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Effects of early-life galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) intervention on the diversity of ileal microbiota at the 3% dissimilarity level of suckling piglets. (a) The diversity of ileal microbiota on day 8; (b) the diversity of ileal microbiota on day 21. Values are expressed as means ± SEM, CON, a control group; GOS, a galacto-oligosaccharides intervention group.
Source publication
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), functional oligosaccharides with natural characteristics, are important active substances in milk that play an important role in the development of intestinal microbiota and the immune system of newborns. The intestinal maturation of piglets resembles that of human newborns and infants. Therefore, we used the newborn...
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Objective:
This study assessed the effects of probiotics on cecal microbiota, gene expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, and immune response in the cecal tonsil of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica.
Methods:
One-day-old broiler chickens (n = 240) were randomly allocated to four treatments: negative...
Citations
... Таким образом, выборочное усиление этих полезных бактерий, вероятно, обеспечивает новые средства для профилактики и лечения этих заболеваний [43]. Еще одно исследование [44] проводилось на поросятах. В течение первой недели после рождения одной группе перорально вводили 10 мл раствора ГОС (1 г/кг массы тела) в день, а другую группу лечили той же дозой физиологического раствора. ...
Breast milk oligosaccharides: what do we know today?
Irina N. Zakharova*1
, Iana V. Orobinskaia1,2, Narine G. Sugian1,2, Tatiana A. Kovtun3
, Elena V. Tabulovich3
1
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia;
2
Khimki Regional Hospital, Khimki, Russia;
3
PROGRESS, Russia
Abstract
Breastfeeding remains the "gold standard" for feeding babies in the first year of life. Breast milk contains a mixture of nutrients; their amount varies throughout the
lactation period and even throughout the day. The composition of breast milk (BM) is complex and dynamic. Currently, BM oligosaccharides (BMOs) are of most interest
to researchers. Due to advances in science and biotechnology, more than 200 BMOs have been identified. Human BM is the richest source of oligosaccharides among all
mammals (for instance, their content in cow's milk is almost 1,000 times lower). Numerous favorable effects of BMOs on child health are related to the immune response,
gut barrier function, and protection against pathogens. BMOs as prebiotics contribute to the formation of the infant's intestinal microbiome. The BM contains a complex
bacterial community whose composition depends on the maternal microbiome (skin, gut, genital, urethral tracts) that forms the infant gut microbial community. In the
absence of breastfeeding, modern formulas can be used; BMOs in their composition make them more like BM.
Keywords: infants, breastfeeding, breast milk, breast milk oligosaccharides, formula feeding, formula, breast milk microbiome, gut microbiome, prebiotics
For citation: Zakharova IN, Orobinskaia IaV, Sugian NG, Kovtun TA, Tabulovich EV. Breast milk oligosaccharides: what do we know today? Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum.
2022;3:204–212. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2022.3.201851
... Таким образом, выборочное усиление этих полезных бактерий, вероятно, обеспечивает новые средства для профилактики и лечения этих заболеваний [43]. Еще одно исследование [44] проводилось на поросятах. В течение первой недели после рождения одной группе перорально вводили 10 мл раствора ГОС (1 г/кг массы тела) в день, а другую группу лечили той же дозой физиологического раствора. ...
... Intestinal inflammation increases the 'leakiness' of the gut and increases the amounts of microbial components that can cross the epithelial barrier and lead to imbalance in the microbiota [6]. Intestinal symbiotic bacteria can affect the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which play a central role in intestinal inflammatory diseases [7]. The gut microbiota can enhance the expression of interleukins, such as IL-22, IL-17, and IL-10, whilst eliciting inflammasome activation to clear invading pathogens [1]. ...
The gut microbiota plays an important role in intestinal immune system development and in driving inflammation. Antibiotic administration for therapeutic purposes causes an imbalance in the gut microbiota. Antimicrobial peptides can regulate the gut microbiota and maintain intestinal homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and regulation of the gut microbiota by the orally administered antimicrobial peptide mastoparan X (MPX). In this study, Escherichia coli was used to induce intestinal inflammation, and the results showed that MPX+ E. coli alleviated weight loss and intestinal pathological changes in necropsy specimens of E. coli–infected mice. MPX+ E. coli reduced the serum levels of the inflammation-related proteins interleukin-2, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, myeloperoxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase on days 7 and 28. Furthermore, MPX+ E. coli increased the length of villi and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the jejunum and colon post infection. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results showed that MPX could improve the morphology of jejunum villi and microvilli and increase tight junction protein levels. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of caecal content samples showed that the species diversity and richness were lower in the E. coli–infected group. At the genus level, MPX+ E. coli significantly reduced the abundance of Bacteroidales and Alistipes and enhanced the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae. Alpha-diversity analyses (Shannon index) showed that MPX significantly increased the microbial diversity of mice. Overall, this study is the first to investigate the effects of oral administration of MPX on intestinal inflammation and the gut microbiota, providing a new perspective regarding the prevention of enteritis and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
... Meanwhile, comparing to the results of the ELG intervention, the weaning piglets that received the PWG intervention had higher adiversity in the colonic mucosa. In the weaning piglets, the decreased microbial diversity is a hallmark of gut ecosystem dysbiosis, suggesting that gut microbial communities with higher diversity would be beneficial to maintain intestinal ecosystem homeostasis (7,19). Thus, the increased colonic mucosal microbiota diversity in the piglets during weaning transition that was caused by the PWG intervention could reduce the severity of colon dysfunction induced by weaning stress. ...
... Food grade GOS (purity is approximately 90%) was purchased from Quantum Hi-Tech Biological Co., Ltd. (GuangDong, China), and the composition was described by Tian et al. (19). From the age of 1 to 7 days, the piglets in the G/C and G/G groups were administered 10 mL GOS solution (1g/kg) by oral gavage every day, whereas the piglets in the C/C and C/G groups were administered the same dose of physiological saline solution by oral gavage. ...
Recently, we have proved that the early-life galactooligosaccharides (GOS) intervention could improve the colonic function by altering the bacterial composition in the suckling piglets. However, whether the early-life GOS (ELG) intervention could have a long influence of the colonic microbiota, and the ELG and post-weaning GOS (PWG) combined intervention would have an interaction effect on maintaining colonic health in weaning piglets remain to be explored. Thus in this study, we illustrated the differential effect of ELG and PWG intervention on colonic microbiota and colonic function of weaning piglets. Our results showed that both the ELG and PWG intervention decreased the diarrhea frequency of weaning piglets, while the PWG intervention increased colonic indexes. After 16S rRNA MiSeq sequencing of gut bacteria belonged to colonic niches (mucosa and digesta), the PWG increased the α-diversity of colonic mucosal bacteria was revealed. In addition, we found both the ELG and PWG intervention enriched the abundance of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producer in different colonic niches and increased total SCFAs concentrations in colonic digesta. These changes selectively modulated the mRNA expression of pattern recognition receptors and barrier proteins in the colonic mucosa. Of note, the combined effect of ELG and PWG effectively enhanced colonic SCFAs producer enrichment and up-regulated the butyrate concentration. Meanwhile, the gene expression of MyD88-NFκB signaling and the pro-inflammatory cytokines contents were markedly reduced under the combined effect of ELG and PWG.
Importance
Reducing the disorders of gut ecosystem is an effective way to relieve weaning stresses of piglets and save economic losses in the modern swine industry. To this end, prebiotics were often added in diet during the weaning transition. In present study, we demonstrated that the ELG and PWG intervention had shown different effects on the bacterial composition of different colonic niches and colonic function in the weaning piglets. Especially under the combined effect of ELG and PWG intervention, the gene expression of MyD88-NFκB signaling and the contents of pro-inflammation cytokines decreased with the increasing concentration of butyrate, which is one of the important microbial metabolites in the colon of weaning piglets. These findings further provided new insights into nutritional interventions to alleviate intestinal ecosystem dysbiosis and gut dysfunction in the piglets during the weaning transition.
... Dietary changes including changes in diet composition Yu et al., 2019;Zhou et al., 2016), nutritional levels , energy resources (Papadomichelakis et al., 2012), and diet types (Huang et al., 2020) had been widely proven to shape the gut microbiota communities. Antibiotics (Schweer et al., 2017), prebiotics (Tian et al., 2019;Zhu et al., 2016), probiotics (Cao et al., 2016;Lv et al., 2015), organic acids (Wang et al., 2019a;Yu et al., 2017), essential oils , lactoferrin (Hu et al., 2020), and milk-replacer may also regulate the gut microbiota communities and thus exert beneficial effects on piglets. In addition, other intervention approaches (e.g. ...
Gut microbiota is generally recognized to play a crucial role in maintaining host health and metabolism. The correlation among gut microbiota, glycolipid metabolism, and metabolic diseases has been well reviewed in humans. However, the interplay between gut microbiota and host metabolism in swine remains incompletely understood. Given the limitation in conducting human experiments and the high similarity between swine and humans in terms of anatomy, physiology, polyphagy, habits, and metabolism and in terms of the composition of gut microbiota, there is a pressing need to summarize the knowledge gained regarding swine gut microbiota, its interplay with host metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to outline the bidirectional regulation between gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in swine and to emphasize the action mechanisms underlying the complex microbiome–host crosstalk via the gut microbiota–gut–brain axis. Moreover, it highlights the new advances in knowledge of the diurnal rhythmicity of gut microbiota. A better understanding of these aspects can not only shed light on healthy and efficient pork production but also promote our knowledge on the associations between gut microbiota and the microbiome–host crosstalk mechanism. More importantly, knowledge on microbiota, host health and metabolism facilitates the development of a precise intervention therapy targeting the gut microbiota.
... (Richards et al., 2019b). GOS represent host-indigestible carbohydrates that have been identified as promoting beneficial bacteria in humans and animals, which include Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillaceae (Jung et al., 2008;Hughes et al., 2017;Van Bueren et al., 2017;Tian et al., 2019). ...
Worldwide Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of foodborne disease. Contamination of chicken meat with digesta from C. jejuni-positive birds during slaughter and processing is a key route of transmission to humans through the food chain. Colonization of chickens with C. jejuni elicits host innate immune responses that may be modulated by dietary additives to provide a reduction in the number of campylobacters colonizing the gastrointestinal tract and thereby reduce the likelihood of human exposure to an infectious dose. Here we report the effects of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) on broiler chickens colonized with C. jejuni when challenged at either an early stage in development at 6 days of age or 20 days old when campylobacters are frequently detected in commercial flocks. GOS-fed birds had increased growth performance, but the levels of C. jejuni colonizing the cecal pouches were unchanged irrespective of the age of challenge. Dietary GOS modulated the immune response to C. jejuni by increasing cytokine IL-17A expression at colonization. Correspondingly, reduced diversity of the cecal microbiota was associated with Campylobacter colonization in GOS-fed birds. In birds challenged at 6 days-old the reduction in microbial diversity was accompanied by an increase in the relative abundance of Escherichia spp. Whilst immuno-modulation of the Th17 pro-inflammatory response did not prevent C. jejuni colonization of the intestinal tract of broiler chickens, the study highlights the potential for combinations of prebiotics, and specific competitors (synbiotics) to engage with the host innate immunity to reduce pathogen burdens.
The ideal food for new-borns is human breast milk, a mixture that provides a balanced combination of nutrients and bioactive components. Seeking to emulate maternal milk more effectively, this study...
Many researchers consider gut microbiota (trillions of microorganisms) an endogenous organ of its animal host, which confers a vast genetic diversity in providing the host with essential biological functions. Particularly, the gut microbiota regulates not only gut tissue structure but also gut health and gut functionality. This paper first summarized those common bacterial species (dominated by the Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria phyla) in swine gut and then briefly discussed their roles in swine nutrition and health, which include roles in nutrient metabolism, pathogen exclusion, and immunity modulation. Secondly, the current knowledge on how dietary nutrients and feed additives affect the gut bacterial composition and nutrient metabolism in pigs was discussed. Finally, how dietary amino acids affect the relative abundances and metabolism of bacteria in the swine gut was reviewed. Tryptophan supplementation promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria and suppresses pathogens, while arginine metabolism affects nitrogen recycling, impacting gut immune response and health. Glutamate and glutamine supplementations elevate the levels of beneficial bacteria and mitigate pathogenic ones. It was concluded that nutritional strategies to manipulate gut microbial ecosystems are useful measures to optimize gut health and gut functions. For example, providing pigs with nutrients that promote the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium can lead to better gut health and growth performance, especially when dietary protein is limited. Further research to establish the mechanistic cause-and-effect relationships between amino acids and the dynamics of gut microbiota will allow swine producers to reap the greatest return on their feed investment.
