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Effect of three plant materials on the mean leaf weight, root weight, gall no/plant and damage rating of Celosia argantea (mean of two years)
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In an effort to explore a less toxic and a more environmentally compatible, cheaper and more easily available approach to the control of parasitic nematodes the leaves of three plants (Chromolaena odorata, Thevetia peruviana and Ocimum viride) were evaluated for their potential to protect Celosia argentea from damage by nematodes. A randomized comp...
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Context 1
... area became generally broader with successive weeks in all the treatments. The means of leaf and root weights per plant were generally low in the untreated controls compared to the mulched plots, (Table 6.). These two parameters however did not differ significantly (P≥0.05). ...
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... mulched plots showed significant (P≤0.05) reductions in gall numbers compared with the untreated controls with 110.83 galls/plant (Table 6.). Damage rating indicated that C. odorata plots had moderate damage; O. viride and T. peruviana both had severe damage while the un-mulched controls showed very severe damage (Table 6.). ...
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... in gall numbers compared with the untreated controls with 110.83 galls/plant (Table 6.). Damage rating indicated that C. odorata plots had moderate damage; O. viride and T. peruviana both had severe damage while the un-mulched controls showed very severe damage (Table 6.). Table 2. Performance of three plant materials on the mean girths (cm) of Celosia argentea (mean of two years) Table 5. ...
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... may be as a result of enhanced aeration, good soil structure and texture brought about by the application of these organic plant materials. It has been well established that soil temperature and moisture regimes are well regulated by mulching materials with an attendant increase in the activities of biological agents in the soil which in turn improve the quality and quantity of crop produced by the plants ( Rao and Reddy 1992, Tobih and Okonmah 2009, Tobih 2011 nematodes, hence a reduction in the number of galls per plant compared with the very high gall/plant results from the control plots, (Table 6.). Galling is a reaction of the plant to the feeding of the root-knot nematode which may also vary in size with different applications of plant materials. ...
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An experiment was conducted in the Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutsinma, Katsina State Nigeria, between May to August, 2016. A survey was carried out from three farm areas around Dutsin-Ma Metropolis to investigate and determine the incidence and population of plant parasitic nematodes of green amaranth (Amaranthus hybridu...
Citations
... Relatively, the compost amendment reduced the transformed population of P. zeae individuals compared to other treatments. This is consistent with the reports of Ozores-Hampton [31] that the use of organic amendments suppressed soil phytoparasitic nematode populations by releasing some toxic chemicals to inhibit nematode microbial activity [32]. The reproductive capacity of P. zeae was significantly affected by the compost amendment by contributing to reduction in the juvenile population compared to other fertilizers. ...
Crops grown on the field or in phytotrons are faced with different biotic stresses including plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) and abiotic stresses such as drought and poor soil fertility (low nitrogen levels). In this study, the interactive responses of a low-nitrogen tolerant variety LNTP-YC6 and a regular variety BR-9928-DMRSR to Pratylenchus zeae under four nitrogen-levels: no amendment; [T0], low nitrogen [100kgN/ha NPK; T1], optimum nitrogen [200kgN/ha NPK + Urea; T2] and compost [10t/ha; T3] were investigated. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial fitted into randomised complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. Data were collected on growth parameters (plant height and stem girth), yield components (number and weight of cobs), lesion score (LS), final nematode population (FNP) and reproductive factor (RF). Low nutrient stress in combination with nematode infection generally reduced maize growth and yield. Growth parameters of BR-9928-DMRSR variety were generally high while yield parameters of LNTP-YC6 variety were significantly greater than in BR-9928-DMRSR variety. However, T2 and T3 improved growth and yield of both maize varieties compared to T0, with T2 being superior to T3. Meanwhile, T3 reduced FNP more than T2. FNP (107.65) and RF (1.3) of P. zeae on LNTP-YC6 variety and with T3 was significantly low compared to T2 (178, 3.34), T0 (188, 3.6) and T1 (217, 5.0). In all the parameters considered, LNTP-YC6 outperformed BR-9928-DMRSR variety. In conclusion, soil amendment with optimum rate of nitrogen and compost reduced nematode population and enhanced maize growth, while low nitrogen in combination with nematode stress reduced maize yield.
... Oka and Yermiyahu, (2000) equally reported the suppressive effect of organic amendments on the population of soil nematode. This they did by releasing some toxic chemicals to the nematodes (Tobih et al., 2011). Zhang et al., 2013 equally reported the effectiveness of poultry waste biochar in decreasing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes. ...
... Carbon-tetrachloride with molecular formula CCl4, is used as solvent in preparation of many industrial organic compounds [1][2] and its exposure through inhalation, ingestion is spread throughout the body with high concentration in liver, muscles, fat tissue brain, kidney and blood [3]; and damages various tissues especially liver [4]. Celosia argentea, a tropical, leaf vegetable crop known as Lagos spinach or cockscrew comb belong to the family Amaranthaceae, popularly known as "Shokoyokoto" among the Yorubas, meaning "make husbands fat" [5]. Celosia argentea with a variety of isolated phytoconstituents such as saponins and flavonoids; concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc; trace levels of chromium, manganese [6], nickel is widely used in traditional medicine to cure several disorders such as fever, diarrhea, mouth sores, itching, wounds, jaundice, gonorrhea, and inflammation. ...
... The result were found to be significantly different (P<0.001). Plant height, girth, leaf area and numbers of leaves were reduced in the M. incognita on Celosia argentea plant (Tobih et al., 2011). The efficacy of leaf extract of M. elengi on the root-knot nematode, M. incognita infecting the black gram, V. mungo was evaluated individually on the root gall index and presented in the Table 8, significantly different (P < 0.001). ...
... Oka and Yermiyahu (2000) reported the effect of organic amendments on soil nematode. This they did by releasing some toxic chemicals to the nematodes (Olabiyi, 2004;Tobih et al., 2011). Galls recorded across the treatments indicated proliferation of nematodes and their active penetration due to the level of soil infestation (Ononuju, 1999) and low quantity of treatments applied which could not inhibit parasitic attack. ...
... In addition, it prevents soil erosion, baking of the soil surface, acts as an insulation and buffer, moderating the effect of weather, soil temperature and activities of the soil biological agents (Onwueme, 1978;Foster, 1984;Ikeorgu and Ezumah, 1991). Commonly used mulching materials are dry leaves, grass straw, decomposed manure; synthetic mulching material such as black, white polythene, clear and porous plastic (Mathew and Karikari, 1990;Tobih and Okonmah, 2009;Tobih et al., 2011;Tobih, 2011). In an attempt to reduce residue problem and mammalian toxicity in pesticides, many alternatives to synthetic pesticides are being developed (Ogban et al., 2008). ...
An investigation was carried out in Njala, Southern Sierra Leone to evaluate three plant materials as organic mulch for the control of aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) and foliage beetle (Ootheca mutabilis Sahl) in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in 2013 cropping season. A field experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RBCD) and replicated three times. Treatments comprise; a control (un-mulch), three mulching materials (Neem-Azadirachta indica, Saim weed-Chromolaena odorata and Papaya-Carica papaya leaves); and two cowpea cultivars (IT86D-721/Slipea 2 and Musia). Mulch treatments were respectively applied at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after planting, at a constant rate of 6.3kg per plot (15.75kg/ha), given a grand total of 18.9kg (47,250kg/ha) applied per plot for the entire period. The insect incidence was assessed on a 0-1 scale and severity on a 0-5 rating scale. The study’s result indicates that the three mulch materials caused variations in the incidence and severity of A. craccivora and O. mutabilis. As expected, the incidence (0.857) and severity (1.898) of aphids increased in control plots (un-mulched), but decreased in mulched plots. Papaya and saim weed gave the lowest incidence and severity of aphids. Foliage beetle severity also increased in control plots (2.146), but decreased in plots mulched with neem (1.961) and papaya (1.967). All three mulch materials exhibited insecticidal potential in suppressing aphid and foliage beetle damage, with papaya demonstrating superior effect. This result indicates that papaya leaves are superior as repellant or antifeedant botanical to aphids and foliage beetles than the other two plants species evaluated. These treatment plots had less aphid and foliage beetle damages, but none caused aphid and beetle mortality. These plants are readily available in all communities in Sierra Leone, and thus should be exploited for their potential bio-insecticidal properties.
Key words: Aphid; beetle; incidence; mulch; severity
Celosia (Celosia L.), generally known as cockscomb or woolflower, is a genus of ornamental and edible tender annuals in the Amaranthaceae. Ornamental cultivars are subject to few diseases, although fungal and bacterial leaf spots, Botrytis blight, Rhizoctonia root and stem rot, damping-off, and root-knot nematode may occur where humidity is high or where good growing practices, sanitation, and other cultural disease management practices that reduce inoculum and spread of propagules are not followed.
