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Effect of sodium alginate concentration on conversion of encapsulated nodal segments of C. angustifolia after 8 weeks of culture on half strength MS medium
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Synthetic seed technology is an alternative to traditional micropropagation for production and delivery of cloned plantlets. Synthetic seeds were produced by encapsulating nodal segments of C. angustifolia in calcium alginate gel. 3% (w/v) sodium alginate and 100 mM CaCl2 · 2H2O were found most suitable for encapsulation of nodal segments. Syntheti...
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... 3% sodium alginate produced clear and uniform beads, while higher concentrations resulted in the production of hard beads and showed considerable delay in germina- tion. On the contrary, sodium alginate concentration below 3% was also not suitable because beads were fragile and difficult to handle (Table 1). Of the various concentra- tions of CaCl 2 • 2H 2 O tested, 100 mM was found to be optimum for the production of uniform synthetic seeds with desired texture. ...
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... During DIHT, formation of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive free radicals from the hepaticneutrophils and Kupffer cells cause severe oxidativestress [1]Due to the negative side effects of synthetic medications, a systematic study technique was required to examine herbal drugs that were claimed to have hepatoprotective properties. [2]Tinosporacordifoliais a tropical plant that is used in African and Asian traditional medicines that has worked in treating various diseases [3,4]. In other countries, in Cameroun, coffee is considered as a substitute for roasted seeds while other parts of the plants are used for the treatment of metabolic and CVS disorders. ...
Purpose: Detoxification of several drugs and xenobiotics and also the metabolic and physiological processes happens in the liver. The liver is severely damaged by the reactive chemical intermediates by the detoxification process. There are various drugs available in the market and consumption of these drugs may lead to idiosyncratic drug reactions mediated hepatotoxicity. Various drugs are called off from the market because of its hepatotoxicity. Due to these reasons there has been search for the hepatoprotective drugs that has lead to the screening of the herbal drugs. Therapeutic efficiency of the herbal drugs are been evaluated by the pharmaceutical industries and scientific groups. Various herbal drugs present in different ethnopharmacological practices having hepatoprotective activity are used to treat some of the liver diseases. Method: The methanolic extract of TinosporaCardifoliahas hepatoprotective properties was studied in rats by inducing toxicity with Paracetamol. Result: The plant extract possessed significant hepatoprotective activities that was confirmed by observing the lowered levels of AST, ALP, ALT, LDH and bilirubin. Conclusion: The goal of this study is to see if the methanolic extract of TinosporaCardifolia has any hepatoprotective properties in albino wistar rats.
... The highest conversion rate was recorded in plantlets treated with 1 /2 MS salts in the media. Our result agreed with the findings of Rezali et al. [72] on T. flagelliforme, Wan Nurul Hidayah et al. [73] on P. cablin, and Bukhari et al. [74] on C. angustifolia. Additionally, 1 /2 MS salts in the growth media produced more shoots and roots in Mentha spicata [75]. ...
... Rai et al. [2] also reported that 1 /2 MS salts were favourable for the growth of guava encapsulated shoot tips. A high in vitro conversion percentage of artificial seeds of Cassia angustifolia was also observed on 1 /2 MS growth media [74]. ...
As an emerging technology, shoot encapsulation has been employed in germplasm conservation, distribution, and micropropagation of elite plant species. However, the production of synthetic seeds of sweet potato via non-zygotic embryogenesis requires a large number of embryos per cultured callus suspension and is labour-intensive. Here, we reported a simple method of encapsulating in vitro derived vegetable sweet potato nodal segments with sodium alginate, calcium chloride (CaCl2), and Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts. The nodes encapsulated with 4% sodium alginate (w/v) and 100 mM CaCl2 were the most suitable for propagation. They had uniform spherical beads and took the least number of days to shoot and root emergence. These plantlets produced more leaves, roots, and long shoots. Further evaluation of the MS salts concentration revealed that the plantlets encapsulated and grown with ½ MS salts had the least days to shoot and root emergence. They also had a longer shoot, the highest conversion rate (99%), and the least leaf abscission (17%). Thus, the sweet potato nodal segments encapsulated with 4% sodium alginate, 100 mM CaCl2, and ½ MS salts could be used as excellent material for micropropagation, germplasm conservation, and exchange of sweet potato planting materials.
... In the present study, the shoots generated from sprouted synthetic seeds (those who failed to germinate) were rooted successfully on plant growth regulator free ½ MS. Similar observation of rooting were also reported in Albizia lebbeck (Perveen and Anis 2014), Bacopa monnieri (Rency et al. 2017), Cassia angustifolia (Bukhari et al. 2014), Cineraria maritime (Srivastava et al. 2009), Nyctanthes arbortrisits (Jahan and Anis 2015), Ruta graveolens (Ahmad et al. 2012) and Withania somnifera (Fatima et al. 2013). Acclimatization of in vitro raised plants is always considered as a critical stage due to possibilities of high percentages of plant loss during transplantation (Pospóšilová et al. 1999;Ahmad et al. 2012). ...
Paederia foetida L. is an important medicinal plant that has been used for the treatment of various gastrointestinal related ailments by different tribal communities in India. This plant is also known for its use as a food. Due to overexploitation, P. foetida has been classified as a vulnerable plant in some states of India. The propagation of P. foetida by conventional methods is easy but very slow. Synthetic seed technology offers incredible potential for in vitro propagation of threatened and commercially valuable plants, and can also facilitate the storage and exchange of axenic plant material between laboratories. However, synthetic seed production for P. foetida has not yet been reported. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first attempt to produce synthetic seeds of P. foetida by calcium alginate encapsulation of in vitro regenerated axenic nodal segments. Sodium alginate (3%) and CaCl 2 (100 mM) were found to be the optimal materials for the preparation of ideal synthetic seeds, both in terms of morphology and germination ability. The synthetic seeds showed the best germination (formation of both shoot as well as root; 83.3%) on ½ MS medium augmented with 0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid. The plantlets obtained from these synthetic seeds could be successfully acclimatized under field conditions. We also studied the storage of these synthetic seeds at low temperature and their subsequent sprouting/germination. The seeds showed a germination rate of 63.3% even after 21 days of storage at 4 °C; thus, they could be useful for transfer and exchange of P. foetida germplasm.
... Ara et al. 2000;Sharma and Shahzad 2012;Rihan et al. 2011;Ahmad and Anis 2010;Rai and Jaiswa 2008;Rai et al. 2009;Danso and Ford-Lloyd 2003;Ozden Tokatli et al. 2008;Akdemir et al. 2010;Ganapathi et al. 1992;Mandal et al. 2000;Nyende et al. 2003;Chand and Singh 2004;Singh et al. 2009;Micheli et al. 2007;Faisal and Anis 2007). Synthetic seed technology is especially useful for the propagation of rare hybrids and elite genotypes (Mandal et al. 2000;Bukhari et al. 2014). Although the majority of artificial seeds are produced using in vitro-derived propagules, synseeds have also been produced from in vivo-derived propagules (Sharma et al. 2013). ...
Synthetic seed (synseed) describes artificially encapsulated plant tissues, usually somatic embryos but also other vegetative parts that can be propagated into complete plants under in vivo or in vitro conditions. Synseed technology can be utilised for medium-term storage and long-term conservation of valuable ornamental plant germplasm. Synseeds can be conserved in vitro for several years through maintenance of encapsulated propagules at low temperatures (slow growth storage technique) or they can be preserved theoretically ad infinitum at the ultra-low temperatures of liquid nitrogen. In this chapter, we review recent studies in the conservation of various ornamental plant species using synseeds developed from different plant explants (i.e. somatic embryos, protocorm-like bodies, shoot tips, bulblets and axillary buds).
... Synthetic seed technology (SST) deals with the explant encapsulation regenerated in vitro/in vivo by applying alginate (Bukhari et al. 2014). It provides an alternative system for multiplication, storage, short-term preservation, and transportation of elite cloned traits (Gantait et al. 2015a). ...
Water has a significant role on human civilizations by providing food and water along with plants grown on the banks or within the water bodies. Aquatic plants or semiaquatic plants are the group of plants that love to live in or near water bodies, and some of these plants are economically important due to their usage as food or medicinal plants. Water hyssop or brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L.) is one of the important semiaquatic/aquatic plants that has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient time in Indian subcontinent. The plant contains several secondary metabolites like bacosides which are used as memory enhancer tonic commercially. Brahmi-based registered drugs are available in India and other countries as memory enhancer tonic and for other diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, asthma, stomach ulcers, and respiratory ailments and for curing chronic diseases like cancer. Bacopa is facing the threat of extinction from wild as it is not a cultivated plant and propagation through seed is limited due to low availability of and viability of seeds. On the other hand, extensive works on the propagation of this important medicinal plant has been reported to develop in vitro protocols for its conservation and plant propagation for secondary metabolite production. Different in vitro techniques like cell suspension culture, callus culture, and organogenesis have been reported with the objective of producing or enhancing bacoside. Furthermore, application of other biotechnological approaches like Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation studies, use of mutagens, and in vitro polyploidization have also been reported. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to highlight the application of different biotechnological approaches used for the production, conservation, and secondary metabolite production of B. monnieri.
... The potential advantages of this technology include the ease of production, handling and transportation (Germana et al., 2011), reduced cost and space for germplasm maintenance (Standardi and Piccioni, 1998) with ready availability for propagation and maintaining genetic uniformity of propagated plants (Reddy et al., 2012). Synthetic seed technology is particularly useful for propagation of rare hybrids, elite genotypes and varieties whose seeds are rarely available (Mandal et al., 2000;Bukhari et al., 2014). ...
Storage of germplasm using synthetic seed technology is useful to avoid somaclonal variations as well as to cut down the cost and labor of germplasm maintenance under in vitro culturing conditions. In the present study, different parameters that affect the viability and regrowth ability of Rosa indica germplasm stored as synthetic seeds were optimized. The compact, firm, transparent synthetic seeds showing maximum regeneration rate (100 %) were prepared and stored in three different types of air tight storage vessels (glass jars, polypropylene tubes and plastic bags) at 4 °C and 25 °C for various time durations (0-8 weeks). No significant difference in regeneration frequency of Rosa indica synthetic seeds was recorded at different storage conditions. However, the storage temperature significantly influenced the viability and regrowth ability of synthetic seeds. The survival rate (80%) of encapsulated explants was observed up to 8 weeks at 4 °C and declined with elapse of storage duration. Facilitated extrusion of shoot from gel seed and pre-treatment of synthetic seeds with 100 mM KNO3for 5 minutes improved the regeneration frequency while mechanical removal of gel bead resulted in complete loss of explant viability.
... As a result of testing different percentage and concentration of sodium alginate and calcium chloride, 3% sodium alginate together with 75 mM CaCl 2 Á2H 2 O were found most suitable for encapsulation of nodal segments of C. decidua (Table 2). These results showed consistency with other reports available on synthetic seeds where same concentration was effective for synthetic seed production (Chand and Singh 2004;Faisal et al. 2006;Siddique and Anis 2009;Bukhari et al. 2014;Rency et al. 2017). ...
... Relative water content was first decreased due to wiltness in growth room but after a passage of time they recovered and higher RWC was recorded in micropropagated plants than the seedlings. Similar results were recorded in pepper plants (Luna et al. 2001;Siddique and Anis 2006;Bukhari et al. 2014). ...
... Chl a and chl b contents was increased from 0 to 28 days of acclimatization while carotenoid content was first increased from 0 to 7 days then dropped at 14 days and again showed an increasing trend from 21 to 28 days of acclimatization. This elevated response could be due to sudden changes in the environmental conditions of plantlets when they shifted from test tubes to plastic pots and later they developed protection from photo oxidative damage (Ali et al. 2005;Faisal and Anis 2009;Bukhari et al. 2014). Net photosynthetic rate (P N ) was first dropped during 0-7 days then after increased from 14 to 28 days with the emergence of new leaves. ...
Synthetic seed technology is an emerging and broadly used technique in the field of plant biotechnology to conserve economically important plants. In the present study, nodal segments of Capparis decidua were entrapped in calcium alginate gel matrix to produce firm and uniform synthetic seeds. 3% sodium alginate and 75 mM calcium chloride were found best for encapsulation. Among all the concentrations and combinations of thidiazuron (TDZ) either singly or with indole -3- acetic acid (IAA) augmented in Murashige and Skoog medium used, TDZ (5.0 µM) + IAA (0.5 µM) was found most effective in conversion of synthetic seeds into plantlets as 79% plantlets were developed on this combination with 13.2 ± 0.87 shoots and 5.5 ± 0.40 cm shoot length after 8 weeks of culture. Further, synthetic seeds stored at low temperature (4 °C) can retain their viability up to 4 weeks and showed maximum conversion rate (93%) into plantlets, when placed back to regeneration medium. Root formation was also occurred in the same regeneration medium and roots were healthy. Plantlets were successfully hardened in culture room in plastic cups filled with sterile vermiculite and after 4 weeks, they were transferred to greenhouse where they exhibited normal growth with 80% survival. Growth parameters were evaluated in micropropagated plants and compared with the seedlings of same age. Effect of different days of acclimatization were also recorded on various physio-biochemical activities and showed a positive response that can be interpreted as better protection mechanism of micropropagated plants against the stress possibly generated due to reactive oxygen species when transferred to ex vitro environment.
... Production of synthetic seeds, endowed with high germination rate under in vitro and in vivo conditions, bears immense potential as an alternative of true seeds 10 . It can be defined as the artificial encapsulation of somatic embryo, shoot buds or aggregates of cell or any tissues which has the ability to grow into a plant under both, in vivo and in vitro conditions. ...
Synthetic seeds and in vitro propagation are the need of the
hour especially for conservation of medicinal plants which are
under the threat of extinction due to extensive exploitation. The
plumbagin, Plumbago zeylanica L., is one such highly exploited
medicinal plant. Here, we attempted in vitro propagation of its
roots by tissue culture and also synthetic seed development
towards conservation of this plant. Its leaves were used as the
explant. Surface sterilized explants were aseptically cultured on
MS medium supplemented with different plant growth hormones.
The embryoid callus produced from tissue culture was then used
to produce synthetic seed for large scale production of the plants
and to reduce the risk of maintenance, storage and transportation
of the cultured plants. For the production of synthetic seed, the
embryoid callus were chopped aseptically and were encapsulated
with sodium alginate and liquid MS medium without CaCl2
supplemented with growth hormones of similar concentration as
used in tissue culture. Best result of callus induction and root
regeneration was observed on MS medium supplemented by
2 ppm NAA (naphthalene acetic acid).
... Improvement of somatic embryogenesis coupled with embryo desiccation and encapsulation technology(Helal 2011;Ravi and Anand 2012;Khilwani et al. 2016) may lead to the utilization of artificial seeds for mass cloning of plants. Synthetic seeds have been produced in several plants such as Brassica oleracea(Yussof et al. 2012;Qamar et al. 2014), Cassia angustifolia(Bukhari et al. 2014), cauliflower(Rihan et al. 2012), cucumber(Bushra et al. 2010), stevia(Aamir et al. 2012) and ...
Plant cell and tissue culture involves the growing of cells, tissues and organs on synthetic medium under closely controlled and aseptic conditions. Plant cell and tissue culture methods offer a rich scope for the creation, conservation and utilization of genetic variability for the improvement of field, horticultural and forest plant species. Micropropagation of selected plant species is one of the best and most successful examples of the commercial application of tissue culture technology. Micropropagation ensures true-to-type, rapid and large-scale multiplication. Now scores of multimillion-dollar industries around the world propagate a variety of plant species through micropropagation. Tissue culture technology offers environmental-friendly industries to flourish. It is likely that automation of multiplication systems will be commercially feasible within the next few years for several species including potato microtubers, lily bulblets and gladiolus corms. Meristem culturing and in vitro grafting help in developing disease-free plants. Improvement of somatic embryogenesis, coupled with embryo desiccation and encapsulation technology, may lead to the utilization of ‘artificial seeds’ for mass cloning of plants. Further induction of somatic embryogenesis in plants helps in cloning and transformation. Somaclonal variation is a potent emerging aspect for broadening the genetic base and thus obtaining incremental improvement in the commercial cultivars, more particularly, in the vegetatively propagated plant species. Using the technique of in vitro selection, many million cells/protoplasts can be screened against various biotic and abiotic stress factors in a single Petri dish which is more efficient as compared to the screening of similar number of plants in the field which requires more time and space as well. Production of haploids through bulbosum, anther/pollen culture and embryo rescue from wide hybrids has been exploited for the production of haploids/doubled haploids for early release of varieties. These methods ensure true-breeding (doubled haploids) plants in less than 1 year, which are otherwise obtained after seven to eight generations through conventional methods. Since the possibility of producing useful secondary products in plant cell cultures was first recognized in the 1970s, considerable progress has been made, and a number of plant species have been found to produce secondary products such as shikonin, diosgenin, caffeine, glutathione and anthraquinone. Embryo culture is the practical approach to obtain interspecific and intergeneric hybrids among otherwise difficult to cross parents. It has been successfully used to transfer desirable genes from wild relatives into cultivated varieties of several field and vegetable crops. Somatic cell hybridization helps in combining characteristics even from otherwise sexually incompatible species and to obtain cybrids and organelle recombination not possible through conventional methods. In vitro freeze storage and cryopreservation are very important techniques for germplasm conservation especially of the vegetatively propagated crops. Plants have been successfully regenerated from tissues cryopreserved at –196 °C in liquid N2 for several months to years in several crops. During the past 25 years, the combined use of recombinant DNA technology, gene transfer methods and cell and tissue culture techniques has led to the efficient transformation and production of transgenics in a wide variety of crop plants. In fact, transgenesis has emerged as an additional tool to carry out single-gene breeding or transgenic breeding of crops.
... Treatment of liver diseases via synthetic medication is usually disappointing due to its sever undesirable effect upon prolonged administration. Therefore, herbal products gain more interest in this issue and most recent studies aim to characterize the health promoting properties of many plants, especially those rich in phenolics that known flavonoids, terpenes and anthraquinones (Bukhari et al., 2014 and Yadava et al., 2012). Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) is one of the chemicals which cause liver damage through lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress (Moreira et al., 2014). ...
