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This research explored the lignocellulolytic potential of native strains (Hipoxylon sp, Curvularia kusanoi, Trichoderma sp and Aspergillus fumigatus) isolated from natural substrates. Their sequences were deposited in the GenBank, and it‘s lignocellulosic potentialities were determined quantitatively from kinetics of cellulase and ligninase product...
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Chemical composition and physical structure of solid substrate have significantly impacts on fermentation performance. The aqueous ammonia was used to pretreat rice straw. Furthermore, the feasibility of pretreatment to improve laccase production was also evaluated in terms of the enzymatic digestibility, chemical structure, physical structure, and...
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... The optimal temperature for laccase activity of C. lunata MY3 (40 °C) is equal to the optimum temperature of recently purified laccase from C. kusanoi (Vázquez et al. 2019). Also, it is congruent to Marasmius species BBKAV79 40 °C, T. Versicolor 42.5 °C, and Hericium coralloides 40 °C (Vantamuri and Kaliwal 2016;Brazkova et al. 2017;Zou et al. 2012). ...
... A wide range of these groups of oxidizing enzymes retain their activities over a wide range of temperatures from 5 to 55 °C. The behavior of thermal stability for C. lunata MY3 laccase was congruent with C. kusanoi L7 laccase (Vázquez et al. 2019), comparable to Streptomyces cyaneus laccase which is reported to have retained more than 75% of its activity after incubation for 120 min at 50 °C ) and more than previously purified P. ostreatus EM-1 laccase that retains 22.6% of its initial activity upon incubation at 50 °C (Adamafio et al. 2012). ...
... Also, the pH profile of the present study is similar to that reported for other fungal laccases purified from Trametes orientalis pH 4.0 (Zheng et al. 2017), T. harzianum WL1, pH 4.5 (Sadhasivam et al. 2008), Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 pH 5.5 (Vantamuri and Kaliwal 2016), and Curvularia kusanoi L7 where the highest laccase activity was reached at pH 6.0 (Vázquez et al. 2019). The sharp decline in the enzyme stability above pH 6.5 might be a result of the exchange of the bonds that occurs in the alkaline and near alkaline conditions. ...
Laccase-producing fungus (MY3) was successfully isolated from soil samples collected from Mansoura Governorate, Egypt. This fungal isolate has shown a high laccase production level over other isolated fungi. The identity of this isolate was determined by the molecular technique 18SrRNA as Curvularia lunata MY3. The enzyme purification was performed using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by Sephacryl S-200 and DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography. The denatured enzyme using SDS-PAGE had a molar mass of 65 kDa. The purified laccase had an optimum temperature at 40 °C for enzyme activity with 57.3 kJ/mol activation energy for 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) oxidation. The enzyme had an optimum pH of 5.0, and it has shown a high stability at the acidic range (4.5 to 5.5). Mn2+ and Mg2+ ions enhanced the enzyme activity, while most of the enzyme activity was inhibited by Hg2+. Some compounds such as 2-mercaptoethanol, L-cysteine, and sodium azide at a concentration of 10 mmol/L had shown a high suppression effect on the enzyme activity. The enzyme strongly oxidized ABTS and syringaldazine and moderately oxidized DMP and guaiacol. The antimicrobial activity of the purified enzyme towards three pathogenic strains (Escherichia coli ATCC-25922, Staphylococcus aureus NRRLB-767, and Candida albicans ATCC-10231) was evaluated for the potential use as an antimicrobial therapeutic enzyme.
... In both rich and emerging economies, poor industrialization, agricultural, and environmental policies have resulted in massive discharges of toxic waste, such as fluorinated and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, laccase-producing organisms, such as genetically modified plants that overexpress laccase and free-living Curvularia and Bipolaris species, are used instead of costly physical and chemical detoxification methods [194,195]. Bringing these "nature bioengineering" fungus species on board and maximizing their capabilities could have ramifications in medicine, agriculture, and the chemical sector, ensuring the bio economy's long-term maintenance and viability. ...
... It is important to fully comprehend the economic benefits of the cryptic Cochliobolus complex at the organismal level, such as their role in the production of industrial enzymes [195], medications [196], and bioremediation [194], biodiesel [197]. Bioremediation is the capacity of microorganisms to break down (detoxify) harmful chemicals and undesirable organic compounds into non-toxic molecules [198]. ...
Cochliobolus, Bipolaris, and Curvularia genera contain various devastating plant pathogens that cause severe crop losses worldwide. The species belonging to these genera also perform a variety of diverse functions, including the remediation of environmental contaminations, beneficial phytohormone production, and maintaining their lifestyle as epiphytes, endophytes, and saprophytes. Recent research has revealed that despite their pathogenic nature, these fungi also play an intriguing role in agriculture. They act as phosphate solubilizers and produce phytohormones, such as indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GAs), to accelerate the growth of various plants. Some species have also been reported to play a significant role in plant growth promotion during abiotic stresses, such as salinity stress, drought stress, heat stress, and heavy metal stress, as well as act as a biocontrol agent and a potential mycoherbicide. Similarly, these species have been reported in numerous industrial applications to produce different types of secondary metabolites and biotechnological products and possess a variety of biological properties, such as antibacterial, antileishmanial, cytotoxic, phytotoxic,
and antioxidant activities. Additionally, some of the species have been utilized in the production of numerous valuable industrial enzymes and biotransformation, which has an impact on the growth of crops all over the world. However, the current literature is dispersed, and some of the key areas, such as taxonomy, phylogeny, genome sequencing, phytohormonal analysis, and diversity, are still being neglected in terms of the elucidation of its mechanisms, plant growth promotion, stress tolerance, and bioremediation. In this review, we highlighted the potential role, function, and diversity of Cochliobolus, Curvularia, and Bipolaris for improved utilization during environmental biotechnology
... This difference in enzyme activity is likely due to the fact that laccase activity varies and depends on the microorganism producing it. However, the enzyme activity of the partially purified laccase observed is higher compared to the enzyme activity of laccase produced by Curvularia kusanoi L7 strain (2800U/L equivalent to 2.8U/mL) after a three-phase purification system in a study carried out by Vázqueza et al. (2019). The protein concentration decreases from 4.04 mg/mL to 1.95 mg/mL while the specific activity increases from 0.41 U/mg to 1.87 U/mg after the partial purification. ...
The increasing discharge of dyes into the environment and their consequential ecological effects has necessitated the need for the ecofriendly decolourization methods. Laccases became enzymes of research interest due to their broad substrates specificities. The aim of the study was to purify, characterize and determine the decolourization ability of Curvularia lunata SS17 produced laccase. Laccase was produced using maize cob as substrate under optimized culture conditions and purified using Gel Filtration Chromatography. Biuret method was then used to estimate the protein contents of the crude and partially purified laccase. Specific activities, purification fold and yield (%) of the crude and purified laccase enzyme were also estimated. Decolourization potentials of the crude and partially purified enzyme were evaluated using four dyes namely: Congo red, Methylene blue, Bromocresol green and direct yellow. Elution profile of partially purified laccase revealed that fraction 5 had the highest laccase activity (3.654 U/mL). Optimum conditions for enzyme activity were estimated to be 35oC and pH 6. Enzyme activity of the partially purified laccase (3.654 U/mL) was observed to be higher than that of the crude laccase (1.635 U/mL). Also, the partially purified laccase had higher specific activity (1.87 U/mg) compared to that of the crude laccase (0.41 U/mg). Higher percentage dye decolourization potential was observed using the partially purified laccase compared to the crude laccase. Increase in percentage decolourization of the dyes by the partially purified laccase as well as crude laccase was observed as incubation time proceeds.
... Likewise, in the study of Grujić et al. 17 , T. harzianum strain cultivated on spent compost of Agaricus bisporus synthesized highly active xylanase isoforms (> 2.0 U mL -1 ) as well as T. atroviride whose endocellulase production reached ~ 0.8 U mL -1 while the best βglucosidase producer was T. koningi (~ 6.0 U mL -1 ). However, Vázquez et al. 25 detected significantly lower values of endo-and especially exocellulase activities during the whole period of wheat straw fermentation by T. viride compared to our results. Furthermore, the same species synthesized very low active xylanase isoforms during submerged cultivation on various agricultural residues, such as wheat, sorghum, and corn. ...
The main goal of this study was to analyze the potential of Trichoderma viride BEOFB 1210m for cellulase production during solid-state fermentation of wheat straw pretreated with the ligninosome of a well-known white-rot delignificator – Pleurotus pulmonarius HAI 573. After only 7 days of T. viridae BEOFB 1210m cultivation on biologically pretreated wheat straw, this micromycete produced the most active xylanases, which were also the dominant enzymes, with a value of even 3730.10 U L-1. Likewise, maximal but much lower values of exocellulases (155.83 U L-1) and β-glucosidases (59.98 U L-1) were detected after the same period of fermentation. However, much higher activity of endocellulase (2439.55 U L-1) was obtained on the 10th day. The dynamics of enzyme activity was reflected on the level of substrate depolymerization. As much as 30.56% of the cellulose was degraded already on the 7th day, and that percentage did not change significantly until the end of the cultivation period. A significant loss of hemicelluloses was also measured at the beginning of the fermentation process, but it reached a maximum of approximately 50% by the 21st day. The results clearly showed that the selected T. viride strain has very good potential to synthesize highly active cellulases when grown on a cheap and available substrate, which is significant for further large-scale industrial applications.
... As the primary feedstock is expected to be fibrous plant material, especially cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes might be desired to be produced by the used fungi. [17] An increase in the qualities of applied organisms can be furthermore aided by directed evolution. The introduction of random mutations in the tested genes alters their performance leading to the upgrade in the final product. ...
Prolonged stay in space, including concepts such as the colonisation of Mars or other bodies, requires the construction of living space. Idea of shipping materials from Earth has been long mostly abandoned, in favour of ISRU, which is the topic of this work, focusing on current trends in fungal material production and future perspectives. Locally sourced regolith may and should be the core ingredient, along with novel technologies based on biotechnological advancements such as microbe-derived products. Production of construction materials with usage of filamentous fungi and bacteria leads to components of varying qualities, with possibilities of fitting into the desired usage case-early research stages propose using fungi and bacteria composite materials as an alternative to particle boards, with a similar approach being used to produce different materials such as textiles, foams, furniture, protective packaging, wood-like materials, and even construction material prototypes, on Earth. The most common way of producing fungi-based materials is by filling moulds with the inoculated feedstock and incubating such moulds until the fungus spreads inside. A novel approach is to use 3D printing with the inoculated feedstock to construct various shapes that can be incubated keeping the printed shape. Such an approach eliminates the need to produce moulds beforehand and makes it possible to produce large and irregular objects such as whole buildings by using a printer only. Importantly, by joining with bacteria and bacteria-derived products, the technology, along with microbial 3D printing, could allow construction materials of increased endurance and additional qualities, the core concept of mWALLd.
... Alternaria tenuissima, P. rubens, Curvularia kusanoi, Humicolasp, P. pinophilum, Phoma sp., and Fusarium sp. fungal endophytes have been identi ed to produce amylase, cellulase, cellulase tyrosinase, and laccase enzymes (Vázquez et al., 2018;Yasser et al., 2019). Acremonium implicatum, Phyllosticta sp., Cylindrocephalum sp., C. falcatum, C. gleosporoides, C. truncatum, C. brachyspora, C. vermiformis, Alternaria sp., A. calidoustus, A. niger, A. fumigates, Cercospora kikuchii, Chaetomium sp., Fuzarium sp., Drechslera hawaiiensis., Drechslera sp., Mycelia streilia sp., F. oxysporum, Isaria sp., Pestalotiopsis, Penicillium sp., P. marneffei, sp., Phoma sp., P. viridicatum, Phomopsis longicolla, Catharanthus roseusto, Xylaria sp., ...
Plants are a potential reservoir of original microbes primarily known as endophytes, which can live inside their tissue without causing any visible harm. Fungal endophytes are abundantly reported from all tissues such as buds, flowers, stems, bark, leaves, roots, fruits, and seeds. Moreover, fungal endophytes can be grown with relative ease, making production at the large scale. Currently, research into the valuable use of fungal endophytes has been increased globally. The unique attributes of fungal endophytes thus herald huge promise for their application in biotechnology and various industries. In this chapter, the production of a wide range of new bioactive compounds or secondary metabolites from fungal endophytes that are a potential alternative resource of secondary plant metabolites as well as natural producers of much needed medicines. Current development that has been assemble the selection of fungal endophytes for the manufacture and popularize of precise biologically active new compounds originate from fungal endophytes. Many fungal endophytes provide the important medicinal compounds such as Taxol, Huperzine, Vincristine, Vinblastine, Podophyllotoxin, and other globally significant novel secondary metabolites, and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.KeywordsFungal endophytesBiotechnologySecondary metabolitesBioactive compoundsEnzymes
... Contrary to results obtained by Kurbanmuratovich and Ismailovna (2018) and Vázquez et al. (2019) all tested species in our study produced significantly more active isoforms of cellulases on both substrates. Namely, T. harzianum strain in the study of Kurbanmuratovich and Ismailovna (2018) produced enzymes with activity of only 0.84 U/mL after six days of fermentation of filter paper, while Vázquez et al. (2019) reported extremely low endo-and exocellulase activities (0.002 U/mL and 0.06 U/mL, respectively) after wheat straw fermentation by the same species. ...
... Contrary to results obtained by Kurbanmuratovich and Ismailovna (2018) and Vázquez et al. (2019) all tested species in our study produced significantly more active isoforms of cellulases on both substrates. Namely, T. harzianum strain in the study of Kurbanmuratovich and Ismailovna (2018) produced enzymes with activity of only 0.84 U/mL after six days of fermentation of filter paper, while Vázquez et al. (2019) reported extremely low endo-and exocellulase activities (0.002 U/mL and 0.06 U/mL, respectively) after wheat straw fermentation by the same species. On the other hand, species profiled in this study has shown lower cellulolytic enzymes activities compared to some previous reports. ...
Nowadays, there are huge amounts of lignocellulosic materials left in
agroforestry practice, which can be transformed into useful products.
Biomass exploitation could be aiming not only at replacing conventional
energy sources but also at preserving biodiversity and natural ecosystems.
Five micromycetes were studied with goal to determine their potential to
produce active cellulases as well as the ability to decompose pretreated
wheat straw and oak sawdust after seven days of solid-state fermentation.
Wheat straw was better lignocellulosic substrate than oak sawdust for the
production of cellulases in all five micromycetes. Thus, Penicillium solitum
BEOFB 1190m has shown to be the best producer of highly active forms of
xylanases (7532.36 ± 89.37 U/L). The most active endo- and exocellulases
(2299.70 ± 72.17 U/L and 195.66 ± 4.64 U/L, respectively) were produced by
Trichoderma harzianum BEOFB 1230m, while the maximal value of β-glucosidase
activity (215.69 ± 3.13 U/L) was detected after Fusarium graminearum BEOFB
820m cultivation. T. harzianum also showed high efficiency in wheat straw
cellulose and hemicellulose depolymerization (23.90% and 33.00%,
respectively), which resulted in the highest dry matter loss (36.25%). The
results of the study showed great potential of tested micromycetes to
synthesize cellulolytic enzymes and consequently transform abundant,
low-cost plant residues such as wheat straw into useful products including
biofuel.
... This difference could be due to difference in the type and nature of laccase produced by the fungal isolates. This is similar to the result of Vázqueza et al. (2019) where laccase activity was only exhibited by Curvularia kusanoi L7 strain out of all the fungi strains screened. So also Curvularia pallenscens was identified by Sidhu et al. (2017) as one of the two fungal isolates that were positive for laccase production qualitatively. ...
Laccases are oxidases with broad substrate specificity and ability to oxidize various phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. This study was carried out to isolate and characterizes laccase producing fungi from environment samples. Soil and decaying wood samples were collected from different locations within Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Main campus. Suspensions of the samples (1 g in 10 mL sterile distilled water) were serially diluted, inoculated onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) containing 0.01% Chloramphenicol and incubated for 7 days at 30oC.The fungal isolates were characterized macroscopically and microscopically with the aid of an atlas. The identified fungal isolates were screened for laccase production by inoculating onto PDA containing 0.02% Guaiacol, 1mM ABTS (2 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 0.5% Tannic acid as indicator compounds and incubated at 250C for 7 days. The laccase producing isolates were confirmed molecularly by ITS rDNA sequence analysis using the FASTA algorithm with the Fungus database from the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI).A total of 25 fungal species (11 from soil and 14 from decaying wood samples) were isolated. Two isolates from the soil origin identified as Curvularia lunata SSI7 (Accession No. QIE06317.1) and Fusarium clade VII SSI3 (Accession No. GQ505677) were found to produce laccase where Curvularia lunata SSI7 was able to oxidize all the indicator compounds used for the screening. Fusarium clade VII SSI3 was able to oxidize only 0.5% Tannic acid. Laccase producing Curvularia lunata and Fusarium clade VII were isolated from soil samples collected from ABU Zaria Main Campus. Keywords: laccase, fungi, soil, decaying wood
... Although Ramírez and Coha isolated strains at 45 °C and 50 °C (Ramírez;Coha, 2013), Vásquez and colleagues used enzymatic degradation in an optimal range of activity between 30 and 40 °C, and high thermal stability, and found that strain C. kusanoi L7 was good in degradation of lignin (Vázquez et al., 2019). Following this trend of lower temperature, in this work 25 °C produced both qualitative and quantitative results. ...
... The plates were incubated at 30 °C for 5 days and the growth was inspected visually to pinpoint any overlap or inhibition. Subsequently, monoculture and co-culture growth were compared using the procedure modified from Vázquez et al. (2018). In a second approach, a modified procedure of the slide culture from Harris (1986) was applied to investigate the interaction between the two organisms. ...
Worldwide, humanity is facing a major environmental crisis with the disposal of heavy metal contaminated waste. The current study describes, for the first time, the interactions between gram-negative Comamonas aquatica and filamentous fungus Fusarium solani in removing heavy metal toxicity as an eco-friendly system. When combined, C. aquatica and F. solani grew well in a co-culture setup without showing any antagonistic indications. Monoculture versus co-culture setups were used to determine the metal tolerance concentration (MTC). Based on the metal tolerance concentration (MTC) values, cells of C. aquatica were able to tolerate 4, 5, 6, and 7 mM of Cr, Zn, Cu, and Ni, respectively. Moreover, C. aquatica withstood up to 6 mM of Pb. Although F. solani exhibited sensitivity to high concentrations of heavy metals in monoculture, the MTC of F. solani increased considerably in a co-culture setup. The results presented here revealed that F. solani facilitated the dispersion of C. aquatica and heightened bioavailability, whereas C. aquatica reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and promoted the growth of F. solani. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) displayed different mechanisms for heavy metal removal by C. aquatica. Biosorption was evident for Cr and Pb, while transformation was recorded for Ni and Zn. Also, C. aquatica was able to reduce and accumulate Cu in cells.
