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Effect of salt injury on early seedling stage of wheat. a, c and e showing comparative difference between Trichoderma treated and untreated seedlings at 0, 4 and 6 dsm −1 salt
Source publication
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting crop growth and productivity. This work investigated the potential
of five ST isolates of Trichoderma harzianum (Th-13, Th-14, Th-19, Th-33 and Th-50) applied through seed biopriming in reducing the detrimental effects of salinity stress
on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Growth, physiological...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... physiological and biochemical conse- quences of salt stress on different treatments were assessed in relation to germination percentage, reduction percentage of germination, shoot length, root length, total chlorophyll, MSI, proline content, MDA content and total phenols. The effect of salt injury on early seedling stage of wheat is shown in Fig. 1. The data are depicted in the form of charts ( Fig. 2a-i) for the selection of treatments for different parameters, while salt tolerance index is presented in Table 4. The data indicated that plant responses to imposed salinity stress conditions were distinctly affected by different treatments of salinity tolerant Trichoderma ...
Context 2
... Trichoderma treatments. The proline content of leaves increased at higher salt stress level of 6 dSm-1 (17.34 μmol/g) compared with 0 dSm-1 (3.01 μmol/g) in all the treatments. Treatment, Th-14 had accumulated maximum proline content (mean at salt stress = 14.54 μmol/g) followed by Th-13 (12.49 μmol/g) and Th-19 (11.44 μmol/g) under salt stress (Fig. 1g). While minimum proline content was recorded in control (3.98 μmol/g) followed by Th-50 and Th-33 (8.65 μmol/g and 9.55 μmol/g respectively) Table 3 Mean squares from analysis of variance of data for germination, growth, physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat grown under four levels of salt stress after seed biopriming with ...
Citations
... Studies in the literature show that Trichoderma can mitigate the damage caused by salinity and enhance growth and biomass production in other cultivated species. For example, using Trichoderma improved germination and plant growth in wheat due to metabolic changes (Rawat, Singh, Shukla, & Kumar, 2011). Trichoderma alleviated saline stress in peanuts by promoting greater nutrient absorption and improved enzymatic activity (Yusnawan et al., 2021). ...
... Trichoderma is known to produce phytohormones, including cytokinins and gibberellins, which promote plant growth under stressful conditions (Benìtez, Rincón, Limón, & Codón, 2004). It also increases root growth to enhance water and nutrient uptake and releases compounds that help plants respond more efficiently to salt stress (Harman, Howell, Viterbo, & Che, 2004;Kumar, Manigundan, & Amaresan, 2017;Rawat et al., 2011). Additionally, Trichoderma can solubilize phosphate and potassium, making these elements more available to plants (Ikram et al., 2019). ...
Salt stress is a major abiotic factor limiting plant growth worldwide, particularly in arid and semiarid regions where excessive groundwater use in irrigation leads to high salt concentrations. To address this issue, this study investigated the efficacy of silicon, either alone or in combination with Trichoderma harzianum and organic matter, in mitigating salt stress in forage sorghum. The experiment took place in a saline Fluvisol in Parnamirim, a semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil, and followed a randomized block design with five treatments and four replicates: sorghum (control); sorghum + Si; sorghum + Si + OM (organic matter); sorghum + Si + T (T. harzianum); and sorghum + Si + T + OM. Sorghum plants were assessed over three cycles (initial cut and two regrowths) from June 2021 to April 2022. The combined treatments of Si + OM, Si + T, and Si + T + OM increased plant growth by 42.17, 35.49, and 27.51%, respectively, compared to the control. Similarly, these treatments led to biomass accumulation gains of 39.42, 40.44, and 31.77% in sorghum plants relative to the control. Silicon alone did not yield significant growth or biomass accumulation improvements. The application of silicon in conjunction with T. harzianum and/or organic matter shows promise in enhancing forage sorghum growth under saline stress conditions in semiarid regions.
... The same trend was observed for other plant measures recorded in this experiment, such as LA and FW. Salinity is known to reduce plant shoot in several ways: by reducing photosynthesis, SPAD index, sugars in expanding tissues, Environmental Science and Pollution Research by down-regulating long-distance signaling, and by changing the concentrations of specific ions (Rawat et al. 2011;Mohammadi et al. 2021;Roșca et al. 2023). It has been documented that Trichoderma inoculation improves plant resistance to moderate salinity in the medium term (Fu et al. 2017;Kashyap et al. 2020). ...
The scarcity of freshwater for agriculture in many regions has led to the application of sewage and saline water for irrigation. Irrigation with non-conventional water sources could become a non-harmful process for plant cultivation, and the effects of their use on crops should be monitored in order to develop optimal management strategies. One possibility to overcome potential barriers is to use biostimulants such as Trichoderma spp. fungi. Tomato is a crop of great economic importance in the world. This study investigated the joint effects of Trichoderma afroharzianum T-22 on tomato plants irrigated with simulated unconventional waters. The experiment consisted of a control and three water treatments. In the control, the plants were watered with distilled water. The three water treatments were obtained by using an irrigation water added with nitrogen, a wastewater effluent, and a mixed groundwater-wastewater effluents. Potted tomato plants (variety Bobcat) were grown in a controlled growth chamber. Antioxidant activity, susceptibility to the aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and tomato plant growth parameters were estimated. Trichoderma afroharzianum T-22 had a positive effect on plant growth and antioxidant defenses when plants were irrigated with distilled water. Instead, no significant morphological effects induced by T. afroharzianum T-22 on plants were observed when unconventional water was used for irrigation. However, inoculation with T. afroharzianum T-22 activated a stress response that made the colonized plants more susceptible to aphid development and increased their fecundity and longevity. Thanks to this study, it may be possible for the first time to open a new discussion on the practical possibility of using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation with the addition of a growth-promoting fungal symbiont.
... APX activity is important in the cleaving of H 2 O 2 to H 2 O and O 2 (Berwal et al. 2021). Enhanced production of antioxidant enzymes in plants due to seed treatment with microbes has been reported (Rawat et al. 2011). Seed priming with bacteria also improved the capacity of plants to combat drought stress through increased production of antioxidant enzymes (Mahmood et al. 2016;Khan et al. 2020). ...
Seed priming is beneficial in improving the germination and subsequent growth performance of seeds under normal as well as stressed conditions. Mostly, natural and chemical substances have been used for priming. Microbes are also used in priming to counter the negative effects of stress and to improve productivity. In this context, the potential of cyanobacteria to secrete growth-promoting substances makes them ideal candidates for seed priming. Therefore, in the present study, seed priming was carried out using cyanobacteria to investigate its role in imparting drought stress tolerance during post-germination stages in the drought-sensitive cultivar (HD-2967) of wheat. For this, the wheat seeds were subjected to priming with cyanobacteria and the plants germinated were subjected to drought stress during tillering stage. Plants exposed to drought stress showed significant reduction in growth, pigment content and photosynthetic activity. However, plants developed from seeds primed with cyanobacteria, upon drought stress maintained better growth rate, relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid and photosynthetic activity. Furthermore, the plants developed from primed seeds showed less accumulation of superoxides, peroxides and lipid peroxidation products and higher activity of ascorbate peroxidise, catalase and glutathione reductase. On the other hand, plants exposed to stress without priming showed enhanced accumulation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation products and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes. The results show that seed priming with cyanobacteria improved growth during post germination stages in wheat plants exposed to drought stress through modulation of physiological and biochemical responses.
... The mixture was then read for absorbance at 725 nm. The final concentration of phenolics was calculated as mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 100 g of tissue fresh weight, derived from the standard curve of known concentrations of gallic acid (Friedemann Schmidt, Germany) (Rawat et al. 2011;Senguttuvan et al. 2014). ...
... Improved vegetative growth has been reported in other studies involving species of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas. Tolerance to salinity stress was observed in wheat seedlings bioprimed with T. harzanium, with enhanced germination percentage, root and shoot lengths of the wheat seedlings (Rawat et al. 2011). Similarly, the germination rate of Arabidopsis seeds bioprimed with Pseudomonas spp. was enhanced (more than 50%) under salinity stress (150 mM NaCl) (Chu et al. 2019). ...
Trichoderma asperellum and Pseudomonas fluorescens were first established for their tolerance to salinity. They were bioprimed onto two common vegetable seeds (pak choy and chilli) using sodium alginate (for T. asperellum, TAB) and xanthan gum (for P. fluorescens, PFB) and sown into soils amended with NaCl (salinity stress). Both T. asperellum and P. fluorescens have high salt tolerance (up to 250 mM of NaCl) concentration). Bioprimed seedlings had sustained growth in saline soils (2.72 – 3.05 dS/m). Pak choy seedlings benefited the most from biopriming with TAB or PFB seedlings, showing enhanced fresh weight, shoot length, root length and germination, compared to non-bioprimed seedlings. For chilli seedlings, only shoot length was enhanced. Tolerance to salinity was marked by lower levels of proline (0.62-2.73 µmol/g fr. wt.), total phenolic content (80.29-130.10 mg GAE/100 g fr. wt.), and malondialdehyde (0.29-0.61 µmol/g fr. wt.) compared to non-bioprimed seedlings (NB) under salinity stress (1.87-3.55 µmol/g fr. wt. for proline, 105.60-278.82 mg GAE/100 g fr. wt. for total phenolic content, 0.33-0.61 µmol/g fr. wt. for malondialdehyde). Our early observations showed the potential of biopriming salt-tolerant isolates to enhance survival of important vegetable crops in saline soils.
... L. (Rawat et al., 2011), and Cucumis sativus L. (Zhang et al., 2022), under salinity stress because of inoculation with T. harzianum. Impairment in water uptake, ion toxicity, photosynthesis, and oxidative damage are the possible reasons for the reduction of plant growth in salinized environments (Arif et al., 2020). ...
Salinity as the main abiotic stress, influences plant growth, yield, and productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Researchers are increasingly turning to biological strategies to improve crop tolerance to high salinity levels, such as using endophytic fungus. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological, physiological , and biochemical responses of Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L., Lamiaceae) plants to inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum (an endophytic fungus) under various levels of salinity (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl) in a pot-based experiment. The results showed that Summer savory inoculated with T. harzianum exhibited improved growth compared with salt-stressed and non-stressed plants (up to 93.47%). Furthermore, inoculation with T. harzianum caused a restoration in the content of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids up to 1.47-fold. Both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants were enhanced in the presence of salt stress, and T. harzianum further increased their level, approximately up to 66.67%. Salinity caused an obvious increase in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage (up to 3.04-fold), but their content began to decline when the plants were inoculated with T. harzianum (with reduction factor up to 41.43%). Additionally, T. harzianum-inoculated plants maintained higher levels of proline, total soluble sugar content (up to 1.46-fold), and volatile organic compounds compared with control and salt-stressed plants. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that inoculation with T. harzianum can enhance the salt tolerance of S. hortensis by improving growth via modulation of biochemical, physiological, and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Therefore, T. harzianum may be a promising biological strategy for improving crop productivity under saline conditions.
... 90 Biopriming of Triticum aestivum L. with Trichoderma harzianum significantly mitigated the adverse effect of salinity stress by enhancing the levels of proline and phenolics. 91 Recently, a transcriptome study also revealed the expression of genes associated with antioxidative and photosynthetic activities in T. harzianum primed rice (O. sativa L.) plants exposed to drought stress. ...
Chemicals are used extensively in agriculture to increase crop production to meet the nutritional needs of an expanding world population. However, their injudicious application adversely affects the soil's physical, chemical and biological properties, subsequently posing a substantial threat to human health and global food security. Beneficial microorganisms improve plant health and productivity with minimal impact on the environment; however, their efficacy greatly relies on the application technique. Biopriming is an advantageous technique that involves the treatment of seeds with beneficial biological agents. It exhibits immense potential in improving the physiological functioning of seeds, thereby playing a pivotal role in their uniform germination and vigor. Biopriming‐mediated molecular and metabolic reprogramming imparts stress tolerance to plants, improves plant health, and enhances crop productivity. Furthermore, it is also associated with rehabilitating degraded land, and improving soil fertility, health and nutrient cycling. Although biopriming has vast applications in the agricultural system, its commercialization and utilization by farmers is still in its infancy. This review aims to critically analyze the recent studies based on biopriming‐mediated stress mitigation by alteration in physiological, metabolic and molecular processes in plants. Additionally, considering the necessity of popularizing this technique, the major challenges and prospects linked to the commercialization and utilization of this technique in agricultural systems have also been discussed. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
... The adaptation of trait improvement strategies such as establishment of efficient regeneration protocol of C. longa and acclimatization with low mortality, healthy plantlets is mandatory. It was quite evident from several reports that biopriming of T. viride to in vitro raised plantlets have improved the acclimatization process (Rawat et al., 2011). Several demonstrated reports suggested that T. viride colonizes at rhizosphere and synthesizes secondary metabolites which stimulate plants antioxidant defense systems to combat oxidative stress during acclimatization (Sood et al., 2020). ...
... Improvement of plant growth by various isolates of Trichoderma sp. under salt stress was reported in wheat (Rawat et al., 2011), mustard (Ahmad et al., 2015), Ochradenus (Hashem et al., 2014), maize, and rice (Rawat et al., 2012). The PCA results confirmed our findings by demonstrating that, as compared to rice plants that were only treated with salt, BeauA1-treated plants showed a greater degree of the positive relationship with plant growth traits under salt-stressed circumstances (Fig. 9). ...
... However, BeauA1-inoculated plants produced a lower accumulation of H 2 O 2 and MDA, suggesting the essential role of BeauA1 in the salt stress acclimation process (Fig. 7). Priming wheat seed with isolates of T. harzianum Th-13, Th-14, and Th-19 decreased the MDA accumulation under both saline and non-saline conditions (Rawat et al., 2011), which agrees with us. Similar findings were observed by many investigations, such as the inoculation of Trichoderma spp. in plants reduced the accumulation of H 2 O 2 and MDA significantly (Hajiboland et al., 2010;Hashem et al., 2014a). ...
One of the most important abiotic factors that hinder plant development, growth, and production is salt stress. In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in the biological treatment of salt stress in plants using beneficial microbes. The fungal endophyte Beauveria bassiana provides a wide variety of ecosystem services, like suppressing insect pests and pathogens and enhancing plant growth. However, the role of B. bassiana in reducing salt stress in plants has not yet been clarified. This study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of B. bassiana isolate BeauA1 primed rice under salt stress by estimating rice growth, stress parameters, and mitigator characteristics. Primarily, rice seeds were primed with BeauA1 and placed in an agar medium with 120 mM NaCl (≈12 dS m⁻¹ salt solution) to observe the role of BeauA1 in the early establishment of rice seedlings in salt conditions. Seed priming with BeauA1 resulted in an enhancement of rice growth attributes under both control and NaCl stress conditions. In the pot experiment, the BeauA1 primed rice seedlings were planted in soil with different concentrations of salt, viz. 8, 10, and 12 dS m⁻¹. The BeauA1 primed rice plants showed improvement in leaf succulence, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, and shoot relative water content (RWC), leading to enhanced growth under both salt stress and control conditions. The biochemical study found that BeauA1 considerably increased proline content, total soluble sugars, total carbohydrates, and K⁺/Na⁺ in leaves. The antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and nonenzymatic antioxidants phenol and flavonoid were upregulated in BeauA1-primed plants under both control and stressed conditions. Further significant reductions of the lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by BeauA1 under salt stress were consistent with higher antioxidant activities in salt stress conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) further validated BeauA1-primed plants' modulation of growth, antioxidant defense, and reduction of MDA and H2O2 in rice under salt-stress conditions. Our findings indicated that utilizing BeauA1 to reduce salt stress would be a useful strategy to increase rice yield in salt-affected regions.
... Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum) has been reported to promote chlorophyllase synthesis in plants under different stress conditions (Rawat et al. 2011;Zhang et al. 2013;Hashem et al. 2014). Moreover, Mishra and Salokhe (2011) found that inoculation with Trichoderma species can enhance PSII's performance under salt stress conditions. ...
Purpose
Soil salinization has become increasingly serious recently, leading to a significant decline in crop yields. Application of Trichoderma species can enhance plant salinity resistance and thus achieve greater yields. However, there are few relevant studies. Here, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of relevant articles to reveal the current research status, and then carried out a meta-analysis to investigate the potential mechanisms.
Methods
We analyzed the relevant databases using bibliometric analysis and meta-analysis.
Results
The bibliometric analysis revealed that there are relatively few studies on the enhancement of plant salt resistance through Trichoderma species. The meta-analysis revealed that inoculation with Trichoderma under salt stress significantly changed morphological indicators, physiological indicators and enzyme activity in plants. Moreover, through subgroup analysis, we also found that when plants experienced moderate salinity (4–8 dS m⁻¹) and medium-term (2–4 weeks) salt stress, the application of Trichoderma species had the greatest promoting effects. Inoculation with Trichoderma was more effective on plants that were monocotyledons or C4 plants. Among the various Trichoderma strains, T. hamatum had the best inoculation effect.
Conclusions
Trichoderma species can promote plant growth under salt stress and improve plant salinity resistance through three main pathways: (1) promoting the development of the roots to absorb more nutrients and water, (2) increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes to scavenge excess reactive oxygen species, and (3) enhancing the performance of Photosystem II to improve plant photosynthetic capacity. Moreover, through subgroup analysis, we also found that inoculation with Trichoderma species can be affected by various factors, such as salinity, duration of salinity, plant groups, photosynthetic type, and Trichoderma species.
... Further, biopriming with Trichoderma has been reported to improve stress tolerance by triggering physiological defense mechanisms against oxidative injury by generating ROS scavengers as well as to increase disease resistance via coat films over the seed (Shukla et al., 2015). Biopriming of seeds with various saline tolerant isolates of Trichoderma has also been found to improve the germination percentage of wheat under salt stress (Rawat et al., 2011). ...
