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![Fig. 2 Effects of Leptin [9, 10]](profile/Michael-Albosta/publication/349003620/figure/fig1/AS:987122320297996@1612359709831/Effects-of-Leptin-9-10_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 3 Effects of Adiponectin [10]](profile/Michael-Albosta/publication/349003620/figure/fig2/AS:987122320297997@1612359709862/Effects-of-Adiponectin-10_Q320.jpg)
Background
Type 2 Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that causes numerous complications with significant long-term morbidity and mortality. The disorder is primarily due to insulin resistance particularly in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. In this review, we detail the hormonal mechanisms leading to the dev...
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![Figure 3. The proposed role of adiponectin in kidney pathophysiology [44].](profile/Amirhosein-Ziyaiyan/publication/350617341/figure/fig1/AS:1008810017710085@1617530459695/The-proposed-role-of-adiponectin-in-kidney-pathophysiology-44_Q320.jpg)
Adiponectin (a protein consisting of 244 amino acids and characterized by a molecular
weight of 28 kDa) is a cytokine that is secreted from adipose tissues (adipokine). Available evidence
suggests that adiponectin is involved in a variety of physiological functions, molecular and cellular
events, including lipid metabolism, energy regulation, immun...
Citations
... Today, many dietary models (such as a low-carbohydrate diet, Mediterranean diet (MD), and intermittent fasting) are practiced by individuals with diabetes [10][11][12]. Among these diets, the MD is reported to improve glycemic control and reduce the risk of subsequent metabolic diseases of children with T1DM by helping with balanced and adequate nutrition [13]. ...
Background
A chronic autoimmune disease with an increasing incidence rate, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is typified by the degeneration of the pancreatic beta cells. Diabetes management is significantly impacted by nutrition. Although it has been demonstrated that following the Mediterranean diet (MD) improves metabolic control with type 2 diabetes in children and adults, its effects on children with T1DM have not received much attention.
Objective
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess whether adherence to Mediterranean diet is associated with better metabolic control and body composition in youths with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. The study recruited T1DM patients aged 6-18 years at İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty Hospital's Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Outpatient Clinic for follow-up.
Methods
In addition to demographic variables, some anthropometric measurements, body composition and biochemical parameters such as: Trygliceride(TG), Total cholesterol (TC), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), (Aspartate aminotransferase) AST, Alanine transaminase (ALT) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was analyzed. The time in range (TIR) is a value obtained from continuous glucose monitoring. KIDMED was used to assess the participants' adherence with the MD.
Results
Good adherence to the MD resulted in much larger height SDS than poor adherence. Poor adherence to MD resulted in higher body fat than moderate and good adherence.
There is positivite correlation between TIR and KIDMED score. Adherence to MD is negatively associated with HbA1c. The regression anaylsis showed that a one-point rise in the KIDMED score would result in a 0.314-unit reduction in the HbA1c value (p < 0.01).
Conclusions
In conclusion, this study found that adhering to MD led to improved anthropometric measurements, biochemistry, and diabetes outcomes. Awareness among children, adolescents with T1DM, and their parents about the benefits of MD compliance for glycemic and metabolic control should be raised.
... Previous studies have shown that intermittent fasting is effective in losing weight, lowering fasting glucose, lowering fasting insulin, reducing insulin resistance, lowering leptin levels, and increasing adiponectin levels. Patients were able to reverse their need for insulin therapy during the intermittent fasting therapy protocol with physician supervision (Albosta & Bakke, 2021). ...
Background: The glucose index is an important parameter in diabetes management and general health. Intermittent fasting has become an interesting research topic in an attempt to control glucose index. This study Glucose index is an important parameter in diabetes management and general health. Intermittent fasting has become an interesting research topic in an attempt to control glucose index. Purpose: This study aims to conduct a systematic review of the different types of intermittent fasting and their impact on glucose index control. Method: The research method used was a thorough literature search in scientific databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect for articles investigating different types of intermittent fasting in the context of glucose index control. We evaluated these articles based on their methodological quality and identified key findings. Results: The results of this systematic review showed that different types of intermittent fasting, including 16/8 fasting, 5:2 fasting, daily fasting, and full-day fasting, have varying impacts on glucose index control. Some studies showed significant reductions in fasting blood glucose levels, improved insulin sensitivity, and decreased insulin resistance. However, the results may vary depending on the duration of fasting, the type of food consumed during the feeding period, and individual characteristics. Conclusion: suggests that intermittent fasting could be a potentially effective strategy in glucose index control. However, more studies need to be conducted to better understand which type of intermittent fasting is most effective and safe for individuals with various health conditions.
... The IF regimen is typically categorized into three frequently employed approaches, namely time-restricted feeding, alternate-day fasting, and modified fasting. 11,12 This study applied a time restricted feeding (TRF) regimen with a 16:8 protocol, and then the rats fasted for 16 hours, and the feeding window was opened for 8 hours. The fasting started at 4:00 pm to 8:00 am. ...
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia. DM therapy is mainly purposed to control blood glucose levels by adjusting diet and reducing body fat, which can be implemented with calorie restriction (CR) by intermittent fasting (IF), a diet that alternates periods between eating and fasting. Sirtuins, proteins activated by CR, can regulate glucose metabolism, regulate insulin secretion, and protect cells from oxidative stress, so IF is considered to be an opportunity for DM management.Objective: This study is to determine effects of IF on Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity, and total antioxidants (TAOC) in rat models of Wistar with DM.Methods: This experimental study applied a post-test control group design involving 24 Wistar rats which were divided into 4 groups: K1 (rats with DM without IF), K2 (rats with DM treated with metformin 45 mg/kg BW, K3 (rats with DM treated with IF), and K4 (normal rats treated with IF). The diabetes condition were induced with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The rats received IF treatment, fasted for 16 hours and ate window open for 8 hours. This treatment was conducted for 14 days. The FBG levels were measured by using a glucometer, while SIRT1 activity and TAOC were measured by using the ELISA method.Results: The statistical analysis using the Kruskal Wallis test for the FBG levels indicated that there was a significant difference among the four groups (p = 0.000). The ANOVA test for SIRT1 activity revealed that there was a significant difference among the four groups (p = 0.001). The Kruskal Wallis test for TAOC pointed out that there was no significant difference among the four groups (p = 0.529).Conclusion: The IF method using a 16:8 regimen reduced the FBG levels and increased the sirtuin 1 activity, but it was not proven to increase the TAOC in the rat models of Wistar with DM.
... This phenomenon is particularly notable in visceral and hepatic tissues, as indicated by studies by Baumeier in 2015, Wei in 2018, and Kim in 2017. 17,18 Some studies also propose that muscle tissue with increased fat cells could contribute to insulin resistance. For instance, a study by Baumeier in 2015 showcased that diabetic mice exhibited decreased insulin resistance when fat cell accumulation in muscle tissue reduced. ...
... It is advised that doctors become knowledgeable about the possible advantages of intermittent fasting for their diabetes patients. However, before beginning an intermittent fasting program, patients should speak with their doctors since medical supervision is necessary for modifying prescription regimens and for general safety while fasting (Albosta M, et al., 2021). 26,33 CONCLUSION Intermittent fasting holds promise as an adjunctive strategy in the management of type-1 and type-2 diabetes, offering potential benefits such as weight loss and improved insulin sensitivity. ...
... In relation to the number and type of BCTs used [59], these results are in line with the work of Michie et al. [27] and also support previous studies suggesting that goal setting and planning and social support are among the most useful BCTs in order to achieve weight loss. Finally, in relation to diet techniques, high protein intake and intermittent diets seem to be more associated with weight loss compared to other approaches, as recently proved by two systematic reviews [78,79]. ...
Purpose of Review
Around 80–90% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are overweight or obese, presenting a greater risk for serious health complications and mortality. Thus, weight loss represents a main goal for T2DM management. Although behavioral lifestyle interventions (BLIs) could help promoting weight loss in T2DM patients with overweight or obesity, their effectiveness is still controversial. This systematic review offers an updated and comprehensive picture of BLIs according to Michie’s classification in T2DM patients with overweight or obesity and identifies possible factors (related to both patients and interventions) associated with weight loss. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The literature search till March 2023 indicated 31 studies involving 42 different BLIs.
Recent Findings
Our findings suggest that structured BLIs, characterized by frequent feedback and support, can lead to a clinically meaningful 5% weight loss, regardless of specific behavioral, diet, and physical activity components.
Summary
Further research should address methodological issues and heterogeneity of interventions, also considering the effect of pharmacological therapies on weight reduction. Lastly, more attention should be paid to the long-term effectiveness of behavioral lifestyle interventions and to the relationship between weight loss and diabetes.
... Intermittent fasting (IF), a regimen for improving body composition and metabolic health, has gained popularity recently, especially in conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and neurological disorders [19]. Clinical studies demonstrate that IF decreases body weight, improves glycemic control, reduces hemoglobin A 1c levels and blood pressure, and has even been suggested as a potential treatment for T2DM [11,[20][21][22]. ...
... Intermittent fasting (IF), a regimen for improving body composition and metabolic health, has gained popularity recently, especially in conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and neurological disorders [19]. Clinical studies demonstrate that IF decreases body weight, improves glycemic control, reduces hemoglobin A 1c levels and blood pressure, and has even been suggested as a potential treatment for T2DM [11,[20][21][22]. ...
... Impaired insulin sensitivity will lead to insulin resistance, which is associated with metabolic syndromes (MetS) such as hypertension and dyslipidemia [31]. Energy depletion is achieved through IF, and this will lead to prolonged reduction of insulin secretion, which activates AMP-activated protein kinase and improves insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis by promoting glucose uptake and utilization [32]. Blood glucose level did not change significantly as a result of IF, possibly because of the mechanisms involved in maintaining blood glucose level and preventing hypoglycemia, namely, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis [33]. ...
The efficacy of intermittent fasting (IF), as an emerging weight management strategy, in improving cardiometabolic health has been evaluated in various populations, but that among Chinese individuals has not been systematically studied. A comprehensive search on multiple databases was performed to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to October 2022. The primary outcome was post-intervention weight loss, and secondary outcomes included changes in cardiometabolic indicators. Effect estimates were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model. In total, nine RCTs with 899 Chinese participants were included. Time-restricted eating was the most adopted IF protocol in this study (six out of nine), followed by alternate-day fasting. The IF intervention significantly reduced body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides when compared with control groups. However, no statistically significant reductions in waist circumference, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were found. To sum up, IF can be a weight management strategy and may improve the cardiometabolic health of Chinese adults, but more long-term trials using different IF strategies are required to generate robust evidence of its efficacy.
... This improvement in the treatment of different diseases has also been contrasted by other trials [37,38]. However, recent reviews show the need for long-term studies evaluating this type of intervention versus isocaloric restriction in humans to know whether the results may be different from those observed after similar weight loss achieved through modest continuous energy restriction [39][40][41]. ...
Intermittent fasting is one of the most popular types of diet at the moment because it is an effective nutritional strategy in terms of weight loss. The main objective of this review is to analyze the effects that intermittent fasting has on sports performance. We analyzed physical capacities: aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, strength, and power, as well as their effect on body composition. For this, a bibliographic search was carried out in several databases where 25 research articles were analyzed to clarify these objectives. Inclusion criteria: dates between 2013 and present, free full texts, studies conducted in adult human athletes, English and/or Spanish languages, and if it has been considered that intermittent fasting is mainly linked to sports practice and that this obtains a result in terms of performance or physical capacities. This review was registered in PROSPERO with code ref. 407024, and an evaluation of the quality or risk of bias was performed. After this analysis, results were obtained regarding the improvement of body composition and the maintenance of muscle mass. An influence of intermittent fasting on sports performance and body composition is observed. It can be concluded that intermittent fasting provides benefits in terms of body composition without reducing physical performance, maintenance of lean mass, and improvements in maximum power. But despite this, it is necessary to carry out new studies focusing on the sports field since the samples have been very varied. Additionally, the difference in hours of intermittent fasting should be studied, especially in the case of overnight fasting.
... Drugs like sulfonylureas and different insulin preparations either work by increasing the endogenous or exogenous insulin. While these therapies act to decrease hyperglycemia, they are not properly managing insulin resistance, leading to the increase the requirement of medication over time [3]. Moreover, using intensive insulin therapy to attain tight glycemic control in T2D patients leads to hyperinsulinemia and weight gain over a 6 month period [25]. ...
... From this hypothesis, IF emerged as a non-medicinal choice for T2D management through improving the insulin sensitivity. IF plays this role by modulating three hormones insulin, leptin and adiponectin [3]. ...
... Intermittent fasting reduces adiposity, especially visceral fat and truncal fat, mainly due to negative energy balance [11]. Through this weight reduction and fat loss, leptin levels may decrease with more appetite control [3]. Leptin production is mainly controlled by insulin-induced alterations in adipose tissue metabolism. ...
Background
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a commonly used dietary practice that alternates between periods of unrestricted dietary consumption and abstinence from caloric intake. IF reduces caloric intake along with metabolic switch from utilization of glucose to fatty acids and ketones and resulting in reduction in adiposity and subsequently insulin resistance. Thus, it has been hypothesized that IF regimens can improve body composition in obese and overweight individuals.
Aim
To assess the effect of IF on lipid biokinetics in obese and overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Patients and methods
Thirty overweight or obese T2D patients were recruited from the diabetes outpatient clinics at the Specialized Medical Hospital, Mansoura University. Patients were subjected to time restricted fasting for 16 h (from dawn to sunset) during Ramadan. Anthropometric data were measured for participants before and 3 weeks after Ramadan fasting. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, lipid profile, leptin, beta hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and high sensitive CRP levels were measured 1 week before and 3 weeks after Ramadan fasting.
Results
30 diabetic patients were recruited with a mean age of 54.3 ± 7.2 years. 24 (80%) were females. Obesity was diagnosed in 27 cases (90%). The median diabetes duration was 10 years. The study showed a statistically significant decrease in post-fasting body weight (BW), Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) & hip circumference (HC). There was a statistically significant decrease of post-fasting low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), Total cholesterol (TC), and leptin. The study also showed a statistically significant increase of post-fasting high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and βHB. No significant change was found in post-fasting levels of HbA1c, FPG, triglycerides (TG) or high sensitive CRP. Post-fasting leptin was positively correlated with post-fasting BW, BMI, WC, and HC. Post-fasting βHB was positively correlated with post-fasting TG, HbA1c, and LDL-C. Leptin levels change (pre vs post fasting) was positively correlated with the change in LDL-C levels.
Conclusion
IF reduced leptin and increased β-hydroxybutyrate levels. IF is an effective tool for losing weight and visceral fat and improving lipid profile in obese and overweight patients with T2D.
