Figure 5 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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Effects of mobile phase on peak shapes of the amino acids and ARPs. (A) Individual score of amino acids analyzed by different mobile phases. (B) Extracted ion chromatograms of all 21 ARPs under acidic and neutral conditions (extracted with theoretical [M + H] + ± 0.005 Da, detailed information of theoretical m/z is shown in Table S6).
Source publication
Glycation products produced by the non-enzymatic reaction between reducing carbohydrates and amino compounds have received increasing attention in both food- and health-related research. Although liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods for analyzing glycation products already exist, only a few common advanced glycation end products...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... performance of all tested chromatographic conditions for analyzing amino acids is summarized in Figure 5A and Table S8. ZIC-cHILIC and ZIC-HILIC operated with mobile phase containing 5 mM AF and 0.1% FAcid can detect the highest number of amino acids with good peak shape. ...
Context 2
... could be explained by the better separation of the column operated under neutral conditions and more isomers could be resolved. However, when we checked the peak shape of detected glycation products, we found most ARPs showed broad and split peaks under the neutral mobile phase (Figure 5B), which may be due to the equilibrium between Amadori product anomers [38]. Particularly for ARPs of basic amino acids, the EICs were extremely board analyzed by neutral mobile phase. ...
Citations
... Furthermore, we focused on the strong performance of this assay system against intracellular and extracellular advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). AGEs are generated from glucose, fructose, and their metabolites, and promote lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes and cancer [20][21][22][23]. Whole intracellular AGEs in cells cannot be analyzed with current technology, although some have been detected in the liver [24], brain [24], kidney [24], lung [25], heart [26-28], skeletal muscle [29], skin [30], and pancreatic islets [31]. ...
Kampo medicines are Japanese traditional medicines developed from Chinese traditional medicines. The action mechanisms of the numerous known compounds have been studied for approximately 100 years; however, many remain unclear. While components are normally affected through digestion, absorption, and metabolism, in vitro oral, esophageal, and gastric epithelial cell models avoid these influences and, thus, represent superior assay systems for Kampo medicines. We focused on two areas of the strong performance of this assay system: intracellular and extracellular advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). AGEs are generated from glucose, fructose, and their metabolites, and promote lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes and cancer. While current technology cannot analyze whole intracellular AGEs in cells in some organs, some AGEs can be generated for 1–2 days, and the turnover time of oral and gastric epithelial cells is 7–14 days. Therefore, we hypothesized that we could detect these rapidly generated intracellular AGEs in such cells. Extracellular AEGs (e.g., dietary or in the saliva) bind to the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on the surface of the epithelial cells and can induce cytotoxicity such as inflammation. The analysis of Kampo medicine effects against intra/extracellular AGEs in vitro is a novel model.
... Other articles have focused on the detection of specific metabolite classes [8][9][10][11], such as bile acids, sphingoid bases, fatty acids, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which have been implicated in many diseases. Zhang et al. [8] developed and validated a high-throughput method for the comprehensive analysis of bile acids in human and rodent fecal samples. ...
... This method successfully distinguished boar-tainted and untainted pigs based on their serum fatty acid compositions. In another study, Yan et al. [11] established an untargeted HILIC-MS method for the comprehensive analysis of AGEs in biological samples (plasma, feces, and urine). The authors tested different columns and mobile phases in Maillard model systems. ...
Metabolomics constitutes a promising approach to clinical diagnostics, but its practical implementation in clinical settings is hindered by the requirement for rapid and efficient analytical methods. This Special Issue provides valuable insights into the development of novel sample preparation protocols and analytical methods for rapid metabolite analysis in biofluids and tissues.
The nonenzymatic reaction between amino acids (AAs) and reducing sugars, also known as the Maillard reaction, is the primary source of free glycation products (GPs) in vivo and in vitro. The limited number of MS/MS records for GPs in public libraries hinders the annotation and investigation of nonenzymatic glycation. To address this issue, we present a mass spectral library containing the experimental MS/MS spectra of diverse GPs from model systems. Based on the conceptional reaction processes and structural characteristics of products, we classified GPs into common GPs (CGPs) and modified AAs (MAAs). A workflow for annotating GPs was established based on the structural and fragmentation patterns of each GP type. The final spectral library contains 157 CGPs, 499 MAAs, and 2426 GP spectra with synthetic model system information, retention time, precursor m/z, MS/MS, and annotations. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated the use of the library for screening GPs in unidentified spectra of human plasma and urine. The AAs with the C6H10O5 modification, fructosylation from Amadori rearrangement, were the most found GPs. With the help of the model system, we confirmed the existence of C6H10O5-modified Valine in human plasma by matching both retention time, MS1, and MS/MS without reference standards. In summary, our GP library can serve as an online resource to quickly screen possible GPs in an untargeted metabolomics workflow, furthermore with the model system as a practical synthesis method to confirm their identity.
