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Effects of EEPC on LPS-induced IL-1β and TNF-α release in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Cells were pre-treated with the indicated concentrations of EEPC 1 h prior to incubation with LPS (0.5 μg/ml). After incubation for 24 h, the levels of IL-1β (A) and TNF-α (B) present in the supernatants were measured using ELISA kits. The values shown here are means ± SD of three independent experiments. * P < 0.05 indicates a significant difference from the value obtained for cells treated with LPS in the absence of EEPC.
Source publication
Poria cocos Wolf, a medicinal fungus, is widely used in traditional medicines in East Asian countries owing to its various therapeutic potentials. Although several studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activity of this fungus, its underlying mechanisms have not yet been clearly defined.
In the present study, we have demonstrated the anti-...
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Context 1
... results obtained showed that treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS alone resulted in a significant increase in production of IL-1β compared to that generated under control conditions ( Figure 3A). However, pre-treatment with EEPC considerably inhibited LPS induction of IL-1β in a concentration-dependent manner. ...Context 2
... pre-treatment with EEPC considerably inhibited LPS induction of IL-1β in a concentration-dependent manner. Under these condi- tions, pre-treatment with EEPC also reduced TNF-α pro- duction dramatically ( Figure 3B). Furthermore, the RT-PCR results showed that non-activated or EEPC-alone treated RAW 264.7 cells did not express any detectable levels of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA; however, EEPC significantly at- tenuated LPS-induced mRNA levels of these cytokines (Figure 4). ...Context 3
... findings suggest that the inhibition of these cytokines' production could be a useful approach as a treat- ment strategy for various inflammatory diseases. In the current investigation, the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β were markedly increased after treatment with LPS in RAW 264.7 macrophages; while pre-treatment with EEPC significantly inhibited this effect in a concentration- dependent manner (Figure 3). We also found that the suppressive effect of EEPC on LPS-induced production of TNF-α and IL-1β was mediated at the transcription level (Figure 4). ...Similar publications
We characterized the therapeutic biological modes of action of several terpenes in Poria cocos F.A Wolf (PC) and proposed a broad therapeutic mode of action for PC. Molecular docking and drug-induced transcriptome analysis were performed to confirm the pharmacological mechanism of PC terpene, and a new analysis method, namely diffusion network anal...
Poria cocos polysaccharides (PS) have been used as Chinese traditional medicine with various pharmacological effects, including antiviral, anti-oxidative, and immunomodulatory activities. Herein Bombyx mori silkworm was used as a model animal to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of PS via detecting the changes of innate immune parameters and ex...
Endometriosis (EMs) is recorded as Zheng Jia in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) books. Guizhi Fuling Pills (GFPs), a classic prescription for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, is widely used for women's blood stasis diseases represented by Zheng Jia. At present, it has been applied to treat EMs in clinical settings. In this...
Poria cocos , a fungus used extensively in the Chinese herbal medicine, has been known for myriad of pharmacological applications. There is a growing body of evidence on developing medications for antitumor therapies. The study is aimed to investigate the antitumor potential of gold nanoparticles synthesized from P. cocos extract against pancreatic...
Citations
... The EEPC was prepared as previously described [37]. Dried P. cocos sclerotia (Figure 6b) were ground to powder and extracted twice with 10 volumes of 80% ethanol in a reflux condenser at 85-90 • C for 3 h. ...
Neurogenesis in the adult brain comprises the entire set of events of neuronal development. It begins with the division of precursor cells to form a mature, integrated, and functioning neuronal network. Adult neurogenesis is believed to play an important role in animals’ cognitive abilities, including learning and memory. In the present study, significant neuronal differentiation-promoting activity of 80% (v/v) ethanol extract of P. cocos (EEPC) was found in Neuro-2a cells and mouse cortical neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Subsequently, a total of 97 compounds in EEPC were identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS. Among them, four major compounds—Adenosine; Choline; Ethyl palmitoleate; and L-(-)-arabinitol—were further studied for their neuronal differentiation-promoting activity. Of which, choline has the most significant neuronal differentiation-promoting activity, indicating that choline, as the main bioactive compound in P. cocos, may have a positive effect on learning and memory functions. Compared with similar research literature, this is the first time that the neuronal differentiation-promoting effects of P. cocos extract have been studied.
... Wolfiporia cocos) in the Polyporaceae family, called Fuling, is one of the most common and important traditional Chinese medicines, belonging to tonic medicine that is widely used in Eastern countries. It has been reported to display wide bioactive effects, including diuretic [24], sedative [25], anti-diabetic [26], immunostimulatory [27,28], antiinflammatory [29,30], anti-tumor [31], and anti-bacterial [32] activities. The main active constituents of P. cocos are a group of lanostane triterpenoids, which are considered to contribute most of its pharmacological activities [33,34]. ...
The global aging population is expanding at an increasingly rapid pace, with approximately one-fourth of the world’s population expected to be composed of elderly individuals by 2050. Aging skin is one of the major characteristics expressed in the elderly. The study comprehensively utilizes both cell and animal experiments to confirm the skin anti-aging effects of Poria cocos (P. cocos), which is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicines classified as tonic Chinese medicine, commonly used to treat physical weakness and aging-associated diseases. We demonstrate in this study that P. cocos lanostane triterpenoids extract (Lipucan®) ameliorates aging skin and promotes collagen accumulation and hyaluronic acid production in galactose-induced aging rats. Purified lanostane triterpenoids were initially identified as active components in P. cocos, which significantly increased collagen and hyaluronic acid levels in cultured human skin cells.
... Moreover, PCP is reported to have an anti-inflammatory effect. It can inhibit the production of several inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS stimulation through the inactivation of the NF-κB pathway in the RAW 264.7 cells (80). In our results, PCP alone did not reduce the virus load in serum or organ tissues of the PRRSV-infected pigs ( Figure 4F), whereas it significantly suppressed the production of the cytokines ( Figure 5) and alleviated the lung lesion ( Figures 4C-E). ...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important infectious diseases of pigs worldwide. Vaccination and various management measures have been implemented to control PRRS. However, due to high genetic diversity and insufficient understanding of the pathogenesis and immunological mechanisms, PRRS is still a challenge to the pig industry. Therefore, it is important to develop novel strategies to combat PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection. In this study, our data show that tylvalosin, a third-generation animal-specific macrolide, could inhibit PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells, and suppress the PRRSV-induced NF-κB activation and cytokines expression. The pig infection experiment further demonstrated that tylvalosin could significantly reduce the virus loads in serum and tissues, and alleviate lung lesions of pigs infected with highly pathogenic PRRSV strains. The fever and loss of daily gain (LoDG) of the pigs were decreased as well. Considering the feature of immune suppression of PRRSV, a combination of tylvalosin with the immunopotentiator Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCP) was developed. Pig experiment showed this combination had a better therapeutic efficacy against PRRSV infection than tylvalosin and PCP alone in attenuating lung lesions, alleviating fever, and suppressing cytokines production. This study suggests that tylvalosin has significant antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects against PRRSV infection, and the combination of tylvalosin and PCP provides a promising strategy for PRRS treatment.
... The primary difference between formulas 1217A and 1217B is the amount of Alismatis Rhizoma. TCM Poria cocos ethanol extract has been shown to decrease the production of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α by suppressing the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide [42]. Both formulas of 1217A and 1217B had increased the content of Poria cocos in this study, its purpose is to strengthen the pharmacological actions of antiinflammatory effects after exposure to mite allergens. ...
Background:
Allergic asthma occurs worldwide and is particularly prevalent in westernized countries characterized by chronic airway inflammation resulting in airway hyperresponsiveness. The house dust mites (HDM) including Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus are major sources of sensitization and triggering allergic symptoms in asthmatic patients. The Der p 2 is a major allergen and the predominant source of causative respiratory disorders which induce airway inflammation and bronchial constriction in mite-allergic patients. Few studies evaluate the ameliorating effects of modified Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan (modified LWDHW) on allergic asthma.
Methods:
This study aimed to investigate the immunological mechanisms of modified LWDHW on the reductions of airway inflammation, signal transduction, inflammatory cytokine production, Th2 cell proliferation, and bronchial obstruction in Der p 2-induced asthmatic mice.
Results:
At least ten active ingredients were contained in the formula of modified LWDHW- 1217A and 1217B. Results showed that the immunoglobulin generations (Der p 2 specific- IgE and IgG1), inflammatory cytokine productions (IL-5 and IL-13) in the Sera and BALF could be down-regulated, and the Th1-cytokine productions (IL-12 and IFN-γ) be increased after immunotherapy with modified LWDHW of 1217A or 1217B. The inflammatory cell infiltrations (macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils) in the airway and the expressions of TH2-related genes (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), TH2-related transcription factor (GATA-3), and neutrophil chemotactic chemokine (IL-8) in the lung tissue of asthmatic mice were significantly decreased after the immunotherapy. The Th1/Th2 polarization had been identified that the IL-4+/CD4+ T cells were downregulated and IFN-γ+/CD4+ T cells were increased. The airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine inhalation of Penh values was significantly decreased in the treated groups. There were significant improvements in the bronchus histopathology after immunotherapy with 1217A or 1217B which were evaluated by tracheal thickness, inflammatory cell count, and tracheal rupture of mouse lung.
Conclusion:
It revealed that 1217A or 1217B could regulate the immune responses and improve pulmonary function. Data suggests that modified LWDHW of 1217A or 1217B have the potential for use as a therapeutic intervention for the treatment of mite allergen Der p 2-induced allergic asthma.
... Curcuma longa, for example, displays anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activity [ 105 , 106 ] and seems to contribute to skin health [ 107 , 108 ]. As well, Poria cocus shows relevant anti-inflammatory [109] and immunoregulatory activity [110] and Kaempferia galangal has some anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects [111] . ...
Background: Dermatologic diseases are one of the most frequent health conditions. The impact on the quality of life of patients is evident and the negative effects on health can range from psychological and physical incapacity to even death. Because of the serious impact that dermatologic diseases can have on one's health, prevention and treatment of these conditions should be urgently included in global health strategies. Advancing scientific knowledge about traditional techniques has been gaining acknowledgement due to the contributions they can provide to global health. Objective: This study aims to analyse the current evidence on the effectiveness of traditional Chinese phytopharmacology (herbal medicine) on dermatologic conditions and to inform potential applications within western healthcare settings. Methodology: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct and Scielo databases to identify randomized clinical trials on Chinese herbal medicine for dermatologic conditions. Studies with low or moderate quality were excluded. Results: Our literature search yielded 151 studies, 135 after the removal of duplicates. After title and abstract screening, 38 studies were selected for retrieval. Full-text and quality assessment was performed on 33 studies, and 18 studies were included in the final analysis. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that Chinese phytopharmacology can be used as a complementary treatment for some dermatologic conditions. Major benefits seem to exist due to the presence of components that possess anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory action, as well as immunomodulatory effects. More studies should be conducted to confirm the complementary benefits of Chinese phytopharmacology for dermatologic conditions. Registration: The protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Registry for Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42022308304).
... In these, iNOS is highly involved in the production of NO [4,5]. The inflammatory response is distinguished by producing several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, etc. [6]. Overproduction of IL-1β upregulates adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells to activate the translocation of leukocytes, which is related to hyperalgesia and fever [7,8]. ...
This study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory activity of C. tinctorius leaves by measuring inflammatory parameters such as nitric oxide (NO) production and mRNA expression of iNOS, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HaCaT cells. Further, the effect of C. tinctorius ethanol extract on the MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway was examined in HaCaT cells. The phytochemical profile of the ethanol extract of C. tinctorius leaves was determined using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The results indicated that the ethanol extract of C. tinctorius effectively attenuated LPS-induced secretion of NO, IL-6, and IL-1β in HaCaT cells. Further, LPS-stimulated mRNA and protein expressions of iNOS were decreased by pre-treatment with C. tinctorius ethanol extract at the transcriptional level in HaCaT cells. Moreover, the ethanol extract of C. tinctorius suppressed NF-κB signaling in LPS-induced HaCaT cells. This suppression was mediated by MAPKs/NF-κB signaling, inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 and p65 in HaCaT cells. However, there is no significant effect on the phosphorylation of JNK by the ethanol extract. The QTOF-MS/MS analysis revealed the identification of 27 components in the ethanol extract of C. tinctorius leaves. The data demonstrate that the ethanol extract of C. tinctorius leaves protects the LPS-induced HaCaT cells by inhibiting the expression of iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1β and suppressing the phosphorylation of the p38, p65, p-JNK via inactivation of MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results demonstrate that C. tinctorius leaves may serve as a potential candidate to prevent inflammation-related diseases.
... 26 Moreover, several in-vitro studies showed that β-glucan from sources such as Pleurotus sajor-caju, Ganoderma lucidum, and Poria cocos could suppress the production of IL-1β and TNF-α. 28,29 This study found that β-glucan reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, indicated by a significant negative correlation between the dose of β-glucan administered and plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-1β. The increase in proinflammatory cytokines in obesity and metabolic syndrome may occur by activating the transcription factor NF-kB. ...
Introduction: The increasing consumption of high-fat and high-fructose foods contributes to the increasing prevalence of global obesity. Low-grade chronic inflammation in obesity is a significant risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of β-(1,3)-D-glucan from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) extract on rats fed with a high-fat and high-fructose diet. Design and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged eight weeks. The rats were divided into groups given a normal (N) diet, a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD), D1 (HFFD+125 mg/kg BW β-glucan), D2 (HFFD+250 mg/kg BW β glucan), and D3 (HFFD+375 mg/kg BW β-glucan) with an intervention of 14 weeks. IL-6 and IL-1β levels were measured by the ELISA method, while HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) was calculated by the fasting insulin (ng/mL) x fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)/405 formula. Pancreatic beta-cell counts were measured by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results: The results showed no differences in IL-6 and IL-1β between the treatment groups. However, there were significant differences in HOMA-IR and pancreatic beta-cell counts between groups. There were negative correlations between the dose of β-glucan and IL-6, IL-1β, and HOMA-IR levels. Also, there was a positive correlation between the dose of β-glucan and the number of pancreatic beta cells. Conclusions: Administration of β-(1,3)-D-glucan from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) extract prevented hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, also reduced inflammation in rats fed with HFFD regardless of weight gain.
... Te ethanol extract of Poria can inhibit the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 macrophages, thus reducing the secretion of infammatory mediators TNF-α and IL-1β. Poria targets the response of macrophages via the inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway [32]. Our fndings are consistent with previously published systematic reviews and meta-analyses. ...
Background. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disease in the world after diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, macular edema (ME) is the main cause of visual impairment in RVO patients. Intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents is recommended for RVO-ME. However, repeated injections severely limit their efficacy. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is widely used in RVO-ME as adjuvant therapy in China. Objective. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF combined with CHM for RVO-ME and to provide reliable evidence for clinical application. Methods. Seven databases were searched without language or publication status restrictions. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing anti-VEGF combined with CHM (anti-VEGF + CHM) versus anti-VEGF in participants with RVO-ME were included in this study. The “risk of bias assessment tool” of the Cochrane Handbook was applied to assess the quality of included trials, and RevMan 5.3 software was used for data analysis. Results. A total of 10 relevant trials with 743 patients were identified. The results showed that BCVA of the anti-VEGF + CHM group significantly improved at 3 months ( P < 0.00001 ), 6 months ( P = 0.008 ), and 12 months ( P = 0.01 ), and CMT significantly reduced at 1 month ( P = 0.02 ), 2 months ( P = 0.0009 ), 3 months ( P < 0.05 ), 6 months ( P < 0.0001 ), and 12 months ( P < 0.00001 ) compared with the anti-VEGF group alone. At the same time, the anti-VEGF + CHM group has a better performance in reducing the number of injections ( P < 0.05 ) and improving the total effective rate ( P < 0.0001 ). However, regarding adverse events, there was no statistical difference between the two groups ( P = 0.09 ). Conclusions. Our results provide promising evidence that anti-VEGF therapy combined with CHM may be more beneficial to patients than anti-VEGF therapy alone. However, because of the low quality and small sample size of the included studies, more rigorous and larger-scale trials were necessary to validate our results. Registration Number. CRD42021270262.
... The main difference between formula 1217A and 1217B is that content of the component-Alismatis Rhizoma is different. The ethanol extract of TCM Poria cocos has been reported to reduce the production of in ammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by suppressing the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages 42 . Both modi ed LWDHW formulas of 1217A and 1217B had increased the content of Poria cocos in this study, its purpose is to strengthen the pharmacological actions of antiin ammation after the mite allergen trigger. ...
Background
Allergic asthma occurs worldwide and is particularly prevalent in westernized countries characterized by chronic airway inflammation resulting in airway hyperresponsiveness. The house dust mites (HDM) including Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus are major sources of sensitization and triggering allergic symptoms in asthmatic patients. The Der p 2 is a major allergen and the predominant source of causative respiratory disorders which induce airway inflammation and bronchial constriction in mite-allergic patients. Few studies evaluate the ameliorating effects of modified Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan (modified LWDHW) on allergic asthma.
Methods
This study aimed to investigate the immunological mechanisms of modified LWDHW on the inhibitory effects of airway inflammation, signal transduction, inflammatory cytokine production, Th2 cell proliferation, and bronchial obstruction in Der p 2-induced asthmatic mice.
Results
At least ten active ingredients were contained in the formula of modified LWDHW- 1217A and 1217B. Results showed that the immunoglobulin generations (Der p 2 specific- IgE and IgG1), inflammatory cytokine productions (IL-5 and IL-13) in the Sera and BALF could be down-regulated, and the Th1-cytokine productions (IL-12 and IFN-γ) be increased after immunotherapy with modified LWDHW of 1217A or 1217B. The inflammatory cell infiltrations (macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils) in the airway and the expressions of TH2-related genes (IL4, IL5, and IL13), TH2-related transcription factor (GATA-3), and neutrophil chemotactic chemokine (IL8) in the lung tissue of asthmatic mice were significantly decreased after the immunotherapy. The Th1/Th2 polarization had been identified that the IL-4⁺/CD4⁺ T cells were downregulated and IFN-γ⁺/CD4⁺ T cells were increased. The airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine inhalation of Penh values was significantly decreased in the treated groups. There were significant improvements in the bronchus histopathology after immunotherapy with 1217A or 1217B which were evaluated by tracheal thickness, inflammatory cell count, and tracheal rupture of mouse lung.
Conclusions
It revealed that 1217A or 1217B could regulate the immune responses and improve pulmonary function. Data suggests that modified LWDHW of 1217A or 1217B have the potential for use as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of mite allergen Der p 2-induced allergic asthma.
... Mechanistic investigations were not performed to examine the bone protective mechanism of KSLP. KSLP constituents have been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities [15,[45][46][47][48][49]. It has been shown to reduce lipid peroxidation in the brain of D-galactoseinduced aged rats [50]. ...
Postmenopausal osteoporosis transpires due to excessive osteoclastic bone resorption and insufficient osteoblastic bone formation in the presence of oestrogen insufficiency. Kang Shuai Lao Pian (KSLP) is a red ginseng-based traditional Chinese medicine known for its anti-ageing properties. However, studies on its effect on bone loss are lacking. Thus, the current study examined the skeletal protective effects of KSLP in an ovariectomised rodent bone loss model. Three-month-old female Sprague Dawley rats (n=42) were randomised into baseline, sham and ovariectomised (OVX) groups. The OVX rats were supplemented with low- (KSLP-L; 0.15 g/kg), medium- (KSLP-M; 0.30 g/kg), high-dose KSLP (KSLP-H; 0.45 g/kg) or calcium carbonate (1% w/v). The daily supplementation of KSLP was performed via oral gavage for eight weeks. Gavage stress was stimulated in the ovariectomised control with distilled water. The rats were euthanised at the end of the study. Whole-body and femoral bone mineral content and density scans were performed at baseline and every four weeks. Blood samples were obtained for the determination of bone remodelling markers. Histomorphometry and biomechanical strength testing were performed on femurs and tibias. High bone remodelling typically due to oestrogen deficiency, indicated by the elevated bone formation and resorption markers, osteoclast surface, single-labelled surface and mineralising surface/bone surface ratio, was observed in the untreated OVX rats. Whole-body BMD adjusted to body weight and Young's modulus decreased significantly in the untreated OVX rats. High-dose KSLP supplementation counteracted these degenerative changes. In conclusion, KSLP improves bone health by normalising bone remodelling, thereby preventing bone loss and decreased bone strength caused by oestrogen deficiency. Its anti-osteoporosis effects should be validated in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.
