties of chitosan as a growth regulator, pest/disease resistance, signalling regulation, effect on nuclear deformation, and apoptosis. Chitosan can improve the plant defence mechanism by stimulating photochemistry and enzymes related to photosynthesis. Furthermore, electrophysiological modification induced by chitosan can practically enable it to be utilized as herbicide. Chitosan has an excellent role in improving soil fertility and plant growth as well as plant growth promoters. It is concluded, that chitosan can play a key role in modern agriculture production and could be a valuable source promoting agricultural ecosystem sustainability. Future suggestions will be based on current achievements and also notable gaps. In addition, chitosan has a huge contribution to reducing fertilizers pollution, managing agricultural pests and pathogens in modern-day agriculture.
... Chitosan is a deacetylated product of chitin, which is a long-chain polymer of Nacetylglucosamine [10]. Chitosanases (EC 3.2.1.132) ...
Bacillus subtilis SH21 was observed to produce an antifungal protein that inhibited the growth of F. solani. To purify this protein, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography were used. The purity of the purified product was 91.33% according to high-performance liquid chromatography results. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis revealed that the molecular weight of the protein is 30.72 kDa. The results of the LC–MS/MS analysis and a subsequent sequence-database search indicated that this protein was a chitosanase, and thus, we named it chitosanase SH21. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that chitosanase SH21 appeared to inhibit the growth of F. solani by causing hyphal ablation, distortion, or abnormalities, and cell-wall depression. The minimum inhibitory concentration of chitosanase SH21 against F. solani was 68 µg/mL. Subsequently, the corresponding gene was cloned and sequenced, and sequence analysis indicated an open reading frame of 831 bp. The predicted secondary structure indicated that chitosanase SH21 has a typical a-helix from the glycoside hydrolase (GH) 46 family. The tertiary structure shared 40% similarity with that of Streptomyces sp. N174. This study provides a theoretical basis for a topical cream against fungal infections in agriculture and a selection marker on fungi.
... Currently, chemical control is still one of the most important measures to control brown rot of peach. The main fungicides used include tebuconazole, propiconazole, fluorosilazole, and nitrile oxazole, among others [8]. However, these agents have been used continuously for many years, and pathogens have become resistant to them, resulting in a reduced ability to control pathogens [9]. ...
Peach brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola is one of the most economically destructive diseases of peach ( Prunus persica L.) in some orchards of China. Biocontrol is a significant strategy that exhibits strong levels of control and ecologically sound concepts in disease management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined suppressive effects of three endophytic bacterial strains (xj-14, xj-15, and xj-16) and two soil rhizosphere bacterial strains (xj-A and xj-C) that were shown to have strong inhibitory activity toward M. fructicola in our previous study. The optimal strains and the optimized combination of strains were determined. The combination of strains xj-15 and xj-C inhibited M. fructicola more intensively for a longer period of time. Following the application of 1 × 10 ⁹ CFU/mL bacterial complex to the fruits, leaves, and shoots of peach trees infected with M. fructicola , the rate of inhibition reached 73.80%, 83.33%, and 90.43%, respectively. A pot experiment using lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) showed that inoculation with the bacterial complex significantly increased the growth of seedlings. In this study, some compound bacteria were more effective than those in previous study in suppressing disease and promoting growth, which have the potential to be further applied in the field.
