Figure
Effects of different levels of salinity on total dry weight, shoot water content after 30 days of sowing of investigated wheat cultivars.
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The present study investigated the effect of salt stress on the development of adaptive responses and growth parameters of different coloured wheat genotypes. The different coloured wheat genotypes have revealed variation in the anthocyanin content, which may affect the development of adaptive responses under increasing salinity stress. In the earl...
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Context 1
... some wheat genotypes, a significant increase in Na + and K + was observed under treatment with 150 mM NaCl (KM 53-14 Blue and KM 178-14 purple) and under treatment with 200 mM NaCl (Skorpion Blue aleurone and PS Karkulka). The Na + /K + ratio was decreased in all experimental wheat genotypes (Table 2). In the present research, to discover the development of adaptive responses of different wheat genotypes under salt stress, non-destructive chlorophyll fluorescence techniques were used for the screening of biologically active compounds of a phenolic nature and some photosynthesis parameters. ...Citations
... Mainly, 100-200 mM NaCl concentration in soil can limit growth or lead to plant mortality (Tang et al., 2015;Brenes et al., 2020a). Salt stress escalates the toxicity of some ions such as Na + and Cl -, which causes water stress and prevents nutrient uptake in plants (Mbarki et al., 2018). Increasing salinity causes an increase in osmotic pressure, reducing the water uptake or even preventing it completely (Chen and Jiang, 2010). ...
Salinity, which is one of the major abiotic stresses, prevails in mostly arid and semiarid areas that is nearly 20% of the world’s cultivated area. Excessive amounts of salt around the plant root zone are detrimental to vegetative growth and economic yield. Today salinization is still severely expanding and posing a great threat to the development of sustainable agriculture. Although eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is considered moderately sensitive, soil salinity mitigates strictly the growth and yield. Eggplant has significant crop wild relatives (CWRs) which are thought to be more tolerant to abiotic stresses and it is substantial to exploit their potential against salinity in hybrid breeding studies. It has previously been proven that Solanum incanum L. has tolerance to salinity stress. This study aimed to improve salinity-tolerant pure eggplant lines. Therefore, the acquired F2 population from interspecific hybridization between the pure line (BATEM-TDC47) with distinctive features from BATEM eggplant gene pool and S. incanum L., were subjected to salinity stress at 150 mM NaCl level with its parents and F1 plants. On the 12th day after the last salt treatment, the plants were evaluated using a 0-5 visual scale. Among the 256 stressed plants, 50 F2 individuals were determined to be salt tolerant. Additionally, some of their morphological and physiological features, such as shoot length, stem diameter, number of leaves, anthocyanin presence, prickliness, malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline levels, were studied and compared to the controls of their parent and F1 plants. Results showed that shoot length and stem diameter decreased dramatically under salt stress. According to the analysis, the average MDA and proline levels of the F2 population were identified as 10.9 µ mol g-1 FW and 8.4 µ mol g-1 FW, respectively. The distinguished 50 F2 plants that showed salinity tolerance were transferred to the greenhouse and self-pollinated to produce the F3 generation.
... In general, during low temperatures, genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in plants are stimulated, resulting in an increase in anthocyanin content, whereas high temperatures can speed up anthocyanins degradation and result in the fading of plant color. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that some plants accumulate anthocyanins as a defense against adverse environmental conditions, such as cold temperatures [17][18][19][20][21]. ...
Background
The vivid red, purple, and blue hues that are observed in a variety of plant fruits, flowers, and leaves are produced by anthocyanins, which are naturally occurring pigments produced by a series of biochemical processes occurring inside the plant cells. The purple-stalked Chinese kale, a popular vegetable that contains anthocyanins, has many health benefits but needs to be investigated further to identify the genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis and translocation in this vegetable.
Results
In this study, the purple- and green-stalked Chinese kale were examined using integrative transcriptome and metabolome analyses. The content of anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-feruloyl) sophoroside-5-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside (cyanin), and cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl) sophoroside-5-O-glucoside were considerably higher in purple-stalked Chinese kale than in its green-stalked relative. RNA-seq analysis indicated that 23 important anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, including 3 PAL, 2 C4H, 3 4CL, 3 CHS, 1 CHI, 1 F3H, 2 FLS, 2 F3’H, 1 DFR, 3 ANS, and 2 UFGT, along with the transcription factor BoMYB114, were significantly differentially expressed between the purple- and green-stalked varieties. Results of analyzing the expression levels of 11 genes involved in anthocyanin production using qRT-PCR further supported our findings. Association analysis between genes and metabolites revealed a strong correlation between BoGSTF12 and anthocyanin. We overexpressed BoGSTF12 in Arabidopsis thaliana tt19, an anthocyanin transport mutant, and this rescued the anthocyanin-loss phenotype in the stem and rosette leaves, indicating BoGSTF12 encodes an anthocyanin transporter that affects the accumulation of anthocyanins.
Conclusion
This work represents a key step forward in our understanding of the molecular processes underlying anthocyanin production in Chinese kale. Our comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptome analyses provide important insights into the regulatory system that controls anthocyanin production and transport, while providing a foundation for further research to elucidate the physiological importance of the metabolites found in this nutritionally significant vegetable.
... Proline and anthocyanin contents were significantly increased after salt stress treatment in Hyssopus officinalis L. plants, as reported by Jahantigh et al. (2016). Similarly, comparing different coloured genotypes {five genotypes with different pigments (Citrus yellow, KM 53-14 Blue, KM 178-14 purple, Skorpion Blue aleurone, and PS Karkulka purple)} of wheat (Triticum sp.) showed higher anthocyanin and proline accumulation compared to control plants after NaCl treatment (Mbarki et al. 2018). The NBI decreased due to the observed decrease in chlorophyll associated with flavonoid with increasing levels of salinity. ...
Soil salinity is a serious environmental threat to agricultural crops causing a significant reduction in growth and yield. Two percent of dry land and twenty percent of irrigation land in the world are affected by salt problems, which are rising continuously. Chickpea is considered sensitive to salt stress. In saline soil, plant growth and tolerance to salt have been reported to be enhanced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF). Experiments were designed to study the effect of mycorrhiza on three desi varieties of chickpea (HC‑3, CSG-8962, and C‑235) under various levels of salinity stress. The genotypes were subjected to three increasing levels of salinity (2 dSm⁻¹, 3 dSm⁻¹, and 4 dSm⁻¹) and compared with or without mycorrhizal inoculation. Significant genotypic variations were observed in salt tolerance. Morpho-physiological parameters studied were root-shoot length, dry weight of root and shoot, and the number of nodules per plant. Biochemical parameters included proline, glycine betaine (GB), flavonoids, chlorophyll, anthocyanin content and nitrogen balance index (NBI). Salinity had a negative impact on each parameter. C‑235 was found to be more sensitive than HC‑3 and CSG-8962. However, colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi—Rhizophagus fasciculatus (formerly called Glomus fasciculatum) enhanced all the parameters and was found to have a salinity-mitigating effect.
... Several studies have suggested that anthocyanins act as non-enzymatic antioxidants, protecting cells against ROS-induced oxidative stress (Naing and Kim 2021). Besides, a positive correlation between the accumulation of anthocyanins and stress tolerance has been observed in many plant species (Mbarki et al. 2018;Mackon et al. 2021;Saad et al. 2021;Pang et al. 2023). Other protective molecules against the negative effects of oxidative stress and that facilitate the detoxification of ROS include antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (Cruz de Carvalho 2008). ...
Nowadays, climate change has become a worldwide concern as it affects global food production and security. Among the consequences of climate change are increasing abiotic constraints such as drought and salinity, and facilitating the invasion of pests and pathogens. Plant tissue culture would greatly help to mitigate climate change threats and foster biodiversity conservation. The major advances made in the field of plant micropropagation have played a key role in the rapid and large-scale production of stress-tolerant cultivars and constitute a powerful tool to develop stress-tolerant lines. In vitro mycorrhization is an interesting approach to improve tolerance to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses while ensuring the mass production of plants. Tissue culture techniques would thus facilitate plant adaptation to an increasingly stressful environment. In the present chapter, the main achievements made in the field of plant micropropagation as a tool to produce stress-tolerant plants are presented and discussed. This includes the use of organogenesis for rapid and large-scale production of date palm plants resistant to bayoud disease and for palm grove rehabilitation, in vitro selection of abiotic stress-tolerant plants, morphological and physio-biochemical responses of plants to abiotic stresses under in vitro conditions, and the use of in vitro mycorrhization to improve stress-tolerance in plants.
... So it clearly shows the possibility of association of Na + /K + with salt tolerance. The control of Na + uptake and better maintenance of the K+/ Na + ratio can be considered as key cellular mechanism to maintain osmotic potential for optimum cell activities, which contributes provides better adaptation capacity in plant under stress conditions [28,29]. ...
Cereal crops including rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, pearl millet and small millet, are grown for food, feed and fuel in crop-livestock based agricultural systems around the world. Soil salinity occupies an important place among the soil problems that threaten the sustainability of agriculture in a wide area around the world. Salinity intensity is predicted to exacerbate further due to global warming and climate change, requiring greater attention to crop breeding to increase resilience to salinity-induced oxidative stress. Knowledge of physiological responses to varying degrees of oxidative stress has helped predict crop agronomic traits under saline ecosystems and their use in crop breeding programs. Recent developments in high-throughput phenotyping technologies have made it possible and accelerated the screening of vast crop genetic resources for traits that promote salinity tolerance. Many stress-tolerant plant genetic resources have been developed using conventional crop breeding, further simplified by modern molecular approaches. Considerable efforts have been made to develop genomic resources which used to examine genetic diversity, linkage mapping (QTLs), marker-trait association (MTA), and genomic selection (GS) in crop species. Currently, high-throughput genotyping (HTPG) platforms are available at an economical cost, offering tremendous opportunities to introduce marker-assisted selection (MAS) in traditional crop breeding programs targeting salinity. Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, microenvironment modeling and a whole-genome sequence database have contributed to a better understanding of germplasm resources, plant genomes, gene networks and metabolic pathways, and developing genome-wide SNP markers. The use of developed genetic and genomic resources in plant breeding has paved a way to develop high yielding, nutrient-rich and abiotic stress tolerant crops. Present chapter provides an overview of how the strategic usage of genetic resources, genomic tools, stress biology, and breeding approaches can further enhance the breeding potential and producing salinity-tolerant crop varieties/lines.
... According to recent studies, the modification in leaf and stem anatomical features in different wheat genotypes is also an important adaptation trait under salt stress (Nassar et al. 2020). For instances, pigmented wheat genotypes with high anthocyanin content can maintain significantly higher dry matter production under salinity conditions, suggesting the significant role of phenolic compounds in imparting salinity tolerance in the crop (Mbarki et al. 2018). Moreover, worldwide, various approaches have been applied to improve crop performance under salt stress, including the introduction of desirable genes, genotype screening, genotype selection, and conventional and molecular breeding techniques (Hassan et al. 2018a, b;Chattha et al. 2020). ...
Soil and water salinization induced by climate change and anthropogenic activities is a major threat to the wheat production, globally. Wheat is a major source of calories for two-thirds of the global population. Salt stress adversely affects seed germination, plant growth and development, and physiological processes through reduction in chlorophyll content, hormonal imbalance, alteration in metabolic activities, and modification in household gene expression, which ultimately decreases the yield of wheat. Therefore, detailed understanding of the effects of salt stress in wheat crop is essential to devise the remedial measures for reducing its adverse effect of the crop. In the past, various approaches including management of saline soils, selection of salt-tolerant germplasm, and development of salt-tolerant cultivars through conventional and molecular breeding approaches have been applied to a limited extent. However, various crop management practices, such as seed priming, nutrient management, and exogenous applications of organic (phytohormones, osmolytes) and inorganic chemicals, were found to be more effective in managing the adverse effects of salinity in wheat crop as the biological approaches are very costly, time consuming, and labor intensive. Therefore, in this chapter, we reviewed from available literature the salt stress induced effects on physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of wheat and the advantage of seed priming with chemical in plant growth and grain yield improvement of wheat under salt stress.
... For example, drought can affect plant cell division, root differentiation, leaf growth, mineral nutrition and water use efficiency (Hussain et al., 2018). Salt stress escalates the toxicity of some ions, which results in water stress and malnutrition in plants (Mbarki et al., 2018). Arsenic stress can reduce plant photosynthesis and affect plant growth and yield (Angulo-Bejarano et al., 2021). ...
... Notably, anthocyanin content in Eremochloa ophiuroides with purple thickened cuticle was significantly increased by salt stress, and the purple cuticle genotype had increased salt resistance compared with the genotype with green cuticle (Li et al., 2018). Under salt stress, higher dry matter accumulation was positively correlated with the higher anthocyanin content in wheat (Mbarki et al., 2018). In A. thaliana, high anthocyanin accumulation in PAP1-D/fls1ko plants enhances tolerance to nitrate deficiency and high salinity environments, whereas ttg1 mutants with disrupted anthocyanin synthesis pathways show attenuated salt stress tolerance, suggesting that high anthocyanin levels aid plants to cope with salinity under low nitrogen stress (Truong et al., 2018). ...
... Similarly, a comparison of different coloured genotypes of wheat (Triticum sp.) showed higher anthocyanins and proline accumulation than in control plants after NaCl treatment. Also, coloured genotypes showed a better capacity to maintain the low accumulation of Na + , higher shoot K + concentrations, and higher dry matter production after salt stress treatment [67]. ...
Drought and salinity affect various biochemical and physiological processes in plants, inhibit plant growth, and significantly reduce productivity. The anthocyanin biosynthesis system represents one of the plant stress-tolerance mechanisms, activated by surplus reactive oxygen species. Anthocyanins act as ROS scavengers, protecting plants from oxidative damage and enhancing their sustainability. In this review, we focus on molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the role of anthocyanins in acquired tolerance to drought and salt stresses. Also, we discuss the role of abscisic acid and the abscisic-acid-miRNA156 regulatory node in the regulation of drought-induced anthocyanin production. Additionally, we summarise the available knowledge on transcription factors involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and development of salt and drought tolerance. Finally, we discuss recent progress in the application of modern gene manipulation technologies in the development of anthocyanin-enriched plants with enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stresses.
... Genetic, physiological, and biochemical studies have also shown that flavonoid compounds are involved in several biological activities, including plant defense responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions [60,61]. In particular, anthocyanin-rich genotypes maintain significantly higher dry matter production under salt stress conditions [62]. Moreover, it was found that colored wheat genotypes are able to activate biotic and abiotic stressresponsive genes in response to drought [63], and to increase resistance to seed dormancy and pre-harvest sprouting [39,64]. ...
Pigmented cereal grains with high levels of flavonoid compounds have attracted the attention of nutritional science backing the development of functional foods with claimed health benefits. In this study, we report results on the genetic factors controlling grain pigmentation in durum wheat using a segregant population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between an Ethiopian purple grain accession and an Italian amber grain cultivar. The RIL population was genotyped by the wheat 25K SNP array and phenotyped for total anthocyanin content (TAC), grain color, and the L*, a*, and b* color index of wholemeal flour, based on four field trials. The mapping population showed a wide variation for the five traits in the different environments, a significant genotype x environment interaction, and high heritability. A total of 5942 SNP markers were used for constructing the genetic linkage map, with an SNP density ranging from 1.4 to 2.9 markers/cM. Two quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for TAC mapping on chromosome arms 2AL and 7BS in the same genomic regions of two detected QTL for purple grain. The interaction between the two QTL was indicative of an inheritance pattern of two loci having complementary effects. Moreover, two QTL for red grain color were detected on chromosome arms 3AL and 3BL. The projection of the four QTL genomic regions on the durum wheat Svevo reference genome disclosed the occurrence of the candidate genes Pp-A3, Pp-B1, R-A1, and R-B1 involved in flavonoid biosynthetic pathways and encoding of transcription factors bHLH (Myc-1) and MYB (Mpc1, Myb10), previously reported in common wheat. The present study provides a set of molecular markers associated with grain pigments useful for the selection of essential alleles for flavonoid synthesis in durum wheat breeding programs and enhancement of the health-promoting quality of derived foods.
... This may allow evidence-based validation of claims about the health benefits of consuming foods made from purple wheat [21]. Several studies tried to describe the overall antioxidant capacities of coloured wheat grains and products, and significant genetic and environmental influences were found [22][23][24]. These compounds are secondary metabolites and the unfavourable growing conditions can enhance their synthesis [6,25], and significant losses in their concentrations can occur during storage [26] and during utilization as chapattis [27], pastas [28], breads, pancakes and porridges [29]. ...
Nowadays, consumers are paying more and more attention to healthy eating, and unfortunately, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are affecting many people. In general, people are paying more attention to the consumption of fibre-rich foods. In our study, we developed high-fibre ready-to-bake flour mixture blends using purple wheat flour (white and wholemeal). For fibre fortification, inulin, chia seed flour and psyllium husk flour were used. After determining the basic nutritional parameters of the raw materials, four series of experiments were carried out to prepare bread rolls and to test the finished products. The correct mixing ratio of the enriching agents were tested, and the final flour mixtures were tested. At the end of our research, three blends (white purple wheat flour + 4% inulin + 2% psyllium husk flour; wholemeal purple wheat flour + white purple wheat flour + 4% inulin + 4% chia seed flour; wholemeal purple wheat flour + 4% inulin + 4% chia seed flour) were developed.
