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![Effect of starch edible films added with Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer) essential oil at selected concentrations (0%[▴], 0.25%[▪], 0.50%[•], 0.75%[▵], 1%[□], 2%[○], 4%[⋄]) on Aspergillus niger (A) and Penicillium spp. (B) growth, and modified Gompertz model fit (— -). Dt is the average mold colony diameter at time t and Do is the average mold colony diameter at initial time.](profile/Raul-Avila-Sosa/publication/44620544/figure/fig1/AS:294410634973185@1447204373088/Effect-of-starch-edible-films-added-with-Mexican-oregano-Lippia-berlandieriSchauer.png)
Effect of starch edible films added with Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer) essential oil at selected concentrations (0%[▴], 0.25%[▪], 0.50%[•], 0.75%[▵], 1%[□], 2%[○], 4%[⋄]) on Aspergillus niger (A) and Penicillium spp. (B) growth, and modified Gompertz model fit (— -). Dt is the average mold colony diameter at time t and Do is the average mold colony diameter at initial time.
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Edible films can incorporate antimicrobial agents to provide microbiological stability, since they can be used as carriers of a wide number of additives that can extend product shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogenic bacteria growth on food surfaces. Addition of antimicrobial agents to edible films offers advantages such as the use of low anti...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural, physical, and antifungal characteristics of starch edible films added with nanocomposites and Mexican oregano (Lippia berlandieri Schauer) essential oil (EO). Starch edible films were formulated with Mexican oregano EO (0%, 1%, or 2% v/v) and bentonite or halloysite (2%). Physical properties suc...
Citations
... Since essential oils have the characteristics of fast release and short duration effect time, various techniques have been employed to improve its sustained-release performance. It has been reported that adding essential oils into starch films improved the sustained-release performance and increased its utilization rate (Avila-Sosa et al., 2010). Corn starch films incorporated with orange essential oil exhibited good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes (Evangelho et al., 2019). ...
Although studies have reported on the preparation of composite films and its application, the preparation and application for fruit preservation of composite film with fennel seed essential oil (FEO) are unknown. In this study, six types of composite films (F1–F6) were prepared with chitosan/FEO/starch sodium octenyl succinate (SSOS). The physicochemical, antifungal and preservation properties were investigated. The water content, water vapor permeability and elongation at break of the films increased with the glycerol, but the density and tensile strength decreased. Fourier infrared spectroscopy showed that there was a hydrogen bond existed between the film components. The film surface was smoother with higher content of FEO and glycerin. The films exhibited strong antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea, Trichothecium roseum, and Penicillium expansum. Among them F3, SSOS/glycerol/FEO/chitosan was 1:0.2:1:0.5, had the best antifungal performance. The F3 coating also reduced the lesion diameter of apple fruit inoculated with the three fungi. The F3 coating decreased respiration rate and weight loss, and maintained the firmness and peel lightness of fruit during storage. The findings of this work provide a new insight for exploration of composite film with fennel seed essential oil and its application for fruit preservation.
... 5 Artiga-Artigas et al. 5 reported that EOs have many biological functions in microbial cells and their effectiveness depends not only on the concentration but also the active compound. According to the results reported, psychrophilic bacteria, molds and yeast were particularly sensitive to carvacrol and thymol, which were stated to be the main components of OEO. 13 Avila-Sosa et al. 31 ...
In this work, a nanoemulsion-based delivery system was developed by encapsulation of different concentrations (0.5%, 0.75% and 1% v/v) of oregano essential oil (OEO) within poly-vinyl alcohol. The delivery systems (oregano essential oil loaded nanoemulsion systems, OEO NESs) were characterized in terms of size distribution, zeta potential, thermal, molecular, micro-structural and antifungal properties. The average droplet diameter values were determined in the range of 70–75 nm while zeta potential values were recorded in the range of 3.13-19.90 mV. Increase in the OEO concentration did not affect size distribution of nanoemulsions. Change in the concentrations showed no visible differences in FTIR spectra; however, for the concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1%, endothermic peak temperatures were recorded as 94, 105 and 117°C, respectively. The antifungal activity of NESs against mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger was evaluated, revealing a significant enhancement in the antifungal activity in comparison to that of free OEO. The zone diameter of mycelial growth could be reduced by around 20, 55 and 65% using NESs at the levels of 0.5, 0.75 and 1% v/v, respectively over 6 days of incubation time. The results of this study revealed the stronger antifungal efficiency of OEO by its encapsulation into NESs as compared to that of free OEO.
... Certain readily available sustainable biopolymers, e.g., starch, have incorporated antimicrobial agents to provide microbiological stability to foods [219,220]. Still, they have not been widely used in the packaging industry to replace conventional petroleum plastic, mainly because of their low mechanical, barrier, and technological properties [221][222][223]. ...
Essential oils prevent superbug formation, which is mainly caused by the continuous use of synthetic drugs. This is a significant threat to health, the environment, and food safety. Plant extracts in the form of essential oils are good enough to destroy pests and fight bacterial infections in animals and humans. In this review article, different essential oils containing polymeric nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning are reviewed. These nanofibers containing essential oils have shown applications in biomedical applications and as food-packaging materials. This approach of delivering essential oils in nanoformulations has attracted considerable attention in the scientific community due to its low price, a considerable ratio of surface area to volume, versatility, and high yield. It is observed that the resulting nanofibers possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Therefore, they can reduce the use of toxic synthetic drugs that are utilized in the cosmetics, medicine, and food industries. These nanofibers increase barrier properties against light, oxygen, and heat, thereby protecting and preserving the food from oxidative damage. Moreover, the nanofibers discussed are introduced with naturally derived chemical compounds in a controlled manner, which simultaneously prevents their degradation. The nanofibers loaded with different essential oils demonstrate an ability to increase the shelf-life of various food products while using them as active packaging materials.
... Moreover, to enable these hydrophobic compounds to be incorporated in an aqueous phase, surfactants are needed. However, there is a possibility of interactions between surfactant, plasticizer and EOs that could reduce their antimicrobial effect (Avila-Sosa et al., 2010). Perdones et al. (2014) and Valizadeh et al. (2019) reported that oleic acid in edible films caused a decrease in the effectiveness of the antifungal activity of EOs. ...
The antifungal activity of emulsion-based edible coatings incorporating cinnamaldehyde against Glomerella cingulata was investigated by determining the effect of virgin coconut oil and oleic acid on the growth rate and its effect on the antifungal effectiveness of cinnamaldehyde using the modified Gompertz model and the minimum inhibitory concentration. The presence of virgin coconut oil, oleic acid and their mixture in emulsions without cinnamaldehyde up to 40% in the growth media showed the ability to slow down the growth rate of the fungi and also to extend the lag phase. However, it could not inhibit the growth of fungi. The slowest growth of fungi was observed from the emulsion containing beeswax, virgin coconut oil, and oleic acid, followed by those containing beeswax-virgin coconut oil. On the other hand, Tween® 80 contributed to promoting the growth rate. The minimum inhibitory concentration of cinnamaldehyde in the emulsions to inhibit the fungal growth was 0.76 mM. The presence of virgin coconut oil in the emulsions did not influence the effectiveness of the antifungal activity of cinnamaldehyde, whereas oleic acid slightly decreased it. The results led to the conclusion that virgin coconut oil is a promising as an alternative ingredient for emulsion-based edible coatings.
... These compounds are recognized as antimicrobials [11]. This characteristic has already been studied and reported against several bacterial and fungal strains [12][13][14][15]. Thymol is structurally similar to carvacrol, though it has the hydroxyl group at a different location on the phenolic ring [16]. ...
... Every test was performed in triplicate. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was defined as the minimum tested concentration that inhibited C. gloeosporioides growth for 7 days [13]. ...
The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of thymol and carvacrol added to edible starch films and coatings against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In vitro evaluation consisted of determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of carvacrol and thymol was determined at different pH values against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. With MIC values, binary mixtures were developed. From these results, two coatings formulations were in vivo evaluated on mango and papaya. Physicochemical analysis, color change, fruit lesions and C. gloeosporioides growth were determined during storage. In vitro assay indicated that the MIC value of carvacrol and thymol against C. gloeosporioides was 1500 mg/L at pH 5. An additive effect was determined with 750/750 and 1125/375 mg/L mixtures of carvacrol and thymol, respectively. Coated fruits with selected mixtures of carvacrol and thymol presented a delay in firmness, maturity index and color change. Moreover, a fungistatic effect was observed due to a reduction of lesions in coated fruits. These results were corroborated by the increase in the lag phase value and the reduction of the growth rate. Carvacrol and thymol incorporated into edible films and coatings are able to reduce the incidence of anthracnose symptoms on mango and papaya.
... In this context, essential oils (EOs) based formulations have been highly preferred as green preservatives. Despite the great potential of EOs as antifungal and antimycotoxigenic agent, their long-term application in food systems remains restricted due to high volatility, low aqueous solubility, susceptible to chemical deterioration in the presence of ambient oxygen and light, and organoleptic modifications (Avila-Sosa et al., 2010;Da Silva Stefani et al., 2019;Rajaei, Hadian, Mohsenifar, Rahmani-Cherati, & Tabatabaei, 2017;Yilmaz et al., 2019). To conquer these disadvantages of EOs, the current trend of nanoencapsulation could serve as a promising tool for improving its efficacy as well as stability. ...
The present study envisages the potential application of chitosan‐coated Zingiber zerumbet essential oil nanoemulsion (ZEO‐CsNE) as green antimicrobial preservative against Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and lipid peroxidation of stored functional foods. GC‐MS analysis of ZEO exhibited the abundance of cis‐geraniol (15.53%) as the major component. ZEO‐CsNE showed biphasic release profile during in vitro release study conducted for 10 days. The ZEO‐CsNE inhibited the growth of A. flavus (strain AF‐LHP‐SH1) and AFB1 production at 1.0 and 0.8 µL/mL, respectively. Interestingly, considerable reduction in ergosterol biosynthesis followed by enhanced leakage of vital cellular contents and methylglyoxal inhibition represents novel antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action, respectively. Further, ZEO‐CsNE inhibited lipid peroxidation and AFB1 production in postharvest Salvia hispanica seeds during in situ trial and presented favorable safety profile (median lethal dose [LD50] = 29,114 µL/kg) for male mice. Based on overall observations, ZEO‐CsNE could be recommended as a green antimicrobial substitute of synthetic preservatives for in vitro and in situ protection of functional food samples.
Practical Application
Food industries are facing enormous amount of burden coming from fungal and aflatoxin contamination that can cause severe adverse effects to humans. Essential oils (EOs) are well known for their food preservative efficacy; however, some limitations such as oxidative instability in open system may limit their application directly into food system. The encapsulation of the EOs into polymeric matrix could provide a barrier that will protect the EOs from degradation. This research could provide a basis for utilization of EO after encapsulation into chitosan nanoemulsion for industrial‐scale application for preservation of stored functional foods from fungal and aflatoxin contamination.
... Natural antimicrobial ingredients have acquired rising demand as customers are more conscious of possible health hazards associated with the use of preservatives as well as aware of the effectiveness of AP [31][32][33][34]. Natural ingredients with antimicrobial activity include lemon oil [35], lemongrass [36,37], peppermint oil [37][38][39], cinnamon [29,37,[39][40][41][42], lavender [43], Mexican oregano [44], neem [45], tea tree [39,46], Lavandula angustifolia [47], Mentha pulegium [47], turmeric [48], lime [49], Origanum vulgare L. [50], Ziziphora clinopodioides [51], grape seed [51] and Zataria multiflora Boiss [52]. ...
Effect of cinnamon essential oil on morphological, flammability and thermal properties of nanocellulose fibre-reinforced starch biopolymer composites Abstract: The effect of different cinnamon essential oil (CEO) contents on flammability, thermal stability and morphological characteristics of nanocellulose fibre-reinforced starch biopolymer composites was studied. This sugar palm nanocellulose reinforced with sugar palm starch, containing 0-2% CEO, was prepared through solution casting technique. From scanning electron micro-scopy analysis, the cross-sections of the CEO-containing films showed appearance of micro-porous spots as micro-porous holes because of the occurrence of partial evaporation on the cryo-fractured surface as a result of the vacuum condition. Increment in CEO concentration resulted in increasing trend of the number and size of the micro-porous holes. Significant increase was observed in the thermal stability with the CEO loading when compared with neat composites. Besides that, increasing CEO loading also resulted in decrement of linear burning rate of the composites.
... On the use of biodegradable polymers for the development of coatings and edible films to which EOs were added and which were later evaluated in the control of phytopathogenic fungi (Table 3), it was found that 47.3% of the works focused on the development of coatings (Guerra et al. 2015;Vu et al. 2011), and an equal percentage on film development (47.3%) (Avila-Sosa et al. 2010;Hemalatha et al. 2017;Pola et al. 2016). ...
Essential oils (EOs) are volatile plant derivatives that have been evaluated in the control of phytopathogenic fungi, and whose effectiveness has been associated with the part of the plant and concentration used. Hereby we provide an overview of the role of EOs on phyto-pathogenic fungi agents, presenting an overview of its diversity, constituents, tests under in vivo and in vitro conditions, their mechanisms of action, and the techniques to assess its effectiveness. The antimicrobial action of EOs is attributed to their ability to penetrate through cell membranes and inhibit the functional properties of fungal cells. keywords Hydrodistillation, secondary metabolites, in vitro and in vivo studies, direct contact and vapor phase techniques, coatings and bioactive films.
Los aceites esenciales (AEs) son derivados volátiles de plantas que han sido evaluados en el control de hongos fitopatógenos y su efectividad se ha asociado con la parte de la planta y la concentración utilizada. Aquí presentamos una revisión del papel de los AEs en el control de hongos fitopatógenos, con una panorámica de su diversidad, constituyentes, prue-bas bajo condiciones in vivo e in vitro, sus mecanismos de acción y las técnicas para evaluar su efectividad. La acción antimicrobiana de los AEs se atribuye a su capacidad para pene-trar las membranas celulares e inhibir las propiedades funcionales de las células fúngicas. palabras clave Hidrodestilación, metabolitos secundarios, estudios in vitro e in vivo, técnicas de contacto directo y fase de vapor, recubrimientos y películas bioactivas
... Natural biopolymerbased packaging materials have the potential to extend food shelf life and safety as an innovative packaging and processing technology (Ayala- Valencia, Lourenço, Barbosa, & Sobral, 2016;Kokoszka, Debeaufort, Hambleton, Lenart, & Voilley, 2010;Lee, Kim, & Park, 2018;Li, Liu, Ye, Wang, & Wang, 2015;Staroszczyk, Malinowska-Panczyk, Gottfried, & Kołodziejska, 2017). Moreover, the use of biodegradable natural biopolymers reduces the amount of chemical wastes (Avila-Sosa et al., 2010). ...
The effect of Laponite® (a synthetic clay) on the structure, thermal and water vapor barrier properties of nanocomposite gelatin films produced by casting with 0, 4.5 and 15% w Lap/w gelatin, was studied. X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements were reported. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed dual crystalline structure of the films with collagen-type bundles of triple helices, intercalated inside clay platelets, increasing interlayer distances. Depending on the renaturation of triple-helices and Laponite content, the glass transition temperatures substantially decreased. The amount of helices decreased with Lap concentration, affecting the enthalpy of melting. The nanocomposite gelatin films showed improved thermal stability. Changes of water vapor permeability could be related to the presence of a larger free volume of the coils and intercalated structures, facilitating water transfer through the film.
... Data were adjusted to Ln (D/D0), where D is the radial growth at a given day and D0 was the initial diameter of the inoculation. Data was adjusted by non-linear regression to obtain the growth parameters, as proposed by the modified Gompertz equation (Avila-Sosa et al., 2010), using KaleidaGraph 4.5.4 (Synergy Software, Reading, PA). ...
... The kinetic growth parameters were analyzed considering the Box-Behnken design; the dependent variables used in the analysis were maximum mold growth at the stationary phase (A), the maximum specific growth rate (V m ), and the lag phase (λ). To determine the statistically significant models, a full quadratic design was considered, as stated in Equation (2), and the stepwise function was used, to include in the models only those parameters that were significant (Avila-Sosa et al., 2010). ...
... Avila-Sosa et al., 2010;Cid-Pérez et al., 2016;Ribeiro- Santos et al., 2017). The general mechanism of action of essential ...
Hurdle technologies are among the novel food processing techniques for food preservation, where there is a combination of mild antimicrobial factors, which can interact on the inhibition of microbial spoilage. Spices essential oils are widely known as antimicrobial compounds that can have a preservation effect on food, but their effect can be affected by food components. In order to evaluate the effect of pH (4.5–7.0) and protein content (2–8%) on the antifungal effect of Mexican oregano essential oil (150–600 mg/L), a Box-Benkhen design was used to test the effect of the treatments on the radial growth of two food-related fungi, Penicillium expansum (NRRL 2304) and Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 22947). Three essential oils were used, these with a different chemical composition. The first chemotype of Lippia berlandieri Schauer, presented a higher proportion of carvacrol (58.23%). The second Lippia berlandieri Schauer essential oil presented a higher concentration of thymol (60.15%). Essential oil from Poliomintha longiflora Gray contained a 43.02% of thymol. Kinetic growth parameters were obtained using the modified Gompertz equation. The maximum mold growth (A) of the molds was affected in a lineal concentration-dependent effect by the three Mexican oregano essential oils and protein concentration. This phenomenon is independent of the chemistry variability in the composition of the three OEO. The higher concentration of protein (8%) was also related to an increase in lag time (λ). These two growth parameters were mainly statistically significant of all treatments evaluated, when considering as intrinsic parameters in food such as pH and protein content. The action of OEO was higher against A. ochraceus, positioning itself as the most sensitive microorganism. The use of predictive modeling can provide valuable information on the interaction of food components to enhance or decrease the antifungal capacity of essential oils.
