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Effects of Paecilomyces lilacinus on mortality of Aculus schlechtendali in different spore densities and relative humidity (means of three experiments)
Source publication
The apple rust mite Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.) (Acari: Eriophyidae), is a main pest in apple-growing areas in Ankara, Turkey, and chemical control applications have
some limitations. Entomopathogenic fungi have a potential for biological control of mites. In this study, an entomopathogenic
fungus, Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson (Deuteromyco...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... of spore concentration and relative humidity on pathogenicity Effect of P. lilacinus on the mortality A. schlechtendali is shown in Table 3. Percent of mite mortality varied between 12.48% and 14.24% at different humidity levels in control individuals on which only sterile water was applied (differences not statistically significant); statistical differences were observed among entomopathogenic fungus applica- tions under different conditions and in all control groups (F=134.408, ...
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Citations
... Effective Eriophyidae population suppression has been achieved using several strains of EPF in other crops through foliar applications in laboratory and field trials [181]. To date, only one study has been published on EPF control in apple rust mites [182], and there are no reports for EPF efficacy on pear rust mites. Ninety-eight percent apple rust mite mortality, 6 days after the application of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) to apple leaves, was observed in laboratory bioassays [182]. ...
... To date, only one study has been published on EPF control in apple rust mites [182], and there are no reports for EPF efficacy on pear rust mites. Ninety-eight percent apple rust mite mortality, 6 days after the application of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) to apple leaves, was observed in laboratory bioassays [182]. However, high humidity levels resulted in higher spore concentration than might be experienced in the field, indicating that applications after rainfall may be beneficial (as observed by Yagimuma [183]). ...
Growers of organic tree fruit face challenges in controlling some pests more easily suppressed by broad-spectrum insecticides in conventionally managed orchards. In recent decades, there has been a move towards organically growing varieties normally reliant on synthetic chemical pesticides (e.g., Gala), often to meet retailer/consumer demands. This inevitably makes crop protection in organic orchards more challenging, as modern varieties can be less tolerant to pests. In addition, there have been substantial reductions in plant protection product (PPP) approvals, resulting in fewer chemical options available for integrated pest management (IPM)-maintained orchards. Conversely, the organic management of fruit tree pests involves many practices that could be successfully implemented in conventionally grown crops, but which are currently not. These practices could also be more widely used in IPM-maintained orchards, alleviating the reliance on broad-spectrum PPP. In this review, we evaluate organic practices, with a focus on those that could be incorporated into conventional apple and pear production. The topics cover cultural control, biological control, physical and pest modifications. While the pests discussed mainly affect European species, many of the methods could be used to target other global pests for more environmentally sustainable practices.
... Our insect cages were maintained at 56% RH in the insectary, whereas the Conviron A1000 growth chamber used to house the 500 mL containers was maintained at 65% RH. Some studies have shown that slight increases RH can improve the activity of fungal entomopathogens on their hosts [37][38][39][40] . By increasing RH from 50 to 70% mortality of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari previously infected with B. bassiana at 1 × 10 6 conidia/mL increased from 69 to 87% 40 . ...
... By increasing RH from 50 to 70% mortality of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari previously infected with B. bassiana at 1 × 10 6 conidia/mL increased from 69 to 87% 40 . By increasing RH from 60 to 70% mortality of apple rust mite (Aculus schlechtendali Nal.) increased from 39 to 53% after treatment with Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson at 1 × 10 5 conidia/mL and from 76 to 89% after treatment at 1 × 10 8 conidia/mL 39 . ...
Kuschelorhynchus macadamiae is a major pest of macadamias in Australia, causing yield losses of up to 15%. Our previous studies have shown the weevil is susceptible to Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. The aim of this study was to investigate horizontal transmission of both fungal species to healthy weevils from both infected adults and weevil cadavers. In a confined environment the mortality of healthy adults caused by the transmission of conidia from live fungus-infected adults was < 50%. Under similar experimental conditions, the mortality of healthy adults reached 100% when exposed to conidiated cadavers. However, when conidiated cadavers were used in more spacious environments (insect cages), the mortality of adults was < 80%. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that all healthy adults had conidia attached to all external parts of the body. This suggests that although the conidia were readily transferred to the adults, the lower mortality in the larger insect cages could be the result of an unfavourable environmental factor such as low humidity. The presence of conidia attached to all the adults indicated that they did not show any discriminatory behaviour such as avoidance of conidiated cadavers infected by these two fungal species. The results from this study show that there is potential for enhanced control of adult K. macadamiae via transmission from either fungus-infected adults or conidiated cadavers and this could strengthen sustainable pest management in macadamias.
... Fr. and Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson. [55][56][57] The second category of compounds are those where the formulated products were compatible (BI ≥ 66) with the fungi at rates up to 100% of their full field concentrations. These included acephate, trichlorfon and indoxacarb for both species, and sulfoxaflor and spinetoram for B. bassiana only. ...
Background
Integrating fungal biocontrol agents into crop protection programs dominated by synthetic pesticides is an important first step towards developing an integrated pest management (IPM) program; however, their successful integration relies on an understanding of how their performance may be impacted by the remaining agrochemicals deployed for managing other pests and diseases. In this study we tested 10 formulated pesticides used in macadamia production at different concentrations to determine their effects on the germination, mycelial growth and sporulation of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in vitro. Further tests with laboratory‐grade actives of the noncompatible pesticides were conducted to determine whether any antagonistic effects were caused by the active constituent or by formulation additives.
Results
At their registered concentrations, formulated trichlorfon, acephate and indoxacarb were compatible with M. anisopliae, whereas B. bassiana showed compatibility with formulated trichlorfon, acephate, indoxacarb, sulfoxaflor and spinetoram. Bioassays using laboratory‐grade active constituents indicated that the adverse impact of formulated beta‐cyfluthrin on both fungal species and that of formulated methidathion on B. bassiana is probably due to components of the emulsifiable concentrate formulations rather than their active constituents. Diazinon was the only insecticidal active that showed high toxicity to both fungal species. The two fungicides, carbendazim and pyraclostrobin, were toxic to both fungal species at all tested concentrations.
Conclusion
Our results identify which pesticides used on macadamias in Australia are compatible and incompatible with entomopathogenic fungi. Future studies on pesticide degradation rates will help define the spray intervals required to eliminate these adverse effects.
... Further study was needed to find the compatibility level at low concentration. In vitro effects of some fungicides on P. lilacinum, which was pathogenic on apple rust mite, were investigated (Demirci and Denizhan 2010). Protectant fungicides, captan, propineb, and mancozeb were effective against conidial germination. ...
The demand for food and energy of the rising population and unfavorable climatic changes necessitate yield increase in the reducing cultivable areas. This requires a reduction in environmental pollution that not only exerts hazardous effects on plants but also on poultry, livestock and humankind. Integrated pest and disease management is a solution that not only can lead to the increased crop yield and reduced environmental pollution, but also to the ecofriendly growth of economy in less developed countries. Integrated management requires more precise information on the effects of agricultural inputs on the population and biological activity of biological agents used in biological control of plant pests and diseases, biostimulation, as well as biofertilization. Here, we focus on the effect of pesticides on biological control fungi.
... P. lilacinum was determined to cause infection in many insect, nematodes and acari species (Anonymous, 2011). There are few literature records about effects of entomopathogenic fungi originating in our country on the pest groups of economical significance in our country [whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), apple rust mite (Aculus schlechtendali) and citrus wooly aphid (Planococcus citri)] (Gökçe & Er, 2005;Kılıç & Yıldırım, 2008;Boztaş et al., 2009;Demirci & Denizhan, 2010;Demirci et al., 2011). ...
Xylosandrus germanus and Xyleborus dispar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) should be considered a high-risk quarantine pest. These ambrosia beetles are very polyphagous. It attacks many deciduous trees, probably all in its distribution range. Chemical control of them is very difficult and expensive due to its protected breeding sites and its resistance to many insecticides. In this study, it is searched the effects of entomopathogenic fungi, [Purpureocillium lilacinum TR1 (syn: Paecilomyces lilacinus)] on the BTBB and PBB adults in three conidial suspensions (10 6 , 10 7 and 10 8 cfu ml-1) in laboratory conditions. The data for mortality was recorded after 2, 4, 6 and 8 days intervals. The mortality rate was found respectively after 8 days %94.72 for Xylosandrus germanus and %100 for Xyleborus dispar in 10 8 cfu ml-1. It will be appropriate that the results obtained from this first study performed in laboratory conditions should also to be tried in the field conditions for the control of ambrosia beetles, Xylosandrus germanus and Xyleborus dispar. It is hoped that the study will be helpful in the control strategies of this beetle species that will be put forward in a future time. It is seen that after having obtained hopeful results from this study, making similar works on the other beetle species are also necessary.
... Fungistatic effects caused by either antibiosis or pesticides such as sulphur, have been shown in laboratory studies, for example, (Lingg & Donaldson, 1981;Sterk, 1993;Shah et al., 2009;Demirci & Denizhan, 2010) and are correlated to low EPF levels in the field (Jabbour & Barbercheck, 2009). However, it appears that single applications of sulphur do not result in a decrease in insect mortality, for example, (Saito & Yabuta, 1996;Shah et al., 2009;Demirci et al., 2011). ...
Low impact alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea Klug) are scarce encumberingpest management in organic apple orchards. We investigated the soil persistence and field efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (BotaniGard(®) ) against apple sawfly under common organic orchard practices. We also assessed the efficacy of B. bassiana GHA and Metarhizium brunneum Petch (indigenous strain) against sawfly in the laboratory.Larvae treated with either fungus in the laboratory died faster than control larvae and displayed 49.4-68.4% mycosis. In the field, B. bassiana density remained high in the week after application, during larval descent to the soil. Fungal density decreased to 25% at 49 days after application and to 0.4% after 55 weeks. Molecular markers revealed that the majority of fungal isolates recovered comprised the applied B. bassiana strain GHA. Larvae pupating in soil cages in the orchard for 49 days displayed 17% mycosis. The high efficacy under laboratory conditions was not seen in the field. B. bassiana application resulted in densities above the upper natural background level during the growing season, but reversion to background levels occurred within a year. It remains to be investigated whether this has a detrimental effect on non-target organisms. Additional work is needed to bridge the knowledge gap between laboratory and field efficacy in orchards. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Paecilomyces terricola was isolated from Tetranychus urticae (Kenneth, Wallis & Olmert et al. 1971). The species Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) Luangsaard, Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson (2011) (Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales) is a common soil hyphomycete with a cosmopolitan distribution (Samson 1974); it is known as a nematophagous fungus (Borisov 1998, Neethling 2002, but it is also a biological agent for the control of greenhouse insects and mite pests (Fiedler & Sosnowska 2007, Demirci & Denizhan 2010. I. farinosa (Holmsk.) ...
Abstract: The pathogenic effects of Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom) (Luangsaard,
Houbraken, Hywel-Jones & Samson) and Isaria farinosa (Holmsk.) (Sordariomycetes:
Hypocreales) Fries on the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari:
Tetranychidae) were investigated under laboratory conditions. The effects of the fungi on
Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), an important predatory mite of T.
urticae, were also determined. It was found that the entomopathogenic fungi can cause high
mortality rates in both phytophagous and predatory mites. While entomopathogens caused 90%
and more mortality in T. urticae under 85% and 95% r.h. the mortality percentages caused by P.
lilacinum and I. farinosa decreased to 84.72% and 68.71% respectively. I. farinosa caused
100% mortality in N. californicus on day 4 after inoculation. The mortality rate of the predatory
mite inoculated with P. lilacinum could reach 88% on day 4 after inoculation. It was found that
I. farinosa showed a higher mortality on the predatory mite than P. lilacinum.
... There are some studies about the in vitro effects of fungicides on entomopathogenic fungi (Olmert & Kenneth 1974;Zimmermann 1975;Todorova et al. 1998;Butters et al. 2003;Sapieha-Waszkiewicz et al. 2004;Demirci & Denizhan 2010;Demirci et al. 2011b). A few studies were conducted on the effects of fungicides on the pathogenic activity of entomopathogens (Latteur & Jensen 2002;Demirci et al. 2011b). ...
... Dithiocarbamates like mancozeb are protectant fungicides with broad spectrum activity. Tebuconazole and penconazole were the most inhibitory fungicides both in terms of mycelial growth and spore germination of Purpureocillium lilacinum, but mancozeb was inhibitory only on spore germination (Demirci & Denizhan 2010). Sapieha-Waszkiewicz et al. (2004) reported that fenarimol was the most effective fungicide on the growth of P. fumosoroseus, while cyproconazole had limited effects on the growth of the fungus at its application dose. ...
... There are some studies about the failure of the inhibitory effect of copper compounds on entomopathogenic fungi (Olmert & Kenneth 1974;Demirci & Denizhan 2010;Demirci et al. 2011b). Moreover, Kouassi et al. (2003) reported that copper compounds had a stimulatory effect on the mycelial growth of B. bassiana in liquid medium. ...
The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is one of the main pests in vineyards. At present biological control of the pest is based on the release of hymenopterous parasitoids and coccinellid predators. The effectiveness of an entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria farinosa, as an alternative biological control agent on vine mealybug P. ficus was investigated by using different inoculum densities and different relative humidity levels. The fungus caused more than 80% mortality at 95% relative humidity and at 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 inoculum density. The mortality effects of the fungus decreased in lower humidity levels and lower spore densities. The inhibitory effects of common fungicides, used in vineyards, on I. farinosa were also investigated. Sulphur, copper oxychloride, fosetyl-Al and chlorothalonil did not decrease the effectiveness of I. farinosa as a pathogen of vine mealybug. With the application of tebuconazole, penconazole and mancozeb, the most inhibitory fungicides on the entomopathogen, the mortality rates of mealybugs, inoculated with I . farinosa, decreased from 86% to 42%, 34% and 45%, respectively, in the adult females; from 94% to 51%, 45% and 45%, respectively, in the first nymphal stages; and from 86% to 56%, 49% and 63%, respectively, in ovisacs.
... The pathogenicity appears to be host specific or strain specific. Demirci and Denizhan (2010) found that a strain of P. lilacinum caused up to 78.3% mortality in apple rust mite, which also supports the species have potential to be screened for entomopathogenic strains. Weisong et al., (2007) reported the efficacy of P. ...
The study was conducted to investigate the insecticidal potential of entomopathogenic (epf) fungi for two agricultural pests i.e. cotton mealybug (CMB) and mustard aphid (MA). Mycoinsecticides have gained increasing importance in pest control due to their non-hazardous impact to the environment. The present study was focused on isolating and evaluating strains of entomopathogenic fungi against CMB and MA. Twenty seven strains were isolated from field conditions and various insect populations from agricultural habitat. Another nine strains were acquired from mycological culture collection facilities viz., ARSEF, New York, and Wahat Al Sehra Nurseries Desert Group Dubai.
The CMB and MA are important pests in cotton and mustard crops. The CMB and MA were exposed to epf spores inside bioassay chambers, to screen out a-virulent strains. A comprehensive laboratory bioassay revealed there were seven virulent strains viz., 1) Metarhizium anisopliae PDRL526, 2) Purpureocillium lilacinum PDRL812, 3) Isaria farinosa PDRL855, 4) I. fumosorosea PDRL891, 5) Lecanicillium lecanii PDRL922, 6) Beauveria bassiana PDRL1147 and 7) B. bassiana PDRL1187. Besides the epf strains chemical pesticides were assessed for their toxicity against CMB and MA. The insecticides were found more toxic to mustard aphid than cotton mealybug. The insecticide Imidacloprid was found highly compatible with epf strains @ 200 µg / ml. The seven epf strains were selected for screen house bioassays to CMB and MA for the assessment of their virulence under controlled in vivo conditions.
When evaluated under screen house conditions, the virulence of epf strains was reduced as compared to laboratory bioassays; the strains were more pathogenic to MA than CMB during laboratory bioassays. The epf strains were used @ 6.3E+12 spores per acre during screen house bioassays. The mealybug mortality was caused by four strains B. bassiana PDRL1187 (LT50 13.4 days), M. anisopliae PDRL526 (LT50 13.8 days), B. bassiana PDRL1147 (LT50 13.9 days) and I. fumosorosea PDRL891 (LT50 17.4 days). The strains were able to check the population.
When these four strains were bioassayed in combination with the insecticide Imidacloprid (20 g a.i. / acre) the CMB mortality was increased and a positive toxicity/virulence was noted at screen house conditions. The combined applications of epf strain and insecticide caused higher mortality than single applications of each treatment. The mustard aphid population was also found more vulnerable than cotton mealybug to the aforementioned four epf strains during screen house conditions. Along with the pest mortality the three epf strains B. bassiana PDRL1147, B. bassiana PDRL1187 and M. anisopliae PDRL526 also increased the yield of cotton and canola plants. Therefore the three strains were selected for field bioassays.
The strains B. bassiana PDRL1147, B. bassiana PDRL1187 and M. anisopliae PDRL526 showed a reduction in their efficiency under field conditions as compared to screen house conditions. The strain M. anisopliae PDRL526 @ 6.3E+12 spores /acre was found with LT50 19.6 days followed by B. bassiana PDRL1147 with LT50 40.9 days and B. bassiana PDRL1187 with LT50 41.1 days at field bioassays against CMB populations on infested cotton plants. The CMB population was efficiently controlled when the epf strains were used with insecticide Imidacloprid. Strain B. bassiana PDRL1147 was observed with LT50 7.7 days followed by M. anisopliae PDRL526 with LT50 8.4 days and B. bassiana PDRL1187 with 10.0 days.
The strains B. bassiana PDRL1147, B. bassiana PDRL1187 and M. anisopliae PDRL526 were also found efficient to control mustard aphid with LT50 from 6.1 to 7.2 days. When the epf strains were applied together with Imidacloprid (6.3E+12 spores + 10 g a.i. / acre), the mortality of mustard aphid in the field was almost doubled with LT50 from 2.6 to 2.8 days.
The broken rice grain substrate was found highly efficient for mass production of M. anisopliae PDRL526, B. bassiana PDRL1147 and B. bassiana PDRL1187 under a modified procedure of biphasic fermentation. The strains were found relatively viable in soybean oil formulation followed by rapeseed oil. The study confirmed that strain M. anisopliae PDRL526, B. bassiana PDRL1147 and B. bassiana PDRL1187 hold promise for development as mycoinsecticides against cotton mealybug and mustard aphid.
... Keza her iki fungus ile inokule edilen yaprakbiti bireylerinde % 85 nem seviyesindeki ölüm oranının % 95 nem seviyesindeki ölüm oranından farkının önemli olmadığı görülmüştür. I. farinosa ve P. lilacinum ile yapılan önceki çalışmalarda, bu fungusların ortam nemi yükseldikçe konukçularında daha yüksek oranda ölüme neden oldukları bildirilmiştir (Demirci & Denizhan 2010;Demirci et al. 2011). ...
In this study, the pathogenic effects of Isaria farinosa and Purpureocillium lilacinum on the green peach aphid were investigated in laboratory conditions. 1x10 8 conidia/ml concentration of both fungi was inoculated to the green peach aphid in different humidity levels. Mortality of inoculated and non-inoculated (control) individuals were counted at 7 days after treatment. It was determined that rising of humidity levels, effects of entomopathogens increased. In addition, P. lilacinum caused higher mortality than I. farinosa of green peach aphid in all humidity levels. While I. farinosa caused 47% mortality of aphids in 75% humidty, P. lilacinum caused 96% mortality of aphids in 95% humidty. These results were recorded as minimum and maximum mortalities caused by fungi.
